spinal nerve.pdf
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Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and transmit signals between the spinal cord and different body regions. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves - 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal pair. The cervical and thoracic nerves exit the vertebral column below their corresponding vertebra, while lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves exit below due to the spinal cord ending higher. Each spinal nerve consists of a dorsal root containing sensory neurons and a ventral root containing motor neurons, making them a mixed nerve.
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1. Muscle tissue is one of four primary tissue types and is divided into three main categories: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and allows voluntary movement.
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This document provides information about the cranial nerves, including:
- There are traditionally twelve pairs of cranial nerves in humans, with the first two emerging from the cerebrum and the remaining ten from the brainstem.
- Cranial nerves I-XI are part of the peripheral nervous system, while cranial nerve II is a tract of the diencephalon.
- Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in amniotes to total twelve pairs across vertebrate species.
- The accessory nerve or CN XI controls muscles of the neck and shoulder. Damage can cause weakness of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
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Most muscles arise from paraxial mesoderm in the 3rd week of development. Skeletal muscles derive from paraxial mesoderm, with progenitor cells coming from the dorsolateral and dorsomedial portions of somites. By the 5th week, muscle precursor cells are divided into a small dorsal epimere and larger ventral hypomere. Cardiac muscle develops from splanchnic mesoderm surrounding the heart tube, while smooth muscle arises from surrounding splanchnic mesoderm of the gut and vasculature.
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1. The document discusses the anatomy and function of muscle spindles and components of the stretch reflex. It describes the roles of gamma motor neurons, muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and alpha motor neurons.
2. Muscle spindles contain intrafusal fibers that are stretch receptors innervated by Ia afferents. Gamma motor neurons contract the intrafusal fibers to modulate spindle sensitivity. Golgi tendon organs sense muscle tension.
3. When a muscle is stretched, Ia afferents are activated and induce a monosynaptic stretch reflex via alpha motor neurons, contracting the muscle. This reflex functions to protect muscles from overstretching.
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Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue type in the body. It binds and supports other tissues through its extracellular matrix composed of protein fibers, ground substance, and embedded cells. The main cell types are fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, and adipose cells. Connective tissue can be classified as loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, adipose tissue, elastic tissue, and hematopoietic tissue. It provides structure and support to organs and binds structures throughout the body.
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The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that originates from the cervical spinal nerves C5-T1 and supplies sensation and motor function to the skin and muscles of the upper limb and shoulder region. It has five main components - roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and terminal branches. The roots emerge from the spinal nerves between the anterior and middle scalene muscles in the neck. The trunks are formed where the roots combine, passing posterior to the clavicle and dividing further into anterior and posterior divisions. In the axilla, the divisions regroup into three cords named for their position relative to the axillary artery, from which the five terminal branches innervating specific regions of the upper limb emerge
Anatomy of pons
The pons lies between the medulla oblongata and midbrain, connecting them. It contains motor and sensory nuclei for cranial nerves 5-8 and helps transmit signals between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex. The pons has anterior and posterior surfaces and contains fibers, nuclei, and tracts that process sensory information and coordinate motor functions. Damage to different areas can cause deficits like hemiplegia, hearing loss, or facial paralysis.
Pons 185844.pptx
The pons lies between the medulla oblongata and midbrain, connecting them. It contains motor and sensory nuclei for cranial nerves 5-8. The pons has anterior and posterior surfaces, with the anterior surface convex and containing transverse pontine fibers. Nerves 5-8 emerge from the pons. Internally, the pons contains motor and sensory tracts as well as nuclei including those for cranial nerves 5-8 and the pontine nuclei. The pons plays an important role in motor and sensory functions.
2-Anatomy of the Spinal Cord [Autosaved].ppt
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the spinal cord. It describes the external and internal anatomy of the spinal cord, including its protective meninges. It discusses the 31 pairs of spinal nerves, their formation, branches, and distribution through plexuses. The document outlines the organization and functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems. It provides detailed descriptions of the cross section anatomy of the spinal cord, including the gray and white matter, nerve cell groups, tracts, and commissures. Key points about the spinal nerves, their branches and plexuses are also summarized.
Brachial plexus
The brachial plexus is formed by the cervical and thoracic spinal nerves and divides into trunks, divisions, cords, and branches that supply the upper limb. It has supraclavicular, retroclavicular, and infraclavicular parts. The cords are named based on their relation to the axillary artery and give rise to major nerves of the upper limb. The document discusses the formation, parts, relations and branches of the brachial plexus in detail.
