A spinal cord injury refers to any injury to the spinal cord that is caused by trauma instead of diseases resulting in a change either temporary or permanent, in its normal motor, sensory or autonomic function.
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. Symptoms may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury.
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. Symptoms may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury.
Learning disabilities are neurologically-based processing problems. These processing problems can interfere with learning basic skills such as reading, writing and/or math.
Mania is a facet of type I bipolar disorder in which the mood state is abnormally heightened and accompanied by hyperactivity and a reduced need for sleep.
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and at home.
Adolescence, transitional phase of growth and development between childhood and adulthood. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines an adolescent as any person between ages 10 and 19.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints.Most commonly, the wrist and hands are involved, with the same joints typically involved on both sides of the body.
Head injuries are one of the most common causes of disability and death in adults. The injury can be as mild as a bump, bruise (contusion), or cut on the head, or can be moderate to severe in nature due to a concussion, deep cut or open wound, fractured skull bone, or from internal bleeding and damage to the brain.
A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding.Both result in parts of the brain not functioning properly.
In 1911, Eugen Bleuler, first used the word "schizophrenia."The word schizophrenia does come from the Greek words meaning "split" and "mind," & refers to the way that people with schizophrenia are split off from reality; they cannot tell what is real and what is not real.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
1. Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an insult to the spinal cord resulting in a change either temporary or
permanent, in its normal motor, sensory or autonomic function. Spinal cord trauma is damage
to the spinal cord. It may result from direct to the spinal cord itself or indirectly from damage to
surrounding bones, tissues or blood vessels.
A spinal cord injury refers to any injury to the spinal cord that is caused by trauma instead of
disease. Depending on where the spinal cord and nerve roots are damaged, the symptoms can
vary widely, from pain to paralysis to incontinence. Cervical and lumber vertebras are the most
common site of spinal injury.
A Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is termed complete when there is a total loss of motor and sensory
function below the level of the injury. Complete injuries are more common in the thoracic spine
because the spinal canal is quite narrow in that region. An incomplete lesion is one in which
there is some preservation of motor and/or sensory function below the level of the injury.
American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) has developed the level of spinal cord injury / SCI
impairment scale. They are;
1) A- Complete Injury:
No motor function or sensation below the level of lesion or injury.
2) B- Incomplete injury:
Selected sensation is preserved, but there is no evidence of motor function
preservation below the level of injury.
3) C- Incomplete injury:
Motor function is evident distal to the area of injury; however, key muscles are
assessed at less than antigravity strength.
4) D- Incomplete injury:
Motor function is evident distal to the area of injury and key muscles are
assessed at better than antigravity strength.
5) E- Normal:
Motor and sensory function assessed as normal.
2. Etiology
1) Sudden impingements on the spinal cord as a result of trauma.
2) Fractures of the vertebrae can cut, compress or completely sever the spinal cord;
3) Highest incidence between ages 16-30 years as more than 60% of SCIs occur in this age
group's people.
Pathophysiology
Total or partial spinal cord injury
Resulting spinal shock with sudden loss of reflexes below level of injury
Loss of autonomic nervous system affecting vital organs causing the blood pressure and heart
rate to decrease, decrease cardiac output, venous pooling in the extremities and peripheral
vasodilation. (Neurogenic Shock)
Spasticity paralysis occurs as a results of an upper motor neuron lesion or injury as there is
preserved reflex arc below the level of injury.
Flaccid paralysis and atrophy of the affected muscle occurs as a result of damage in lower
motor neurons between the muscle and the spinal cord
3. Exaggeration of sympathetic response causing Hypertension accomplished by a pounding
headache, nausea and blurred vision,Vasodilation above the injury level results in skin flushing
and profuse perspiration (diaphoresis),Vasoconstriction in areas below the level of injury cause
cool pale skin and piloerection (goosebumps), which is also known as Autonomic dysreflexia.
Paralysis associated with spinal cord injury can affect a whole extremity, both extremities or
an entire half of the body( e.g. haemiplegia, paraplegia and quadriplegia/ teraplegia).
Clinical Features
The symptoms depend on the location (lumbar, thoracic, cervical) and extent of the damage
and may be temporary or permanent; the sensation and mobility of areas that are supplied by
nerves below the level of the lesion are affected.
A. Subjective:
Paresthesia or loss of sensation below the level of injury.
Pain (e.g. cutting, burning, radiating) may occur when there is intact sensation.
B. Objective:
Inability to move body below level of injury.
Early signs SCIs injury:
1) Spinal shock: The spinal shock is associated with SCIs reflects;
A sudden loss of reflexes bellow level of injury; particularly bowel and
bladder, which may lead to paralytic ileus and urinary retention.
