1) Alcohol is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed throughout total body water, reaching peak blood levels around 30 minutes after ingestion when the stomach is empty.
2) Metabolism of alcohol occurs mainly in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), accounting for 90-98% of ingested alcohol.
3) Acute alcohol intoxication can impair judgment and motor control at blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) of 20-30 mg/dL and cause gross intoxication over 50 mg/dL, presenting risks such as blackouts, vomiting, and aggression that require medical monitoring.
The Wealth of India is an encyclopedic publication launched in 1942 that provides information on plants, animals, and minerals found in India. It covers over 6000 plant species, 52 animal articles, and 73 articles on minerals. It aims to document India's biodiversity and bioresources. The publication is produced by the National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources and is considered an invaluable reference work for researchers, students, government agencies, and others interested in India's natural resources, production, and uses. It has played a role in preventing bio-piracy and a US patent on turmeric. The complete publication includes 11 original volumes, 3 revised volumes, 2 supplements, and 8 additional supplement volumes.
Green tea supplementation in rats of different ages mitigatesporlynana
Green tea supplementation was found to mitigate some of the negative effects of chronic ethanol consumption in the brains of rats of different ages. Ethanol consumption caused decreases in antioxidant enzyme activities and levels of antioxidants in the brain, along with increased oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, especially in older rats. Rats that received green tea supplementation alongside ethanol showed reduced oxidative stress and better protection of antioxidant abilities in the brain, particularly in young and adult rats, compared to rats that only received ethanol. The protective effects of green tea may result from its inhibition of free radicals generated by ethanol-induced oxidative stress and its ability to increase the brain's endogenous antioxidant defenses.
- Up to 78% of alcoholics show some degree of brain pathology on autopsy. Approximately 10% meet criteria for dementia or amnestic disorder.
- Both short and long-term alcohol consumption affect inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission in the brain through effects on neurotransmitters like GABA, glutamate, and dopamine.
- Specific brain regions are vulnerable to alcohol-related damage including the frontal lobes, limbic system, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Long-term effects can include Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, alcoholic dementia, and hepatic encephalopathy.
This document provides an overview of Revathi Mohan's Masters thesis topic on drug addiction. It includes sections that discuss the reasons for and effects of drug addiction, comorbidity of addiction and mental health disorders, challenges with addiction treatment and recovery, specifics on various drugs (opioids, sedatives, stimulants, etc.), and the role of organizations in addressing addiction. Graphs and diagrams are presented on topics like why addiction is difficult to quit, the dual epidemics of drug use and HIV/AIDS, and opportunities for international drug research collaboration.
This document discusses how various drugs work by altering neurotransmitters in the brain. It explains that drugs can increase or decrease neurotransmitter production, transport, storage, release, or receptor binding. It then provides details on specific drugs like caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, meth/cocaine, heroin, LSD/peyote/mushrooms, and MDMA, describing which neurotransmitters they affect and how this leads to their psychoactive effects as well as risks of addiction and withdrawal.
