This document discusses auxiliary verbs in English. It explains that every verb phrase contains either a lexical verb alone or a lexical verb plus one or more auxiliary verbs. The primary auxiliary verbs in English are be, have, and do, while modal auxiliaries include can, will, shall, may, must, and need. The document outlines the different types of auxiliary verbs - modal, perfect, progressive, and passive - and how they combine and influence verb forms. It also discusses questions, negatives, and passive constructions as they relate to auxiliary verbs.
This document summarizes how consonants are classified in English phonology. It discusses their place and manner of articulation, as well as voicing.
Consonants are described based on where in the vocal tract the obstruction occurs (place of articulation), the type of closure or narrowing used to produce the sound (manner of articulation), and whether the vocal cords vibrate (voicing). There are eight places of articulation: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palato-alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal. Manner includes plosives, fricatives, nasals, approximants, lateral, and affricates
Morphology - Adjective derived from member of other word classesNurul Khotimah
The document discusses adjective derivation. It begins by defining derivation as the formation of new words from existing words, typically through the addition of affixes. It then examines different types of adjective derivation: (1) from adjectives through prefixes, (2) from nouns using suffixes like "-ful" and "-less", and (3) from verbs using suffixes like "-able", "-ive", "-ant", and "-ent". Overall, the key to identifying derived adjectives is looking for changes in word class through the addition of affixes.
The document discusses emphasis and stress in language. It defines emphasis as giving importance to a certain syllable in a word or certain words in a sentence. There are two types of emphasis: syllable stress, which stresses a syllable in a multi-syllable word, and sentence stress, which stresses content words over function words. The document provides rules for determining syllable stress in words and guidelines for identifying content and function words that are stressed or unstressed in sentences.
This document discusses different types of meanings that can be conveyed through language, including lexical meaning which is the basic or dictionary definition, propositional meaning which is the facts or ideas being communicated, expressive meaning which relates to the attitude or feelings behind the words, presupposed meaning which is implied information, and evoked meaning which is additional connotations or associations brought to mind. Examples are provided for some of these different types of meanings.
Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and perception. It examines how sounds are made, their physical properties, and how they are perceived. Phonology studies the sound systems within languages and the abstract patterns and relationships between sounds. The main difference is that phonetics looks at actual speech sounds, while phonology examines the functional and contrastive sound units (phonemes) in a language and how they are organized. The aim of studying phonology is to understand the phoneme inventory of a language and how phonemes pattern and relate to each other through phonological processes.
This document summarizes a chapter on syntax presented by Kak Sovanna. It defines syntax as the study of rules governing how words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. Generative grammar is described as attempting to define all grammatical sentences of a language using rules. Deep structure refers to the basic structure of a sentence, while surface structure is the transformed structure. Syntactic description uses symbols and tree diagrams to represent sentence structure.
This document discusses the three types of speech acts: locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary. Locutionary speech acts refer to the literal meaning of what is said. Illocutionary speech acts involve the intention behind what is said, such as making a promise or giving an order. Perlocutionary speech acts aim to change the feelings, thoughts, or actions of the listener through effects like inspiring, convincing, or scaring them. Examples of each type of speech act are provided.
This document discusses auxiliary verbs in English. It explains that every verb phrase contains either a lexical verb alone or a lexical verb plus one or more auxiliary verbs. The primary auxiliary verbs in English are be, have, and do, while modal auxiliaries include can, will, shall, may, must, and need. The document outlines the different types of auxiliary verbs - modal, perfect, progressive, and passive - and how they combine and influence verb forms. It also discusses questions, negatives, and passive constructions as they relate to auxiliary verbs.
This document summarizes how consonants are classified in English phonology. It discusses their place and manner of articulation, as well as voicing.