Flaccid paralysis (immobility by weak,soft, flabby muscles) below the
level of injury.
2) Neurogenic shock:
Neurogenic shock develops due to the loss of autonomic nervous system
below the level of the injury.
The vital organs are affected causing the blood pressure and heart rate
to decrease.(hypotension and bradycardia).
Loss of sympathetic innervations includes a decrease in cardiac output,
venous pooling in the extremities and peripheral vasodilation.
4. Later symptoms of spinal cord injury:
1) Spasticity paralysis (Reflex hyperexcitibility):
Spasticity paralysis occur as a results of an upper motor neuron
lesion or injury as there is preserved reflex arc below the level of
injury.
Muscle below site of injury become spastic and hyperreflexic with the
resolution of spinal shock as muscle remain permanently tense.
Paralysis associated with upper motor neuron lesions can affect a
whole extremity, both extremities or an entire half of the body( e.g.
haemiplegia, paraplegia and quadriplegia/ teraplegia).
2) Diminished reflex excitability (flaccid paralysis):
Flaccid paralysis occurs as a result of damage in lower motor
neurons between the muscle and the spinal cord.
Reflexes are lost and the muscle become flaccid and atrophied from
disuse.
Flaccid paralysis and atrophy of the affected muscles are the principal
signs of lower motor neuron
3) Total cord damage:
Both upper and lower motor neurons are destroyed; signs and symptoms
depend on location of injury; loss of motor and sensory function present at time
of damage usually is permanent.
a) Sacral region: Paralysis of lower extremities (Paraplegia) accompanied by
atonic bladder and bowel with impaired of sphincter control.
b) Lumber region: paralysis of lower extremities that may extend to pelvic
region accompanied by spastic bladder and loss of bladder and anal sphincter
control.
c) Thoracic region: Same symptoms as lumber region except paralysis extends
to the trunk below level of the diaphragm.
5. d) Cervical region: same symptoms as thoracic region except paralysis extends
from neck down and includes paralysis of all extremities (quadriplegia).If
injury is above C4 there is an absence of independent respirations.
4) Partial cord damage:
Either upper or lower motor neurons, or both, may be destroyed.
Signs depend not only on location but also on the type of neurons involved.
Destruction of lower motor neurons results in atrophy and flaccid paralysis of
involved muscles whereas destruction of upper motor neurons causes spasticity.
5) Autonomic dysreflexia (hyperreflexia):
Autonomic dysflexia is a unique complications of SCI that occurs in patients with
cord injuries at T6 or above.
The problem is the most common in patients with cervical injuries.
Autonomic dysreflexia is an exaggerated sympathetic response.
The clinical manifestations are:
o Hypertension is the classic defining feature accomplished by a pounding
headache, nausea and blurred vision.
o Vasodilation above the injury level results in skin flushing and profuse
perspiration (diaphoresis).
o Vasoconstriction in areas below the level of injury cause cool pale skin
and piloerection (goosebumps).
o The bradycardia produced by excess vagal stimulation can be severe.
o The abnormal stimuli that trigger autonomic dysreflexia arise from
localized areas below the level of injury. Common precipitating factors
for autonomic dysreflexia are distended bladder and distended bowel.
Diagnostic Investigation
1. History taking and neurological assessment by using American Spinal Injury Association
Assessment.
2. Radio Lumber puncture
3. X-ray, MRI and CT scan.
4. Blood test.
6. Treatment
A. Management of spinal injury:
1. Immobilization especially head and neck; rigid collar, sandbags and straps, spine
board, log-roll to turn, move only adequate personnel and stabilized head and
neck before transferring.
2. Stabilize visual functions.
3. Cut off clothing if rusticated tight
4. Prevent hypotension and manage shock.
5. Corticosteroid to reduce edema on spinal cord
6. Maintain oxygenation through O2 per nasal cannula, if intubation is needed do
not move the neck.
7. NG tube to suction in order to prevent aspiration.
8. Insert indwelling catheter, insert NG.
Nursing Management
A. Assessment:
1. Respiratory status
2. Neurologic status
3. Abdomen for bladder or bowel distension.
4. Health problems that impact on recovery
5. Client's coping skills and support systems.
B. Nursing Diagnosis
1. Ineffective breathing patterns related to weakness or paralysis of abdominal and
intra-costal muscles.
2. Ineffective airway clearance related to paralysis or weakness of abdominal and
intra-costal muscles.
3. Decrease cardiac output related to decreased venous return with pooling of
blood in the periphery.
