The document discusses the anatomy and structure of the spinal cord. It describes the spinal cord as comparable to the input-output system of a computer. It then details the external features of the spinal cord including the meninges, vascular supply, internal structure consisting of white matter, gray matter, and tracts. The pathways within the spinal cord including ascending sensory and descending motor pathways are also summarized.
scalp; is the soft tissue covering of cranial vault.
it extends anteriorly: supraorbital margin
posteriorly:external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal lines.
on each side: superior temporal lines.
scalp; is the soft tissue covering of cranial vault.
it extends anteriorly: supraorbital margin
posteriorly:external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal lines.
on each side: superior temporal lines.
Describe the location, function, and communications of ventricles of the brain
Name the parts and describe the boundaries of the lateral ventricle
Describe the third ventricle
Describe the fourth ventricle
understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
hope to give you better knowledge of spinal cord by the end of it.
plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
Anatomy and image interpretation of facial bonesadhamhussain52
anatomy of facial bone
x ray film interpretation of facial bone
special views of facial
this ppt for all medical and radiology students
if you find any mistake kindly inform me
insta id - ____sadham_____
Describe the location, function, and communications of ventricles of the brain
Name the parts and describe the boundaries of the lateral ventricle
Describe the third ventricle
Describe the fourth ventricle
understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
hope to give you better knowledge of spinal cord by the end of it.
plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
Anatomy and image interpretation of facial bonesadhamhussain52
anatomy of facial bone
x ray film interpretation of facial bone
special views of facial
this ppt for all medical and radiology students
if you find any mistake kindly inform me
insta id - ____sadham_____
Common Referred Pain Patterns – Low Back
Document by Luc Peeters, MSc.Ost. and Grégoire Lason, MSc.Ost.
Joint principals of the International Academy of Osteopathy (I.A.O.)
More information at www.osteopathy.eu
A valuable presentation on myofasical release and muscle energy techniques for sport's and massage therapist's. This presentation is from our workshop event at the St John Street clinic on the 27th February 2016.
Blood supply of head & neck. Arterial & venous anastomosesEneutron
1. The coomon carotid artery
a) topography
- carotid sinus
- carotid body
2. Neurovascular bundles of the neck
3. The external carotid artery
4. The internal carotid artery
- arterial supply of the brain
5. Arterial anastomoses head and neck
6. Veins of the head and neck
5% -10% of unconscious patients who present to the Emergency Dept. as the result of a M.V.A. or fall, have a major injury to the Cervical Spine
Spinal cord injury occurs in more than 11.000/USA pts per year/USA or in 40- 50 persons per million
Injuries of the Cervical Spine produce neurological damage in approximately 40% of patients
Anteriorly bordered by the lamina terminalis, with the anterior commissure above and the optic chiasm below.
Posteriorly bordered by interpeduncular fossa.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Are There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdf
Spinal cord Anatomy by Dr. Naseer (RMC)
1.
2.
3. Anatomy of the Spinal CordAnatomy of the Spinal Cord
Structure of the spinal cordStructure of the spinal cord
Tracts of the spinal cordTracts of the spinal cord
Spinal cord syndromesSpinal cord syndromes
ByBy
Dr. NaseerDr. Naseer
4. - Comparable to- Comparable to
Input-Output (IO) System of the ComputerInput-Output (IO) System of the Computer
- Spinal Nerves (C8, T12, L5, S5, Cx1)- Spinal Nerves (C8, T12, L5, S5, Cx1)
- Segmental Structure of Neural Tube Origin- Segmental Structure of Neural Tube Origin
Spinal CordSpinal CordSpinal CordSpinal Cord
9. Periosteum of VertebraPeriosteum of Vertebra
-- Epidural SpaceEpidural Space ---------------------------------- epidural anesthesiaepidural anesthesia
Dura Mater SpinalisDura Mater Spinalis
Arachnoid MaterArachnoid Mater
-- Subarachnoid Space --------Subarachnoid Space -------- Lumbar PunctureLumbar Puncture
Spinal AnesthesiaSpinal Anesthesia
Pia Mater SpinalisPia Mater Spinalis
- Denticulate Ligament- Denticulate Ligament ------------------ CordotomyCordotomy
- Filum Terminale- Filum Terminale
Periosteum of VertebraPeriosteum of Vertebra
-- Epidural SpaceEpidural Space ---------------------------------- epidural anesthesiaepidural anesthesia
Dura Mater SpinalisDura Mater Spinalis
Arachnoid MaterArachnoid Mater
-- Subarachnoid Space --------Subarachnoid Space -------- Lumbar PunctureLumbar Puncture
Spinal AnesthesiaSpinal Anesthesia
Pia Mater SpinalisPia Mater Spinalis
- Denticulate Ligament- Denticulate Ligament ------------------ CordotomyCordotomy
- Filum Terminale- Filum Terminale
Spinal Cord MeningesSpinal Cord MeningesSpinal Cord MeningesSpinal Cord Meninges
10. Meninges ofMeninges of
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
• Dura materDura mater
• Arachnoid materArachnoid mater
• Pia materPia mater
Denticulate ligamentDenticulate ligament
- specialization of the pia mater- specialization of the pia mater
-- landmark for cordotomylandmark for cordotomy
24. • There is a continuous flow of information between the brain,
spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. This information is
relayed by sensory (ascending) and motor (descending)
‘pathways’.