Consonants are described based on where in the vocal tract the obstruction occurs (place of articulation), the type of closure or narrowing used to produce the sound (manner of articulation), and whether the vocal cords vibrate (voicing). There are eight places of articulation: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palato-alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal. Manner includes plosives, fricatives, nasals, approximants, lateral, and affricates
Morphology - Adjective derived from member of other word classesNurul Khotimah
The document discusses adjective derivation. It begins by defining derivation as the formation of new words from existing words, typically through the addition of affixes. It then examines different types of adjective derivation: (1) from adjectives through prefixes, (2) from nouns using suffixes like "-ful" and "-less", and (3) from verbs using suffixes like "-able", "-ive", "-ant", and "-ent". Overall, the key to identifying derived adjectives is looking for changes in word class through the addition of affixes.
The document discusses emphasis and stress in language. It defines emphasis as giving importance to a certain syllable in a word or certain words in a sentence. There are two types of emphasis: syllable stress, which stresses a syllable in a multi-syllable word, and sentence stress, which stresses content words over function words. The document provides rules for determining syllable stress in words and guidelines for identifying content and function words that are stressed or unstressed in sentences.
This document discusses different types of meanings that can be conveyed through language, including lexical meaning which is the basic or dictionary definition, propositional meaning which is the facts or ideas being communicated, expressive meaning which relates to the attitude or feelings behind the words, presupposed meaning which is implied information, and evoked meaning which is additional connotations or associations brought to mind. Examples are provided for some of these different types of meanings.
Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and perception. It examines how sounds are made, their physical properties, and how they are perceived. Phonology studies the sound systems within languages and the abstract patterns and relationships between sounds. The main difference is that phonetics looks at actual speech sounds, while phonology examines the functional and contrastive sound units (phonemes) in a language and how they are organized. The aim of studying phonology is to understand the phoneme inventory of a language and how phonemes pattern and relate to each other through phonological processes.
This document summarizes a chapter on syntax presented by Kak Sovanna. It defines syntax as the study of rules governing how words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. Generative grammar is described as attempting to define all grammatical sentences of a language using rules. Deep structure refers to the basic structure of a sentence, while surface structure is the transformed structure. Syntactic description uses symbols and tree diagrams to represent sentence structure.
This document discusses the three types of speech acts: locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary. Locutionary speech acts refer to the literal meaning of what is said. Illocutionary speech acts involve the intention behind what is said, such as making a promise or giving an order. Perlocutionary speech acts aim to change the feelings, thoughts, or actions of the listener through effects like inspiring, convincing, or scaring them. Examples of each type of speech act are provided.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of clauses, with a focus on noun clauses. It defines a noun clause as a dependent clause that functions similar to a noun by acting as a subject, object, or complement. The document then discusses the different grammatical functions that noun clauses can serve, including as a subject, subject complement, direct object, object complement, prepositional complement, adjective phrase complement, and appositive. Examples are provided for each grammatical function.
Pronouns are words that we use in place of Nouns (or other Pronouns) in a sentence to make it less repetitive and less awkward. Some of the most common Pronouns are - he, she, you, they, it, etc. These Pronouns are divided into different categories based on their use
There are several types of complements that can be used in a sentence including direct objects, indirect objects, objective complements, and subject complements. A direct object receives the action of the verb and can be a single word, phrase, or clause. An indirect object indicates who or what the action is for and precedes the direct object. Objective complements identify or describe the direct object, while subject complements identify or describe the subject and follow a linking verb. Different types of verbs are used with each kind of complement.
This document provides guidance on writing summaries. It defines a summary as a shortened version of the original text that retains the essential information. A good summary is brief, understandable without referring to the original, and contains only the ideas from the original. The document recommends techniques for writing summaries, such as paraphrasing using one's own words, finding the topic sentence, and making an outline. It outlines the steps to write a summary, including reading the original text multiple times, taking notes, formulating a thesis statement, and editing the draft.
This document discusses wh-clauses, including wh-questions, subordinate wh-clauses, and relative clauses. It explains that wh-words can appear in main or subordinate clauses and form questions or relative clauses. Relative clauses can be restrictive or non-restrictive, and the wh-word can sometimes be omitted from restrictive relative clauses. The document provides numerous examples to illustrate these concepts.