4. Impaired bed and physical mobility related to motor and sensory impairments.
5. Risk for impaired skin integrity related to sensory losses and physical immobility.
6. Impaired urinary elimination related to neurologic impairment.
7. Risk for constipation related to atonic bowel and immobility.
8. Self-care deficit related to paralysis.
7. C. Implementation/ Interventions
1. Promoting adequate breathing and airway clearance.
Maintain frequent observation of respiratory and neurologic functioning.
Open airway with Jaw thrust or chin lift while maintaining cervical spine
immobilization.
Suction airway.
Obtain blood sample for ABG analysis.
Assist with endo-tracheal intubation.
2. Maintaining fluid balance.
Cannulate two veins with large bore catheters and initiate.
Infusion of lactated Ringer's solution or normal saline; monitor rate
carefully.
Insert urinary catheter.
Monitor hemo-dynamics.
3. Maintain surgical asepsis with skeletal traction or spinal surgery.
4. Maintain body parts in a functional position; prevent dysfunctional contractures.
5. Institute active and passive range-of-motion exercises as soon as approved; plan
for early ambulation; exercises may be performed in water.
6. Teach use of unaffected extremities to manipulate, move and stabilize affected
parts.
7. Maintaining body temperature.
Warm or environmental control and monitor room temperature.
Warm IV fluids and use hypothermia blanket.
8. Attempt to establish a scheduled pattern of bowel function.
Compare client's bowel habits illness to current pattern; establish a
specific and definite time for bowel movement.
Provide a diet with bowel-stimulating properties; with emphasis on fruits,
vegetables, cereal grains and legumes because these are rich source of
dietary fiber.
Encourage sufficient fluid intake: 2000 to 3000 ml per day.
Schedule evacuation after a meal to utilize the gastrocolic reflex
(peristaltic wave in the colon induced by entrance of food into a fasting
stomach).
Determine if there is an awareness of the need to defecate e.g. feeling of
fullness or pressure in the rectum, flatus).
8. Encourage assumption of a position most near the physiologic position
for defecation.
Utilize assistive measures to induce defecation by:
o Teach leaning forward to increase intra-abdominal pressure by
compressing the abdomen against the thighs.
o Using enemas only as a last resort.
Provide for adaptation of equipment as necessary (e.g. elevated toilet
seat, grab bars)
Teach the family the bowel training programs.
9. Attempt to establish bladder function.
a. Determine the type of bladder problem.
o Neurologic bladder: any disturbance in the bladder functioning
cause by a lesion of the nervous system.
o Spastic bladder: disorder caused by a lesion of spinal cord above
bladder reflex center, in the conus medullaris; there is a loss of
conscious sensation and cerebral motor control; the bladder
empties autonmically when the destrusor muscle is sufficiently
stretched (about 500 ml).
o Flaccid bladder: disorder caused by a lesion of the spinal cord
below the level of injury; the bladder continues to fill, becomes
distended and periodically overflows; the bladder muscle does
not contract forcefully and therefore does not empty except with
a conscious effort.
b. Review the client's bladder habits before illness as well as the current
pattern of elimination; record output, voiding times, and times of
incontinence.
c. Encourage sufficient fluid intake: 3000 to 4000 mal per 24 hours period, a
glass of water with each attempt to void.
d. Restrict fluid after 6 pm to limit amount of urine in bladder during night.
e. Encourage assumption of as normal a position as possible for voiding.
f. Establish a voiding schedule:
o Begin trial voiding at the time the client is most often incontinent.
o Attempt voiding every 2 hours all day and 2 to 3 times during the
night.
o Time intervals between voiding should be shorter in the morning
than later in the day.
o As ability to maintain control improves, lengthen the time
between attempts at voiding.
9. o Time of intervals is not as important as regularity.
10. Maintaining skin and joint integrity.
Preventing skin breakdown requires continuing nursing assessment and
intervention.
Special attention is given is given to avoid pressure.
Maintain skin integrity by 2 hourly positions changed.
Keep skin clean and dry and use pressure relieving devices.
Consider placement on special bed.
11. Determine whether there is an awareness need or act of urination (e.g. fullness
or pressure, flushing, chilling, goose pimples, cold sweats).
12. Discuss need for sexual expression and options available; discussion of penile
implants.
13. Care for the client experiencing autonomic dysreflexia:
Place in a high-fowler's position.
Ensure patency of urinary drainage system.
Assess for fecal impaction.
Eliminate other potential stimuli such as drafts.
Notify physician; administer prescribed anti-hypertensives.
14. When permitted, encourage and support use of tilt table to imitate weight
bearing and reduce loss of calciumfrom bones.
D. Evaluation