表現力と層の数
• 層の数に対して表現力は指数的に上がる.
• 中間層のユニット数(横幅) に対しては多項式的.
36
折り紙のイメージ
Montufar, Guido F., et al. "On the number of linear regions of deep neural networks." 2014.
NNの“表現力”:領域を何個の多面体に分けられるか?
𝐿:層の数
𝑛:中間層の横幅
𝑛0:入力の次元
勾配法と陰的正則化
• 小さな初期値から勾配法を始めるとノルム最小
化点に収束しやすい→陰的正則化
65
[Gunasekar etal.: Implicit Regularization in Matrix Factorization, NIPS2017]
[Soudry et al.: The implicit bias of gradient descent on separable data. JMLR2018]
[Gunasekar et al.: Implicit Bias of Gradient Descent on Linear Convolutional Networks, NIPS2018]
初期値
(原点付近)
解集合
最も「単純な」解
勾配法による最適化
81
[Arora et al.:Stronger generalization bounds for deep nets via a compression approach, ICML2018]
レイヤークッション𝜇ℓ: データ由来のシグナルがランダムノイズに比べてどれだ
け伝搬しやすいかを測った量.
ランダムノイズが伝搬する量
層を重ねるごとに減衰している
Naïve evaluation (difficulty)83
Complexity of
compressed networks
(small)
Bias Variance
𝜓 is 1-Lipschitz continuous.
(large)Very slow rate: 𝑂(1/𝑛1/4
)
• Original network size appears to bound the difference.
• Navie evaluation give 𝑛−1/4 convergence rate (very slow).
Difficulty
84.
84
𝑓 ∈ ℱ
𝑓#∈ ℱ#
Compress
ℱ: set of trained net
ℱ#
: set of compressed net
: data dependent!
85.
General compression basedbound 85
with probability at least 1 − 𝑒−𝑡
.
: local Rademacher complexity
: fixed point of local Rad.
Trained network 𝑓 can be compressed to smaller one 𝑓#.
( 𝑓 ∈ ℱ, 𝑓#
∈ ℱ#
; ℱ is a set of trained net, ℱ#
is a set of compressed net.)
:compression scheme can be data dependent.
(This assumption restricts training procedure too)
•
•
•
Theorem (compression based bound for the original net)
Fast part (O(1/n)) Main part (O(1/ 𝒏))
bias variance
[Suzuki, 2019]
Relation between bounds87
Low rank
of cov. matrix
[Suzuki et al. 2018]
Low rank
of weight matrix
[Arora et al. 2018]
Sparse
[Baykal et al. 2018]
88.
Singular value distribution88
[Martin&Mahoney: Traditional and Heavy-Tailed Self Regularization in Neural Network Models. arXiv:1901.08276]
Random initialization After some epoch training
After several epoch training Over regularized
Singular value distribution of weight matrix
Eigenvalues shift
around 0.
89.
Near low rankcovariance 89
Distribution of eigenvalues of the covariance matrix
in an internal layer
9-th layer in VGG-13 trained on CIFAR-10
Many small eigenvalues
Output from
internal layer
Few large eigenvalues
Eigenvalue index
Magnitudeofeigenvalue
90.
Near low rankweight and covariance 90
• Near low rank weight matrix:
•
• Both of weight and covariance
are near low rank
Theorem
•
where .
VC-bound:
Quadratic
(ℓ-th layer)
91.
Comparison with Aroraet al. 91
Comparison of intrinsic dimensionality between our degree of freedom and that in
Arora et al. (2018). They are computed on VGG-19 network trained on CIFAR-10.
larger smaller
3