The document discusses different types of clauses and phrases in English grammar. It defines clauses as groups of words containing a subject and verb, and phrases as groups lacking a subject or verb. The main types of clauses covered are independent clauses, dependent clauses which can be noun clauses, adjective clauses, or adverb clauses. Common phrases include noun phrases, prepositional phrases, adverb phrases, and adjective phrases. Participle phrases, gerund phrases, infinitive phrases, and absolute phrases are also explained.
This document provides an overview of morphosyntax, which is the study of morphology and syntax. It discusses how words are formed through processes like affixation, conversion, and compounding. Morphemes, the smallest units of meaning, are explained as free or bound. Inflectional morphology and allomorphy are also covered. Exercises are provided to have students identify morphemes, their functions, and forms of the same lexeme.
Verb phrases contain both a verb and its dependents, such as a direct or indirect object. There are two main types of verb phrases: those that serve as the predicate of a clause or sentence, containing a helping verb in addition to the main verb, and those that function as an adverb or adjective, containing a verb and its modifiers or complements. Examples of verb phrases as predicates include "The author is writing a new book" and "I must make an 'A' in this class." Examples of verb phrases functioning as adverbs or adjectives include "Running on the wet floor, she slipped and broke her arm" and "It takes two people to tango." Verb phrases provide important information about the
This document discusses different types of sound symbolism in language. Sound symbolism refers to words that attempt to convey meaning through mimicry of sounds. There are several types of sound symbolism, including onomatopoeia which imitates sounds, clustering where words with similar sounds tend to have related meanings, and iconism where variations in sounds can change the meaning of words with the same referent. The document also describes the work of Margaret Magnus who wrote a book explaining these different types of phonosemantics or sound symbolism to lay readers.
Adjectives are words that provide information about nouns, describing qualities like size, age, color, and more. In English, adjectives have the same form regardless of the number or gender of the noun. Adjectives can be simple one-syllable words, derived words formed with suffixes, participles, or compound words formed by combining two or more words. Adjectives function either attributively by coming before a noun, or predicatively by coming after a linking verb and complementing the subject.
This document provides an overview of noun phrases and their structure. It discusses that a noun phrase contains a head word, which is usually a noun or pronoun, and can include pre-modifiers before the head and post-modifiers after the head. The key parts of a noun phrase are identified as the determiner, pre-modifier, head, and post-modifier. Common types of pre-modifiers include adjectives and nouns, while post-modifiers often include prepositional phrases and clauses. The document also notes that occasionally adjectives, determiners, and nouns can function as the head of a noun phrase.
Affixation, compounding, multi - word verbs Mark Bouwens
this presentation is about three of the most common word formation strategies. It covers an outlined discussion of the topic with examples and exercises for mastery. It includes affixation, compounding, phrasal verbs
Discourse analysis considers language use beyond the sentence level and in its full social context. It examines how texts are structured through cohesion and coherence. Cohesion refers to linguistic connections between parts of a text, while coherence is the meaningful unity created in the reader's mind. Discourse analysis also looks at spoken and written styles, genres, and conversation structure through phenomena like turn-taking, adjacency pairs, and back-channeling. Background knowledge and expectations also influence how a text is understood.
The document discusses verb phrases and their components. It defines a verb phrase as consisting of a main verb and optional helping verbs that provide information on mood, tense, aspect, and voice. It describes the different types of mood (indicative, imperative, subjunctive) and aspect (simple, progressive, perfect, perfect progressive). It also explains how to form the passive voice and provides examples of passive sentences. The summary provides a high-level overview of the key topics covered in the document relating to verb phrases and their structure and function.
This document discusses word formation processes through compounding and clipping. It defines compounding as combining two or more words to form a new word, such as "teapot" or "fast food". Compounding can be classified as endocentric, with a head word, or exocentric, without a head. Clipping is shortening words through back clipping, fore clipping, middle clipping or complex clipping. Examples are provided such as "gas" from "gasoline" and "gator" from "alligator". Activities are included to identify structures in compound words and determine original words from clipped forms.