• Generally the pathways:
Consists of a chain of tracts, associated nuclei and
varying number of relays (synapses)
Consist of two or three neurons
Exhibit somatotopy (precise spatial relationships)
Decussate
Involve both the brain and spinal cord
Are paired (bilaterally and symmetrically)
26. Sensory Pathways
• Monitor conditions both inside the body and in the
external environment
• Sensation-stimulated receptor passes information to
the CNS via afferent (sensory) fibers
• Most sensory information is processed in the spinal
cord , thalamus, or brain stem. Only 1% reaches the
cerebral cortex and our conscious awareness
• Processing in the spinal cord can produce a rapid
motor response (stretch reflex)
• Processing within the brain stem may result in
complex motor activities (positional changes in the
eye, head, trunk)
27. Sensory Pathways
• Contain a sequence of THREE
neurons from the receptor to the
cerebral cortex
• First order neuron: Sensory
neuron that delivers information
from the receptor to the CNS.
• Cell body located in the dorsal
root ganglion. The Axon (central
process) passes to the spinal cord
through the dorsal root of spinal
nerve gives many collaterals
which take part in spinal cord
reflexes runs ipsilaterally and
synapses with second-order
neurons in the cord and medulla
oblongata
11
22
33
28. • Second order neuron:
–Has cell body in the
spinal cord or medulla
oblongata
–Axon decussate &
–Terminate on 3rd order
neuron
• Third order neuron:
–Has cell body in thalamus
–Axon terminates on
cerebral cortex
ipsilaterally
29. White Matter: Pathway GeneralizationsWhite Matter: Pathway Generalizations
• Ascending and descending fibers are organized in distinct
bundles which occupy particular areas and regions in the
white matter
• Generally long tracts are located peripherally in the white
matter, while shorter tracts are found near the gray matter
• The TRACT is a bundle of nerve fibers (within CNS)
having the same origin, course, destination & function
• The name of the tract indicates the origin and
destination of its fibers
• The axons within each tract are grouped according to
the body region innervated
30. Tracts of the Spinal CordTracts of the Spinal Cord
• Tracts that serve to join brain to the spinalTracts that serve to join brain to the spinal
cordcord
– AscendingAscending
– DescendingDescending
• Fibers that interconnect adjacent or distantFibers that interconnect adjacent or distant
segments of the spinal cordsegments of the spinal cord
– IntersegmentalIntersegmental (propriospinal)(propriospinal)
31. Intersegmental TractsIntersegmental Tracts
• Extensive fiber connections
between spinal segments
• Fasciculus proprius
– Short ascending &
descending fibers
– Both crossed & uncrossed
– Begin and end within the
spinal cord
– Participate in
intersegmental spinal
reflexes
– Present in all funiculi
adjacent to gray matter
32. Intersegmental Tracts
• Dorsolateral tract of Lissauer:
Primary sensory fibers
carrying pain, temperature and
touch information bifurcate
upon entering the spinal cord.
Their branches ascend and
descend for several spinal
segments in the dorsolateral
tract, before synapsing in the
dorsal horn
Intersegmental fibers, establishing connections with
neurons in the opposite half of the spinal cord, cross
the midline in the anterior white commissure
33.
34.
35. Ascending Spinal Tracts
Transmit impulses:
• Concerned with specific sensory modalities: pain,
temperature, touch, proprioception, that reach a
conscious level (cerebral cortex)
–Dorsal column funiculi
–Spinothalamic tracts
• From tactile and stretch receptors to subconscious
centers (cerebellum)
–Spinocerebellar tracts
36. • Three major pathways carry sensory information
Posterior column pathway (gracile & cuneate
fasciculi)
Anterolateral pathway (spinothalamic)
Spinocerebellar pathway
38. Dorsal ColumnDorsal Column
• Contains two tracts,
Fasciculus gracilis (FG)
& fasciculus cuneatus
(FC)
• Carry impulses
concerned with
proprioception and
discriminative touch
from ipsilateral side of
body
• Contain the axons of
primary afferent
neurons that have
FG contains fibers received at sacral,
lumbar and lower thoracic levels, FC
contains fibers received at upper
39. • Fibers ascend without
interruption where they
terminate upon 2nd
order neurons
in nucleus gracilis and nucleus
cuneatus
• The axons of the 2nd
order
neurons decussate in the
medulla as internal arcuate
fibers and ascend through the
brain stem as medial lemniscus.
