Foramen magnum
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The document summarizes structures that pass through the foramen magnum, names four foramina in the skull, clarifies that the internal carotid artery does not pass through the foramen lacerum, discusses the blood supply of the brain which depends on branches from the dorsal aorta including the vertebral and internal carotid arteries, and lists the main cell types in the brain and central nervous system including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia.
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External carotid artery
The external carotid artery arises from the third aortic arch during embryonic development. It supplies structures in the front of the neck and face. It gives off 8 branches including the superior thyroid, lingual, and facial arteries. The superior thyroid artery supplies the thyroid gland. The lingual artery has three parts and supplies structures of the tongue. Ligation of the lingual artery is done by exposing it in the digastric triangle after dividing the hyoglossus muscle.
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This document describes the anatomy and branches of the mandibular nerve (CN V3). It originates from the trigeminal ganglion and pons and exits the skull through the foramen ovale. Its main branches innervate the muscles of mastication and provide sensory innervation to the lower face and oral cavity. The anterior and posterior divisions each give off motor and sensory branches with specific distributions.
Anterior triangle of the neck
The document discusses the anatomy of the anterior triangle of the neck. It begins by outlining the boundaries and contents of the anterior triangle. It then describes how the triangle is divided into four smaller triangles - the submental, submandibular, carotid, and muscular triangles - by the digastric and omohyoid muscles. Each smaller triangle's boundaries, floor, contents, and structures are defined in detail. Key structures discussed include the thyroid gland, carotid sheath, carotid sinus, and carotid body. Blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland are also summarized.
Arteries of the head and neck
The common carotid artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery and divides into the external and internal carotid arteries. It travels up the neck and bifurcates at the thyroid cartilage. The internal carotid supplies the brain while the external carotid supplies the head and neck. Key branches of the external carotid include the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries. The internal carotid gives off ophthalmic and anterior cerebral arteries in the skull. These vessels anastomose to form the circle of Willis at the brain's base.
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The facial artery arises from the external carotid artery in the carotid triangle. It has two parts - the cervical part and facial part. The cervical part passes beneath muscles in the neck before curving upward over the mandible. The facial part enters the face and runs tortuously upward across the cheek, along the side of the nose, and ends at the medial corner of the eye. It supplies structures of the face, palate, and nose and is accompanied by the facial vein throughout its course.
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External carotid artery
The external carotid artery arises from the third aortic arch during embryonic development. It supplies structures in the front of the neck and face. It gives off 8 branches including the superior thyroid, lingual, and facial arteries. The superior thyroid artery supplies the thyroid gland. The lingual artery has three parts and supplies structures of the tongue. Ligation of the lingual artery is done by exposing it in the digastric triangle after dividing the hyoglossus muscle.
Mandibular nerve
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Anterior triangle of the neck
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Arteries of the head and neck
The common carotid artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery and divides into the external and internal carotid arteries. It travels up the neck and bifurcates at the thyroid cartilage. The internal carotid supplies the brain while the external carotid supplies the head and neck. Key branches of the external carotid include the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries. The internal carotid gives off ophthalmic and anterior cerebral arteries in the skull. These vessels anastomose to form the circle of Willis at the brain's base.
Somite formation
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Facial artery dr gosai
The facial artery arises from the external carotid artery in the carotid triangle. It has two parts - the cervical part and facial part. The cervical part passes beneath muscles in the neck before curving upward over the mandible. The facial part enters the face and runs tortuously upward across the cheek, along the side of the nose, and ends at the medial corner of the eye. It supplies structures of the face, palate, and nose and is accompanied by the facial vein throughout its course.
4th ventricle
The fourth ventricle is located in the posterior cranial fossa between the pons and cerebellum. It has an triangular outline in sagittal section and rhomboidal shape in horizontal section. It contains five recesses and has superior, inferior, and lateral angles. Its boundaries include the inferior cerebellar peduncle laterally and superior cerebellar peduncle superiorly. It has a roof formed by the convergence of superior cerebellar peduncles and floor formed by the posterior surfaces of the pons and medulla, featuring a median sulcus and medial eminence.
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Posterior triangle of neck - Powerpoint lecture notes by Dr.N.Mugunthan.
The posterior triangle of the neck is bounded by the sternocleidomastoid muscle anteriorly and the trapezius muscle posteriorly. It is subdivided into the occipital and subclavian triangles by the omohyoid muscle. The posterior triangle contains nerves like the accessory nerve and branches of the brachial plexus, blood vessels like the external jugular vein and subclavian artery, and lymph nodes. Knowledge of the anatomy of the posterior triangle is important for procedures like brachial plexus blocks and catheterization of the external jugular vein.