This document provides an overview of semantics and outlines what will be covered in an introductory semantics course. The course will cover 10 units on topics like word and sentence meaning, reference and sense, referring expressions, and sense relations. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in language, including word meanings, sentence meanings, and how speakers understand each other. It notes some potential issues in studying meaning, like vagueness and how language relates to the world. It emphasizes that semantics describes rather than prescribes meaning and that speakers are the primary source of information about meaning. It defines the goal of a semantic theory as explaining a large number of basic meaning facts in a precise, coherent way.
Entailment and presupposition semantics and pragmaticsAnna Shelley
This document discusses entailment and presupposition in semantics. It defines entailment as something that logically follows from an utterance. Presupposition is something assumed to be true before an utterance. There are two approaches to presupposition - semantic and pragmatic. Presuppositions are produced by triggers like factive verbs and aspectual verbs. Presuppositions relate to truth conditions and can fail if the presupposed information is not true. Pragmatic theories view presupposition as a pragmatic phenomenon influenced by syntax, intonation and background information.
This document discusses different types of deixis, which refers to linguistic forms that point to elements of the context in which an utterance is made. It covers person, spatial, temporal, and discourse deixis. For person deixis, pronouns like "I", "you", and "he" point to the speaker, addressee, and others respectively. Spatial deixis uses terms like "here" and "there" that depend on shared context between speaker and listener. Temporal deixis includes words like "now", "then" that reference the utterance time. Discourse deixis refers back to elements within the discourse itself using terms like "before" or "after that". The document provides many examples to
This document discusses syntax, which is the study of sentence structure and grammatical rules in language. It defines key syntactic terms like phrases, clauses, subjects, verbs, and word order. It explains that the goal of syntax is to understand the rules common across languages. Common phrase types are defined like noun, verb, adjective, and prepositional phrases. Sentence structure and the relationships between subjects, verbs, and objects are also covered. The document concludes by defining additional syntactic concepts like constituents, construction, and immediate constituent analysis.
This document discusses different types of deixis including spatial, temporal, and personal deixis. It explains that spatial deixis involves indicating relative locations using words like here and there. Temporal deixis relates to times in utterances using words like now and then. Deictic expressions are context-dependent and among the first words acquired by children. The document provides examples and discusses features of different types of deixis.
Dokumen ini memberikan langkah-langkah untuk memasukkan data bacaan bulanan murid ke dalam sistem I-NILAM. Langkah pertama adalah login ke sistem dengan ID pengguna dan kata laluan. Kemudian, pilih rekod bacaan murid, kelas, dan murid. Langkah berikutnya adalah memasukkan jumlah bacaan bulanan murid dan menyimpan data setelah selesai memasukkan semua data untuk murid-murid dalam kelas ter
This document defines and provides examples of different types of clauses, with a focus on noun clauses. It defines a noun clause as a dependent clause that functions similar to a noun by acting as a subject, object, or complement. The document then discusses the different grammatical functions that noun clauses can serve, including as a subject, subject complement, direct object, object complement, prepositional complement, adjective phrase complement, and appositive. Examples are provided for each grammatical function.
Pronouns are words that we use in place of Nouns (or other Pronouns) in a sentence to make it less repetitive and less awkward. Some of the most common Pronouns are - he, she, you, they, it, etc. These Pronouns are divided into different categories based on their use
There are several types of complements that can be used in a sentence including direct objects, indirect objects, objective complements, and subject complements. A direct object receives the action of the verb and can be a single word, phrase, or clause. An indirect object indicates who or what the action is for and precedes the direct object. Objective complements identify or describe the direct object, while subject complements identify or describe the subject and follow a linking verb. Different types of verbs are used with each kind of complement.