• The medial lemniscus terminates
in the ventral posterior nucleus
of the thalamus upon 3rd
order
neurons, which project to the
somatosensory cortex
(thalamocortical fibers)
•
40.
41. Posterior White Column -Posterior White Column -
Medial Lemniscal PathwayMedial Lemniscal Pathway
Posterior White Column -Posterior White Column -
Medial Lemniscal PathwayMedial Lemniscal Pathway
medial lemniscusmedial lemniscus
LemniscalLemniscal
decussationdecussation
internal arcuate fiberinternal arcuate fiber
posterior whiteposterior white
columncolumn
posterior rootposterior root
-- ipsilateralipsilateral loss of discriminative touchloss of discriminative touch
sensation and conscious proprioceptionsensation and conscious proprioception
belowbelow the level of lesionthe level of lesion
Lower limb position sense is tested by standing upright with feetLower limb position sense is tested by standing upright with feet
together and then closing the eyes. There will be loss of balancetogether and then closing the eyes. There will be loss of balance
with the eyes shutwith the eyes shut (Romberg,s sign).(Romberg,s sign). For the same reason thereFor the same reason there
will be difficulty with walking in dark or keeping the balancewill be difficulty with walking in dark or keeping the balance
when washing the face with eyes shut. These are examples ofwhen washing the face with eyes shut. These are examples of
sensory ataxia.sensory ataxia.
42. Spinothalamic TractsSpinothalamic Tracts
• Located lateral and ventral to
the ventral horn
• Carry impulses concerned with
pain and thermal sensations
(lateral tract) and also non-
discriminative touch and
pressure (medial tract)
• Fibers of the two tracts are
intermingled to some extent
• In brain stem, constitute the
spinal lemniscus
• Fibers are highly somato-
topically arranged, with those
for the lower limb lying most
superficially and those for the
upper limb lying deeply
Information is sent to the
primary sensory cortex on
the opposite side of the
body
43. Spinothalamic TractSpinothalamic TractSpinothalamic TractSpinothalamic Tract
spinothalamicspinothalamic
tracttract
anterior whiteanterior white
commissurecommissure
posterior rootposterior root
decussationdecussation
-- contra lateralcontra lateral loss of pain and temperatureloss of pain and temperature
sensationsensation belowbelow the level of lesionthe level of lesion
44. Lateral Spinothalamic TractLateral Spinothalamic Tract
• Carries impulses concerned with
pain and thermal sensations.
• Axons of 1st
order neurons
terminate in the dorsal horn
• Axons of 2nd
order neuron (mostly
in the substantia gelatinosa),
decussate within one segment of
their origin, by passing through
the ventral white commissure &
terminate on 3rd
order neurons in
ventral posterior nucleus of the
thalamus
• Thalamic neurons project to the
somatosensory cortex
45. Anterior Spinothalamic TractAnterior Spinothalamic Tract
• Carries impulses concerned with
non- discriminative touch and
pressure
• Axons of 1st
order neurons enter
cord terminate in the dorsal horn
• Axons of 2nd
order neuron (mostly
in the nucleus proprius) may
ascend several segments before
crossing to opposite side by
passing through the ventral
white commissure & terminate
on 3rd
order neurons in ventral
posterior nucleus of the
thalamus
• Thalamic neurons project to the
somatosensory cortex
46. Spino-reticulo-thalamic SystemSpino-reticulo-thalamic System
• The system represents an
additional route by which dull,
aching pain is transmitted to a
conscious level
• Some 2nd
order neurons
terminate in the reticular
formation of the brain stem,
mainly within the medulla
• Reticulothalamic fibers ascend
to intralaminar nuclei of
thalamus, which in turn activate
the cerebral cortex
47. Fast PainFast Pain Slow PainSlow Pain
Sharp, prickingSharp, pricking Dull, burningDull, burning
Group III (AGroup III (Aδδ) fiber) fiber Group IV (C) fiberGroup IV (C) fiber
Short latencyShort latency Slower onsetSlower onset
Well localizedWell localized DiffuseDiffuse
Short durationShort duration Long durationLong duration
Less emotionalLess emotional Emotional, autonomic responseEmotional, autonomic response
Not blocked by morphineNot blocked by morphine Blocked by morphineBlocked by morphine
Neospinothalamic TractNeospinothalamic Tract Paleospinothalamic TractPaleospinothalamic Tract