Development of face
The face develops from the third to eighth week of gestation as the pharyngeal arches, pouches and clefts form. The pharyngeal arches contribute mesenchymal tissue that gives rise to structures of the head and neck. Neural crest cells migrate into the arches and determine the skeletal structures that develop. Each arch is associated with a cranial nerve and blood vessel. Structures of the face, ears, tongue, larynx and thyroid develop from the differentiation and fusion of the pharyngeal arches and clefts.
Posterior triangle of the neck
posterior triangle of neck most important structurenof neck. trunk of brachial plexus is located in this triangle.
Maxillary artery
The maxillary artery arises from the external carotid artery and divides into three parts - the mandibular, pterygoid, and pterygopalatine parts. It supplies structures in the face like the maxilla and mandible. The maxillary artery and its branches anastomose with other vessels and are clinically significant for conditions like nosebleeds, epidural hematomas, and complications during procedures like Le Fort I osteotomies when the branches can be injured. Precise surgical techniques are important to avoid damaging branches like the descending palatine artery.
The digastric triangle
The posterior belly of the digastric muscle originates from the mastoid notch of the temporal bone and inserts on the intermediate tendon which connects to the hyoid bone. It has relationships superiorly with the external carotid artery branches and inferiorly with the internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein and cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII. The posterior belly is supplied by the posterior auricular and occipital arteries and innervated by the facial nerve.
Suboccipital triangle
The suboccipital triangle is located in the triangular area around the articulation of the skull and upper vertebral column. It is bounded by the occipital bone, posterior part of C1 (atlas), and C2 (axis) deep to neck muscles. Four muscles originate and insert in this region - the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, inferior oblique, and superior oblique muscles. The suboccipital triangle also contains the vertebral and occipital arteries and greater occipital and suboccipital nerves. The vertebral artery is susceptible to dissection as it enters the triangle, which can cause strokes in younger people.
Anterior triangle of the neck part 1
The document discusses the anatomy of the neck, describing four triangles - the submental, digastric, carotid, and muscular triangles. Each triangle is defined by its boundaries, floor, and contents. The submental triangle contains lymph nodes and vessels below the chin. The digastric triangle contains the submandibular gland and vessels below the mandible. The carotid triangle contains the major blood vessels and nerves of the neck, including the carotid arteries and internal jugular vein. The muscular triangle contains the infrahyoid muscles of the neck, such as the sternohyoid and omohyoid muscles.
Soft Palate
The soft palate is a mobile muscular flap that hangs from the posterior hard palate. It separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx. It consists of mucous membrane enclosing five pairs of muscles. The soft palate has roles in swallowing, breathing, modifying voice quality, and protecting the nasal mucosa during sneezing and coughing. It receives its blood supply from the lesser palatine, facial, and ascending pharyngeal arteries and innervation from the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.
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The document summarizes the key anatomical structures and contents of the temporal and infratemporal regions. The temporal fossa is bounded by bones and contains the temporalis muscle and arteries. The infratemporal fossa below contains muscles like the lateral and medial pterygoids and nerves like the mandibular nerve. The maxillary artery branches throughout these regions, including the pterygopalatine fossa which communicates between structures. The temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles are involved in mastication.
Ansa cervicalis
The Ansa cervicalis is a nerve loop that lies in the carotid sheath over the larynx and supplies the infrahyoid muscles. It is formed by a superior root from the hypoglossal nerve and first cervical nerve, and an inferior root from the second and third cervical spinal nerves. These roots join in front of the common carotid artery to innervate the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and inferior belly of the omohyoid muscles, while separate branches from C1 also innervate the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid.
Development of the tongue
The tongue develops from tissues originating in the pharyngeal arches and swellings in the floor of the mouth. It begins developing at 4 weeks as a tuberculum impar surrounded by two lateral lingual swellings that merge to form the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The root develops from the hypobranchial eminence originating in the third arch. Muscles of the tongue originate from occipital somites and are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve. The anterior two-thirds receive innervation from the trigeminal nerve and the posterior third from the glossopharyngeal nerve. The tongue separates from the floor of the mouth and develops four types of lingual papillae
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Life cycle of ameloblast
Amelogenesis is the formation of enamel. During amelogenesis, the ameloblast (enamel-forming cells) undergo various stages i.e the life cycle of ameloblast.
For more content check out my blog: www.rkharitha.wordpress.com "a little about everything dental"
Osteology of the Skull
The document discusses the bones that make up the neurocranium and viscerocranium of the skull. It describes the occipital, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, parietal, temporal bones that form the neurocranium and house and protect the brain. It also describes the zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, palatine, maxilla and mandible bones that form the viscerocranium of the facial skeleton. Additionally, it briefly discusses the hyoid bone that is suspended in the neck below the mandible and serves as an attachment point for neck and tongue muscles.
Parotid gland
The parotid gland is the largest major salivary gland. It is located below and in front of the external ear. The parotid gland develops early in the fourth week of prenatal development. It has multiple surfaces and borders that relate to surrounding structures like the mandible, masseter muscle, and facial nerve which branches within the gland. The parotid gland secretes saliva through the parotid duct which travels anteriorly to open in the mouth. It receives nerve supply from both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Lymph from the gland drains to local and deep cervical lymph nodes.