Spinal cord and spinal nerves
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SPINAL CORD EXTERNAL FEATURES & BLOOD SUPPLY.ppt
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes cranial and spinal nerves. Nervous tissue contains two main cell types - neurons, which conduct nerve impulses, and neuroglia, which support and protect neurons. The spinal cord is protected by bones, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid, and it contains segments that each attach to a pair of spinal nerves.
spinalcord-160607180314.pptx
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and structure of the spinal cord. It discusses the spinal cord's segmentation and organization. Key points include that the spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to L1-L2 and is segmented into cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions. It has gray matter containing cell bodies in an H-shape and white matter surrounding it. The spinal cord receives its blood supply from the anterior and posterior spinal arteries as well as segmental arteries.
Spinal cord
The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the L1-L2 vertebrae. It has two enlargements - the cervical enlargement from C4-T1 that supplies the upper limbs, and the lumbar enlargement from T9-T12 that supplies the lower limbs. The spinal cord tapers into the conus medullaris and then the filum terminale anchors it to the coccyx. Below L2, the nerve roots hang down as the cauda equina within the dural sheath. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
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- 1. Spinal Nerve
- 2. neuroscienceMizan Spinal Nerve • Spinal nerve are the path of communication between the spinal cord and the specific region of the body
- 3. Spinal Nerve • • 31 pairs Spinal nerve follows the name of corresponding vertebral column. Consists cervical spinal nerve, thoracic spinal nerve, lumbar spinal nerve, sacral spinal nerve and coccyx spinal nerve. Emerge from spinal cord and through the inter-vertebral foramina of vertebra. • •
- 4. Spinal Nerve • Spinal nerves: ❑ 8 pairs of cervical spinal nerves ❑ 12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves ❑ 5 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves. ❑ 5 pairs of sacral spinal nerves ❑ 1 pairs of coccyx spinal nerves.
- 5. Spinal Nerve • Cervical and thoracic spinal nerves arise and leave at corresponding vertebra. • Because the spinal cord are shorter than vertebral column, nerve that arise from lumbar, sacral and coccyx region of spinal cord do not leave the vertebra column at the same level where they exit the cord. • The root of these spinal nerves angle inferiorly in the vertebral canal from the end of spinal cord like wisps of hair.
- 6. • These root of these nerves, collectively called cauda equina. Typical spinal nerve has 2 connection to spinal cord; posterior / dorsal and anterior/ ventral root. • • Since posterior root contain sensory axons and anterior root contain motor axons, spinal nerves is classified as a mixed nerve.
- 7. Spinal Nerves Cervical spinal nerves • • • 8 Pairs 1st pair emerge between atlas and occipital bone The remaining emerge from the vertebral column through inter-vertebral foramina. Spinal nerves C1 – C7 exits the vertebral canal above their corresponding vertebra. Spinal nerve C8 exits vertebral canal between C7 and T1 • •
- 9. Thoracic spinal nerve • 12 pairs Exits the vertebral canal below their corresponding vertebra. Emerge from thoracic vertebra Continuous to form intercostals nerves. • • Spinal Nerves
- 10. Lumbar Spinal Nerve • • • 5 pairs Emerge from lumbar vertebra. Exits the vertebral canal below their corresponding vertebra. Spinal Nerves
- 11. Sacral and Coccyx Spinal Nerve • • 5 pairs From the spinal cord, the root of the sacral spinal nerve enter the sacral canal (part of the vertebral canal). Sacral nerves (S1-S4) exits the vertebral canal via 4 pairs of anterior and posterior sacral foramen. Spinal nerves S5 and Co1 exits from sacral hiatus. • • Spinal Nerves
- 12. Distribution of Spinal Nerve Branches • From the root, after passing the intervetebral foramen, a spinal nerve divide into several branches. Theses branches are call rami (ramus) ; posterior (dorsal) ramus and anterior (ventral) ramus. Posterior (dorsal) ramus serve the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk. Anterior (ventral) ramus serve muscles and structure of the upper and lower limbs and the skin of the lateral and anterior surface of the trunk. • • •
- 13. Plexuses • Axons from the anterior (ventral) rami of spinal nerves, except for the thoracic nerves T2-T12, do not go directly to the body structures they supply. They form network on both the left and right side of the body by joining with various numbers of axons from anterior rami of adjacent nerves. • Distribution of Spinal Nerve
- 14. neuroscienceMizan Plexuses • • Network of axons is call plexuses. The principle plexus: • Cervical plexus • Brachial plexus • Lumbar plexus • Sacral plexus • Coccygeal plexus Distribution of Spinal Nerve