This document discusses spine injuries, including their definition, epidemiology, anatomy, classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, rehabilitation, complications, prevention, and current trends. Spine injuries refer to damage to the bony or ligamentous structures of the spine, which can occur with or without neurological impairment. They are frequently caused by motor vehicle accidents or falls and require early recognition and treatment to achieve good outcomes. Management involves pre-hospital stabilization and transport, hospital evaluation and stabilization, and may include surgical or non-surgical techniques depending on the injury. Rehabilitation aims to prevent complications and promote recovery, while efforts should also focus on prevention to reduce the incidence of these often devastating injuries.

1. SPINE INJURY
BASSEY, A E M.B., B.S.
DEP’T OF ORTHOPAEDIC & TRAUMA SURGERY
UATH, ABUJA

2. OUTLINE
• INTRODUCTION
– DEFINITION
– STATEMENT OF IMPORTANCE
– EPIDEMIOLOGY
– RELEVANT ANATOMY: VERTEBRAL COLUMN/SPINAL CORD
• AETIOLOGY
• CLASSIFICATION
• PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
– MECHANISMS OF INJURY
– PRIMARY Vs SECONDARY INJURY
• DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
• MANAGEMENT
– PRE-HOSPITAL CARE
– HOSPITAL CARE
• REHABILITATION
• COMPLICATIONS
– EARLY
– LATE
• PREVENTION
• CURRENT TRENDS
• CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION
• Spine injury refers to insult to the spine
resulting in damage to its osseoligamentous
components with or without associated
neurologic impairment
• It is a frequently-occurring event with
propensity for devastating consequences.
Early recognition and treatment are central to
achieving satisfactory outcomes.

4. INTRODUCTION - EPIDEMIOLOGY
• USA
• Incidence: 10,000 – 14,000/yr
• Prevalence: 229,000 – 306,000
• Age: 55% in 16-30yrs
• Sex: 81.6% male
• Aetiology: MVA (44.5%), falls (18.1%)
• NIGERIA
• Age: 38.4+/-13.6yrs
• Sex: 82.2% male
• Aetiology: MVA (79.7%), falls (13.4%)

5. INTRODUCTION - ANATOMY
• Vertebral Column – Fibro-osseous
– 33 Vertebrae
– Soft tissues – IV discs, facet joint capsule, ligaments
• Spinal cord
– Part of CNS
– Neural tissue + coverings
– Blood supply – spinal arteries

7. AETIOLOGY
• MVA
• Falls
• Sports injuries
• Assault – Firearm, stab injury
• Pathologic fractures – osteoporosis, TB spine

8. CLASSIFICATION
• STABLE
– A spine injury in which movement of the affected
part would not result in displacement of
fragments
• UNSTABLE
– A spine injury in which movement of the affected
part would result in significant displacement of
fragments thereby causing or aggravating
neurologic injury

10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• MECHANISMS
• Spine injury
– Traction force
– Direct trauma
– Indirect trauma (commonest) – axial compression, flexion,
flexion-rotation, hyperextension, lateral compression,
distraction
• Cord injury
– Direct trauma
– Compression: displaced bone frags, haematoma
– Disruption of blood supply

13. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Primary injury
– Caused by initial trauma
• Secondary injury
– Caused by body’s response to initial injury (begins
within minutes, may last for weeks to months)
– Body’s response comprised by
– Inflammation – vascular changes, oedema, hypoxia
– Loss of ATP-dependent processes
– Ionic derangements
– Accumulation of neurotransmitters
– Production of molecules (arachidonic acid, free radicals,
endogenous opioids)

14. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
• TB spine
• Transverse myelitis
• Tumours
• Degenerative diseases
• Guillain-Barre syndrome

15. MANAGEMENT
• Pre-hospital
• Resuscitation + spine stabilization
• Log-rolling
• Transportation

18. MANAGEMENT – HOSPITAL CARE
• Multidisciplinary approach
• Spine injury centre care is best
• Resuscitation
• Clinical evaluation – maintain high index of
suspicion
– History: pain in neck or back, neurologic impairment,
bladder/bowel incontinence, hx of high risk injury,
other injuries
– Examination:
• General exam – Conscious/unconscious, restless,
shock, other injuries