This document provides guidance on writing summaries. It defines a summary as a shortened version of the original text that retains the essential information. A good summary is brief, understandable without referring to the original, and contains only the ideas from the original. The document recommends techniques for writing summaries, such as paraphrasing using one's own words, finding the topic sentence, and making an outline. It outlines the steps to write a summary, including reading the original text multiple times, taking notes, formulating a thesis statement, and editing the draft.
This document discusses wh-clauses, including wh-questions, subordinate wh-clauses, and relative clauses. It explains that wh-words can appear in main or subordinate clauses and form questions or relative clauses. Relative clauses can be restrictive or non-restrictive, and the wh-word can sometimes be omitted from restrictive relative clauses. The document provides numerous examples to illustrate these concepts.
The document discusses different types of clauses and phrases in English grammar. It defines clauses as groups of words containing a subject and verb, and phrases as groups lacking a subject or verb. The main types of clauses covered are independent clauses, dependent clauses which can be noun clauses, adjective clauses, or adverb clauses. Common phrases include noun phrases, prepositional phrases, adverb phrases, and adjective phrases. Participle phrases, gerund phrases, infinitive phrases, and absolute phrases are also explained.
This document provides an overview of morphosyntax, which is the study of morphology and syntax. It discusses how words are formed through processes like affixation, conversion, and compounding. Morphemes, the smallest units of meaning, are explained as free or bound. Inflectional morphology and allomorphy are also covered. Exercises are provided to have students identify morphemes, their functions, and forms of the same lexeme.
Verb phrases contain both a verb and its dependents, such as a direct or indirect object. There are two main types of verb phrases: those that serve as the predicate of a clause or sentence, containing a helping verb in addition to the main verb, and those that function as an adverb or adjective, containing a verb and its modifiers or complements. Examples of verb phrases as predicates include "The author is writing a new book" and "I must make an 'A' in this class." Examples of verb phrases functioning as adverbs or adjectives include "Running on the wet floor, she slipped and broke her arm" and "It takes two people to tango." Verb phrases provide important information about the
This document discusses different types of sound symbolism in language. Sound symbolism refers to words that attempt to convey meaning through mimicry of sounds. There are several types of sound symbolism, including onomatopoeia which imitates sounds, clustering where words with similar sounds tend to have related meanings, and iconism where variations in sounds can change the meaning of words with the same referent. The document also describes the work of Margaret Magnus who wrote a book explaining these different types of phonosemantics or sound symbolism to lay readers.
Adjectives are words that provide information about nouns, describing qualities like size, age, color, and more. In English, adjectives have the same form regardless of the number or gender of the noun. Adjectives can be simple one-syllable words, derived words formed with suffixes, participles, or compound words formed by combining two or more words. Adjectives function either attributively by coming before a noun, or predicatively by coming after a linking verb and complementing the subject.
This document provides an overview of noun phrases and their structure. It discusses that a noun phrase contains a head word, which is usually a noun or pronoun, and can include pre-modifiers before the head and post-modifiers after the head. The key parts of a noun phrase are identified as the determiner, pre-modifier, head, and post-modifier. Common types of pre-modifiers include adjectives and nouns, while post-modifiers often include prepositional phrases and clauses. The document also notes that occasionally adjectives, determiners, and nouns can function as the head of a noun phrase.
Affixation, compounding, multi - word verbs Mark Bouwens
this presentation is about three of the most common word formation strategies. It covers an outlined discussion of the topic with examples and exercises for mastery. It includes affixation, compounding, phrasal verbs
Discourse analysis considers language use beyond the sentence level and in its full social context. It examines how texts are structured through cohesion and coherence. Cohesion refers to linguistic connections between parts of a text, while coherence is the meaningful unity created in the reader's mind. Discourse analysis also looks at spoken and written styles, genres, and conversation structure through phenomena like turn-taking, adjacency pairs, and back-channeling. Background knowledge and expectations also influence how a text is understood.
The document discusses verb phrases and their components. It defines a verb phrase as consisting of a main verb and optional helping verbs that provide information on mood, tense, aspect, and voice. It describes the different types of mood (indicative, imperative, subjunctive) and aspect (simple, progressive, perfect, perfect progressive). It also explains how to form the passive voice and provides examples of passive sentences. The summary provides a high-level overview of the key topics covered in the document relating to verb phrases and their structure and function.