Pharyngeal arches
The pharyngeal arches develop in the fourth week as neural crest cells migrate into the head and neck region. Four pairs of pharyngeal arches form externally by the end of the fourth week. Each arch contains mesenchyme, ectoderm, endoderm, an aortic arch, nerve, cartilage, and muscles. The arches give rise to many structures in the head and neck through their derivatives. Pharyngeal pouches and clefts also form and contribute to various structures such as the parathyroid glands, thymus, and thyroid gland. Anomalies can occur in the development of these structures.
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
The sternocleidomastoid muscle originates from the manubrium sterni and clavicle. It inserts into the mastoid process and superior nuchal line of the occipital bone. The spinal accessory nerve provides motor innervation and branches from C2 provide proprioceptive innervation. The muscle acts to turn the chin to the opposite side, tilt the head toward the shoulder on the same side, and draw the head forward. Torticollis is a deformity where the head is bent to one side caused by spasm or contracture of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, which can result from rheumatic, reflex, congenital, or birth-related causes
Arteries of head and neck; subclavian vessels
The subclavian arteries arise from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right and the aortic arch on the left. They arch laterally over the pleura and divide into branches before becoming the axillary arteries. The branches of the subclavian arteries include the vertebral, internal thoracic, and thyrocervical trunk arteries. The thyrocervical trunk further divides into the inferior thyroid, suprascapular, and superficial cervical arteries.
Hard and soft palate
The palate has two parts: the hard (bony) palate anteriorly and the soft (muscular) palate posteriorly. The hard palate forms the roof of the oral cavity and floor of the nose. It receives blood vessels from the greater palatine artery and nerves from the greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves. The soft palate is a movable muscular fold suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate. It has anterior and posterior surfaces and superior and inferior borders, and hangs the conical uvula from its middle.
Carotid Triangle (Anatomy of the Neck)
The document discusses the anterior triangle of the neck, which is divided into 4 triangles: the carotid, digastric, submental, and muscular triangles. It focuses on the carotid triangle, outlining its boundaries, floor, and contents. The carotid triangle contains the common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, and external carotid artery. It is also bounded by the sternocleidomastoid muscle superiorly and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and omohyoid muscle inferiorly. The triangle contains numerous arteries, nerves, and veins, including the vagus nerve, internal jugular vein, and branches of the carotid arteries.
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Posterior triangle of neck - Powerpoint lecture notes by Dr.N.Mugunthan.
Posterior triangle of neck - Powerpoint lecture notes by Dr.N.Mugunthan.
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Spinal cord
The spinal cord extends from the skull to the lower back, and has sensory and motor functions. It contains gray matter in an H-shape containing nuclei, and white matter containing ascending and descending tracts. The spinal cord is surrounded by meninges and has 31 pairs of spinal nerves that connect it to the body. It carries sensory information from the body to the brain via ascending tracts, and carries motor commands from the brain to the body via descending tracts.
Blood supply of nervous system
The nervous system receives its blood supply from arteries that branch throughout the brain and spinal cord. The brain is supplied by the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, which form the circle of Willis at the base of the brain. These arteries further branch to supply specific regions like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The spinal cord receives blood from the anterior and posterior spinal arteries as well as segmental arteries that enter through vertebral foramina. Veins drain blood from the brain and spinal cord into dural sinuses and internal vertebral plexuses.
Blood supply of head & neck and periodontal tissues
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Foramen magnum
- 1. StructuresPassingThroughForamen Magnum 1. Medulla oblongata 2. Ascending parts of spinal accessory nerves 3. Vertebral arteries FourOpeningForamenNames Foramen Rotundum Foramen Ovale Foramen Spinosum Foramen Lacerum InternalCarotid ArteryPassesThroughIn Foramen Lacerum The internal carotid artery passes from the carotid canal in the base of the skull, emerging and coursing superior to Foramen lacerum as it exits the carotid canal. The internal carotid artery does not travel through Foramen lacerum. Faisal Ahmed B.H.M.S 4th Semester Faisal Ahmed B.H.M.S 4th Semester
- 2. BloodSupplyOf TheBrain The Blood Supply of the Brain and Spinal Cord. The entire blood supply of the brain and spinal cord depends on two sets of branches from the dorsal aorta. The vertebral arteries arise from the subclavian arteries, and the internal carotid arteries are branches of the common carotid arteries. CellTypes/ Brain & CNS Neurons. The numbers of neurons varies extremly between species: the common fruit fly has about 100.000 neurons, whereas it is estimated that the human brain has about 1014 (100 billion) neurons. ... Glia Cell Types Astrocytes. ... Oligodendrocytes. ... Microglia. http://faisalahmedyousafz.wixsite.com/faisal