19. MANAGEMENT – HOSPITAL CARE
• Spine exam
• Inspect head & face for injury
• Inspect spine for deformity, penetrating injury
• Palpate gently for tenderness, bogginess, gap or step
• Other neurological exam
• Carry out power grading for each limb muscle group
• Test for muscle tone and all DTRs
• Anal wink & bulbocavernosus reflex. DRE is mandatory.
• Test each dermatome for sensation and determine the
levels of the various sensory modalities
• Other systemic examination

20. MANAGEMENT – HOSPITAL CARE
• Investigations
– Confirmatory
• Xrays
• CT
• MRI
• Myelography
– Ancillary
• FBC
• EUCr
• GxM
• Urinalysis

25. MANAGEMENT – HOSPITAL CARE
• Counselling
• Definitive
– Non-operative
• Indications
– Stable injuries
– Unstable injuries without neurologic impairment
– Patient’s refusal of operative mgt
• Techniques
– Semi-rigid cervical collar
– Halo vest
– Traction
– Minerva jacket
– Thoracolumbar brace

28. MANAGEMENT – HOSPITAL CARE
• Definitive
– Operative
• Indications
– Unstable fracture with progressive neurologic deficit
– Unstable injuries with neurologic impairment
– Patient’s choice
– To augment spine stability achieve by non-operative means
– Treatment of complications
• Techniques
– Plates
– Rods & screws
– Wires
– Lag screws

30. MANAGEMENT – HOSPITAL CARE
• Supportive care
– Skin care
– Wash, dry & powder skin
– 2-hrly turning
– No creases or crumbs in sheets
– Bladder and bowel care
– Intermittent, aseptic bladder drainage. Commence bladder
training ASAP
– Bowel training with enemas
– Thromboprophylaxis
– Early physiotherapy
– Drugs

31. REHABILITATION
• This should be commenced as early as possible
• Physiotherapy
• Promotes neural recovery
• Prevents DVT/PE
• Prevents contractures
• Occupational therapy
• Psychotherapy

32. COMPLICATIONS
• Early
• DVT
• Pressure sores
• Bladder/bowel dysfunction
• UTI
• Neurogenic shock
• Pulmonary complications – Pneumonia, atelectasis,
ventilatory failure
• Late
• Heterotopic ossification
• Contractures
• Chronic pain
• Autonomic dysreflexia
• Osteoporosis
• Depression

33. PREVENTION
• Effective & adequate traffic policies (as well as
full enforcement) to reduce RTI
• Creation of new roads, resuscitation of old ones
and establishment of an effective rail system
• Establishment of well-structured, adequately
staffed pre-hospital trauma care teams
• Training and retraining of relevant staff in
management of spine injury with establishment
of purpose-built facilities
• Widespread education of public

34. CURRENT TRENDS
• ASSISTIVE ROBOTIC EXOSKELETONS
• STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION (bonemarrow-
derived, iPSCs)

36. CONCLUSION
• Spine injuries are a clear and present danger
to our economic stability. Apart from being
quite costly to manage, outcomes are
sometimes discouraging despite best care.
• Efforts geared toward prevention will
certainly reduce the burden of this problem
on society as a whole.

37. THANK YOU

38. REFERENCES
• Apley’s system of Orthopaedics & fractures, D
Warwick, S Nayagam, 9th
Ed, pp 824 – 847
• Clinical Anatomy,
• emedicine.medscape.com/article/793582-
overview
• orthoportal.aaos.org/oko/article.aspx?
article=OKO_SPI046#article
• Kawu AA. Pattern and presentation of spine
trauma in Gwagwalada-Abuja, Nigeria. Niger J
Clin Pract 2012;15:38-41
• Clinical Anatomy, H Ellis, 11th
Ed, pp 324 – 328
• m.wikihow.com/Logroll-an-Injured-Person-
During-First-Aid