This document discusses word formation processes through compounding and clipping. It defines compounding as combining two or more words to form a new word, such as "teapot" or "fast food". Compounding can be classified as endocentric, with a head word, or exocentric, without a head. Clipping is shortening words through back clipping, fore clipping, middle clipping or complex clipping. Examples are provided such as "gas" from "gasoline" and "gator" from "alligator". Activities are included to identify structures in compound words and determine original words from clipped forms.
This document provides an overview of semantics and outlines what will be covered in an introductory semantics course. The course will cover 10 units on topics like word and sentence meaning, reference and sense, referring expressions, and sense relations. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in language, including word meanings, sentence meanings, and how speakers understand each other. It notes some potential issues in studying meaning, like vagueness and how language relates to the world. It emphasizes that semantics describes rather than prescribes meaning and that speakers are the primary source of information about meaning. It defines the goal of a semantic theory as explaining a large number of basic meaning facts in a precise, coherent way.
Entailment and presupposition semantics and pragmaticsAnna Shelley
This document discusses entailment and presupposition in semantics. It defines entailment as something that logically follows from an utterance. Presupposition is something assumed to be true before an utterance. There are two approaches to presupposition - semantic and pragmatic. Presuppositions are produced by triggers like factive verbs and aspectual verbs. Presuppositions relate to truth conditions and can fail if the presupposed information is not true. Pragmatic theories view presupposition as a pragmatic phenomenon influenced by syntax, intonation and background information.
This document discusses different types of deixis, which refers to linguistic forms that point to elements of the context in which an utterance is made. It covers person, spatial, temporal, and discourse deixis. For person deixis, pronouns like "I", "you", and "he" point to the speaker, addressee, and others respectively. Spatial deixis uses terms like "here" and "there" that depend on shared context between speaker and listener. Temporal deixis includes words like "now", "then" that reference the utterance time. Discourse deixis refers back to elements within the discourse itself using terms like "before" or "after that". The document provides many examples to
This document discusses syntax, which is the study of sentence structure and grammatical rules in language. It defines key syntactic terms like phrases, clauses, subjects, verbs, and word order. It explains that the goal of syntax is to understand the rules common across languages. Common phrase types are defined like noun, verb, adjective, and prepositional phrases. Sentence structure and the relationships between subjects, verbs, and objects are also covered. The document concludes by defining additional syntactic concepts like constituents, construction, and immediate constituent analysis.
This document discusses different types of deixis including spatial, temporal, and personal deixis. It explains that spatial deixis involves indicating relative locations using words like here and there. Temporal deixis relates to times in utterances using words like now and then. Deictic expressions are context-dependent and among the first words acquired by children. The document provides examples and discusses features of different types of deixis.
Dokumen ini memberikan langkah-langkah untuk memasukkan data bacaan bulanan murid ke dalam sistem I-NILAM. Langkah pertama adalah login ke sistem dengan ID pengguna dan kata laluan. Kemudian, pilih rekod bacaan murid, kelas, dan murid. Langkah berikutnya adalah memasukkan jumlah bacaan bulanan murid dan menyimpan data setelah selesai memasukkan semua data untuk murid-murid dalam kelas ter
Leitura sobre célula- fundamentada em uma célula vegetalemanuel
O documento discute:
1) A origem do termo "célula" e sua primeira utilização por Hooke para descrever unidades de estrutura em cortiça;
2) Que a fisiologia vegetal estuda como as plantas funcionam ao interagir com seus ambientes;
3) Que este capítulo fornece uma visão geral da anatomia básica de plantas, desde a estrutura macro até a ultraestrutura de organelas.
