This document discusses spinal cord tumors. It describes different types of intramedullary and extramedullary spinal cord tumors, including meningiomas, schwannomas, neurofibromas, ependymomas, astrocytomas, and hemangioblastomas. It provides details on the characteristics, locations, imaging appearance, and surgical treatment of these tumors. The goal of surgery is safe removal or biopsy of the tumor while preserving neurological function. Monitoring is used during surgery to help identify the tumor and midline.
Brain metastasis is an advance diseases with poor overall prognosis management of which is full of controversies. This slide aims to make metastasis simplified.
Brain metastasis is an advance diseases with poor overall prognosis management of which is full of controversies. This slide aims to make metastasis simplified.
General Basic knowledge of Brain tumour explained in brief of classification, pathogenesis, clinical features, CT, MRI, management, Radiotherapy. Best for MBBS and PG preparation student.
all about brain tumors. clinical presentation of brain tumors also CT scan MRI of different tumors available to interpret the tumors of brain and spinal cord.
This presentation reviews the current neurosurgical management of patients with medulloblastoma, including the data on molecular subtyping; uses “medulloblastoma” as a springboard to discuss other topics / tumor cell biology in general; and formulates research questions to further advance neurosurgical basic science.
This presentation provides a comprehensive review of major sulci of brain which help in defining the different lobes of brain.Very useful for first year residents.
In this presentation we will dscuss the imp imaging features of Posterior fossa tumors in pediatric age group.
Medulloblastoma
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Ependymoma
Brainstem Glioma
Schwanoma
Meningioma
Epidermoid Cyst
Arachnoid Cyst
Its important to recognise the myelination pattern in neonates and infants. This presentation talks about the myelination pattern and imaging of white matter diseases in children.
General Basic knowledge of Brain tumour explained in brief of classification, pathogenesis, clinical features, CT, MRI, management, Radiotherapy. Best for MBBS and PG preparation student.
all about brain tumors. clinical presentation of brain tumors also CT scan MRI of different tumors available to interpret the tumors of brain and spinal cord.
This presentation reviews the current neurosurgical management of patients with medulloblastoma, including the data on molecular subtyping; uses “medulloblastoma” as a springboard to discuss other topics / tumor cell biology in general; and formulates research questions to further advance neurosurgical basic science.
This presentation provides a comprehensive review of major sulci of brain which help in defining the different lobes of brain.Very useful for first year residents.
In this presentation we will dscuss the imp imaging features of Posterior fossa tumors in pediatric age group.
Medulloblastoma
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Ependymoma
Brainstem Glioma
Schwanoma
Meningioma
Epidermoid Cyst
Arachnoid Cyst
Its important to recognise the myelination pattern in neonates and infants. This presentation talks about the myelination pattern and imaging of white matter diseases in children.
Intramedullary spinal cord tumor is the rare condition demanding high index of suspicion in diagnosis and high yield surgical expertise to produce good outcome.