El documento discute la necesidad de crear un marco jurídico para regular el derecho informático en Paraguay. Actualmente, las leyes relacionadas con la informática se encuentran dispersas en diferentes cuerpos legales en vez de estar codificadas en un solo cuerpo normativo. Se propone la creación de un cuerpo jurídico exclusivo para la informática que incorpore las regulaciones existentes y proporcione protecciones claras.
El diputado del Partido Unión Nacional de Ciudadanos Éticos (UNACE), Héctor David Ocampos, es uno de los proyectistas y explicó que “nuestro país es uno de los pocos en el mundo y el único en Sudamérica, que aún no cuenta con una Ley que reconozca la validez legal de las operaciones electrónicas, por lo que viene a llenar un vacío legal muy importante
Las redes sociales en Internet han ganado popularidad rápidamente como negocios lucrativos y lugares para conexiones humanas. Las redes sociales permiten que personas interactúen online aunque no se conozcan, y cada nuevo miembro que se une transforma y construye la red. Sitios como Friendster, Myspace y Facebook se hicieron populares en los 2000s, atrayendo a millones de usuarios y publicidad. Sin embargo, a medida que las redes sociales se convirtieron en negocios, surgieron preocupaciones sobre la privacidad de los datos y el control corporativo.
Este soneto habla sobre la honestidad y su importancia. Resalta que la honestidad es un tesoro y un deber que puede florecer en el corazón para enaltecer la forma de amar. Además, sugiere que la honestidad está presente de manera espontánea cuando das miradas a la gente y que tu honestidad hace que te vean como una flor extraña en el jardín que rodea de momentos bellos.
La Cámara de Diputados aprobó un proyecto de ley que dará validez legal a la firma digital, mensajes electrónicos y expedientes digitales. Actualmente Paraguay es el único país en Sudamérica sin una ley que reconozca la validez legal de operaciones electrónicas. El sitio web de ABC Digital fue rediseñado para ofrecer un espacio de lectura más cómodo y permitir comentarios de lectores y compartir contenido en redes sociales.
Una presentación con los trabajos del 4° básico C del Colegio Alcántara de Peñalolén, preparada por el Profesor Yeferson Rivera, su profesor jefe, año 2009.
Limited slip-differential swap and theoretical report Big pres [Autosaved]Adam Costello
1) The document discusses replacing an open differential with a limited-slip differential in a 1998 BMW 318is. It provides explanations of how open and limited-slip differentials work.
2) Details are given about finding a used limited-slip differential unit and having it rebuilt professionally. Installation required removal of the open differential and installation of the new unit.
3) Benefits of the limited-slip differential include improved traction and cornering ability. Total project costs including the differential unit and rebuild were over €700. The installation was successful and the car's performance was unchanged following the upgrade.
Santhosh M S is seeking a career in a leading corporate quality environment. He has over 4 years of experience in system design, estimation, project management, and solutions architecture for electronic security and automation projects. His skills include designing CCTV, access control, fire alarm, and other systems. He is proficient in AutoCAD and software such as Excel. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering.
Μια ομαδική εργασία μαθητών του Γυμνασίου Παλαιόχωρας που πραγματοποιήθηκε στο πλαίσιο διαθεματικής εργασίας με θέμα: "Η εκπαίδευση στο χώρο και στο χρόνο" κατά το σχολικό έτος 2010-2011. Υπεύθυνη καθηγήτρια η φιλόλογος, κ. Αρετή Τσακαλούδη.
El síndrome de Asperger es un trastorno del desarrollo neurobiológico que se caracteriza por déficits en las habilidades sociales, la comunicación y los intereses restrictivos. Los niños con este síndrome a menudo tienen dificultades para relacionarse socialmente, se comunican de forma literal y se enfocan en temas específicos. También pueden presentar problemas de atención, coordinación motora y vulnerabilidad emocional.
1. Полисемия слова
Выполнил: Справников Антон
Студент группы УБ09-10
2. Полисемия слова
• Многозначность;
• В большинстве случаев у одного слова
сосуществует несколько устойчивых
значений, образующих семантические
варианты этого слова.