I LOVE NEUROSURGERY INITIATIVE: INTRACRANIAL TUMORS.pptwalid maani
A complete presentation to help medical students and junior neurosurgical residents to understand the topic of intracranial tumors. Complete with Illustrations and imaging.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
4. • 4th – 6th decade , male = female
•Mostly affect dorsal root
most common
30%
(cervical)
10%
1%
5. arachnoid cap
cells
decade ,
•Mainly , upper
cervical spine and
foramen magnum
•ventral or ventrolateral,
may
•10%
•Do not penetrate the
pia
6. decade ,
•Myxopapillary
ependymomas
•Cuboidal cells surrounding a
vascularized core of
hyalinized connective tissue
•Benign
7. neural crest, benign,
neurosecretory granules
dumbbell tumors in
pediatric
thoracic spine
rarely
cause mass effect
CSF drop metastases,
direct penetration of the
dural root sleeve
8. •Depend on location
•Local back pain & radicular
pain
•Worsening pain on
recumbency
10. benign,
excision, Recurrences are rare
-Posterior laminectomy
-unilateral facetectomy
-open dura
-Dorsal (visualized), Ventral
(dissect dentate ligament
-Cauterize tumor
-Neurostimulation
-Dumbbell shaped (resection of
both nerve roots)
11. -Surgical removal easy due to
- absence of bony involvement
- well-defined spinal epidural
space
- lack of venous sinus
involvement
-Recurrence 10 %
- Posterior laminectomy
- Anterior approaches for purely
ventral tumors
-Management of the dural base
• excision of the dural then graft
• extensive in situ coagulation
12. -Role of surgery depends on
size of the tumor and its
relationship
-Gross total en bloc resection
- Small, well circumscribed within
the fibrous coverings & easily
separable from the nerve roots
-Subtotal
-Radiation therapy
13. -First 3 decades of life
-Most common pediatric
intramedullary cord tumor
-60% of occur in the
cervical
-20% associated syringes
-Most are grade I or II
-Associated NF1
Intra-medullary
Astrocytomas Ependymoma
s
Hemangioblasto
ma
80% 8%
14. -Most common
intramedullary tumors in
adults
-Male = Female, middle
age
-65% have associated
cysts
-Associated NF2
-Cellular ependymoma
the most common
-Benign, unencapsulated,
circumscribed and do not
15. -Associated with von
Hippel-Lindau syndrome
(AD)
-At any age
-Associated syringes
-Benign tumors of
vascular origin
-Circumscribed, not
encapsulated
-located dorsally or
dorsolaterally
16. most
common dysembryogenic
lesion, increased fat
deposition in metabolically
normal fat cells, subpial
location.
The lung
and breast are the most
common primary tumor
sites
history of radiation
19. •Microsurgical removal is the
most effective treatment of
ependymomas &
hemangioblastomas.
•For astrocytomas are more
controversial.
•Resection should be limited to
tumor tissue
•Preservation of neurological
function rather than complete
tumor resection is paramount
20. • Preoperative steroids
and antibiotics
• General anesthesia,
intubated & prone
• Sensory and motor
evoked potentials
monitoring
• Midline skin,
subperiosteal bony
dissection
• Laminectomy extend
one segment above
and below the tumor
•The facets are
preserved.
21. • Strict hemeostasis before the
dura is opened
• The dura is opened in the
midline and tented laterally
with sutures
• Operating microscope
• The arachnoid is opened
• Cord inspected for surface
abnormalities ,U/S localize
tumor
• midline myelotomy through
the posterior median septum
• dorsal midline -- midpoint
between the dorsal nerve root
entry zones bilaterally
• Midline crossing vessels in
22. • Pia incised sharply with a
micro knife or scissors
• myelotomy extend over the
entire rostrocaudal extent of
the tumor
• Spreading the posterior
columns gently with micro
forceps
• Pial traction sutures are
placed
• Technique of tumor removal
is determined by the surgical
Objective (biopsy , removal)
• Internal decompression with
an ultrasonic aspirator or
laser
23.
24. Q) WHAT TYPES OF NERVES DO
NEUROFIBROMAS GENERALLY ARISE
FROM?
•Dorsal root
•Ventral root
•Both of them
25. INTRADURAL SPINAL NERVE SHEATH TUMORS
ARE TOTALLY MALIGNANT ( T ) OR ( F )
• False only 2.5 % are malignant
27. ………. ARE BENIGN TUMORS OF
VASCULAR ORIGIN ?
•Hemangioblastomas
28. Q) IN RESECTING AN INTRAMEDULLARY SPINAL
CORD TUMOR, WHAT IS A SURE WAY TO
RECOGNIZE THE MIDLINE IF THE TUMOR IS
DEFORMING THE NORMAL SPINAL CORD
ANATOMY?
• Midpoint between the dorsal nerve root entry zones
bilaterally
29. Q) WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON
INTRAMEDULLARY SPINAL CORD TUMOR IN
ADULTS?
•Ependymoma
•Meningiomas
•Astrocytoma
•Hemangioblastoma
30. Q) WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON
INTRAMEDULLARY SPINAL CORD TUMOR IN
PEDIATRIC ?
•Ependymoma
•Meningiomas
•Astrocytoma
•Hemangioblastoma