3. Примеры полисемии слова
«Окно»:
•«отверстие для света и
воздуха в стене здания
или стенке
транспортного
устройства»,
• «промежуток между
лекциями или уроками
длительностью не
меньше академического
часа»,
•«разрыв между
облаками, между
льдинами»
4. В зависимости от частоты употребления в
речи различают:
1. Свободные значения слов (любой
предмет зеленого цвета)
2. Менее свободные значения слов(
зеленые фрукты = недозрелые)
3. Связанные значения слов (зеленая
молодежь = новички)
5. • Связь между значениями многозначного слова
предполагает сохранение в переносном
значении того или иного признака,
объединяющего это значение с прямым (или с
другим переносным), но вовсе не
предполагает тождества всей совокупности
сем, выделяемых в каждом из значений.
Напротив, получая переносное значение,
слово, как правило, переходит в другое
семантическое поле, нередко также в другой
синонимический ряд, в другую
антонимическую пару и т. д.
6. Пример:
• тетка в переносном
значении уже вовсе не
«родственница», а
просто «не очень
молодая женщина»
• (сохраняется лишь
дифференциальный
признак пола и в
существенно
измененном виде,
признак
принадлежности к
'поколению родителей');
7. Переносное значение слова
• ограниченное рамками данного высказывания
использование того или иного слова в необычном
для него значении с целью особой
выразительности, преувеличения.
1. «пустынные глазам вагонов» (Блок)
2. «пыль глотала дождь е пилюлях"» (Пастернак).
8. Типы переноса
Метафора Метонимия
• Перенос названия с одного • лежат реальные (а иногда
предмета на другой воображаемые) связи между
осуществляется на основе
сходства признаков, как соответствующими предметами
пример с окном, слова или явлениями: смежность в
зеленый («неопытный, пространстве или во времени,
молодой"). причинно-следственные связи.
• Сходство, лежащее в основе
метафорического переноса, 1. Аудитория -'помещение для
может быть «внутренним», слушания лекций' и 'состав
т. е. сходством не внешних слушателей‘
признаков, а ощущения,
впечатления или оценки. 2. Земля -'почва, суша, страна,
планета';
9. Синекдоха
- разновидность метонимии
• перенос названия с части на целое
1. например с предмета одежды — на
человека (Он бегал за каждой юбкой»),
2. с целого класса предметов или явлений на
один из подклассов (например машина в
значении 'автомобиль‘), запах в значении
'дурной запах' («мясо с запахом»)
10. Полисемия слов не мешает говорящим
понимать друг друга. Значение слова
определяется исходя из контекста.
Значения слова «Фотография»:
«Фотография- ее хобби»
«Фотография помялась»
«Фотография закрыта на обед»
11. • Полисемия не только снимается контекстом,
но и выявляется во всем своем многообразии
с помощью постановки слова в разные
контексты.
• В некоторых случаях контекст, в котором
употреблено слово, лишь подсказывает
человеку выбор нужного значения из
нескольких потенциальных . Это
прослеживается в предложении :
«Иван Петрович- лиса»
13. Объяснение примера
• Употребить слово лиса в подобном контексте стало
возможным потому, что согласно народным
представлениям хитрость издавна рассматривалась как
типичное свойство лис; когда возникла потребность в
экспрессивном, эмоционально-насыщенном обозначении
для хитрого человека, было естественно использовать для
этого слово, обозначавшее данное животное. В подобных
случаях контекст, в котором употреблено слово, лишь
подсказывает слушателю (читателю) выбор нужного
(актуального) значения из нескольких потенциальных,
исторически развившихся в многозначном слове и
присущих ему в качестве семантических вариантов в
данную эпоху жизни языка.
14. Для чего же полисемия в
современном языке?
• Полисемия создается общественной
потребностью —либо в подходящем
названии для нового предмета пли
явления, либо в новом (например, более
экспрессивном) названии для предмета
старого, уже как-то обозначавшегося.
• Общественная потребность широко
использует неограниченную способность
слов языка получать новые значения.