Comparison of Fast and Slow PainComparison of Fast and Slow Pain ------ Spinothalamic Tract------ Spinothalamic TractComparison of Fast and Slow PainComparison of Fast and Slow Pain ------ Spinothalamic Tract------ Spinothalamic Tract
48. Spinocerebellar TractsSpinocerebellar Tracts
• The spinocerebellar system
consists of a sequence of
only two neurons
• Two tracts: Posterior &
Anterior
• Located near the dorsolateral
and ventrolateral surfaces of
the cord
• Contain axons of the second
order neurons
• Carry information derived from
muscle spindles, Golgi tendon
organs and tactile receptors to
the cerebellum for the control
of posture and coordination of
movements
49. Posterior Spinocerebellar TractsPosterior Spinocerebellar Tracts
• Present only above level L3
• The cell bodies of 2nd
order
neuron lie in Clark’s
column
• Axons of 2nd
order neuron
terminate ipsilaterally
(uncrossed) in the
cerebellar cortex by
entering through the
inferior cerebellar peduncle
50. Ventral Spinocerebellar TractsVentral Spinocerebellar Tracts
• The cell bodies of 2nd
order neuron lie
in base of the dorsal horn of the
lumbosacral segments
• Axons of 2nd
order neuron cross to
opposite side, ascend as far as the
midbrain, and then make a sharp
turn caudally and enter the superior
cerebellar peduncle
• The fibers cross the midline for a
second time within the cerebellum
before terminating in the cerebellar
cortex
Both spinocerebellar tracts convey
sensory information to the same
side of the cerebellum
52. Spinotectal TractSpinotectal Tract
• Ascends in the anterolateral part
in close association with
spinothalamic system
• Primary afferents reach dorsal
horn through dorsal roots and
terminate on 2nd
order neurons
• The cell bodies of 2nd
order
neuron lie in base of the dorsal
horn
• Axons of 2nd
order neuron cross
to opposite side, and project to
the periaqueductal gray matter
and superior colliculus in the
midbrain
53. Spino - olivary TractSpino - olivary Tract
• Indirect spinocerebellar pathway (spino-olivo-cerebellar)
• Impulses from the spinal cord are relayed to the
cerebellum via inferior olivary nucleus
• Conveys sensory information to the cerebellum
• Fibers arise at all level of the spinal cord
54. Spinoreticular TractSpinoreticular Tract
• Originates in laminae IV-
VIII
• Contains uncrossed fibers
that end in medullary
reticular formation &
crossed & uncrossed
fibers that terminate in
pontine reticular formation
• Form part of the
ascending reticular
activating system
56. Motor PathwaysMotor Pathways
• CNS issues motor commands in response to
information provided by sensory systems, sent by the
somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic
nervous system (ANS)
• Conscious and subconscious motor commands control
skeletal muscles by traveling over 3 integrated motor
pathways
• The corticospinal pathway – voluntary control of motor
activity
–Corticobulbar tracts
–Corticospinal tracts
• The medial and lateral pathways – modify or direct
skeletal muscle contractions by stimulating, facilitating,
or inhibiting lower motor neurons
57. Motor PathwaysMotor Pathways
• Contain a sequence of TWO
neurons from the cerebral
cortex or brain stem to the
muscles
• Upper motor neuron : has cell
body in the cerebral cortex or
brain stem, axon decussates
before terminating on the lower
motor neuron
• Lower motor neuron: has cell
body in the ventral horn of the
spinal cord, axon runs in the
ipsilateral ventral root of the
spinal nerve and supply the
muscle.
UMN
LMN
58. Descending Spinal Tracts
• Originate from the cerebral cortex & brain stem
• Concerned with:
Control of movements
Muscle tone
Spinal reflexes & equilibrium
Modulation of sensory transmission to higher
centers
Spinal autonomic functions
59. • The motor pathways are
divided into two groups
–Direct pathways
(voluntary motion
pathways) - the
pyramidal tracts
–Indirect pathways
(postural pathways),
essentially all others -
the extrapyramidal
pathways
60. Direct (Pyramidal) SystemDirect (Pyramidal) System
• Regulates fast and fine (skilled) movements
• Originate in the pyramidal neurons in the
precentral gyri,
• Impulses are sent through the corticospinal tracts
and synapse in the anterior horn
• Stimulation of anterior horn neurons activates
skeletal muscles
• Part of the direct pathway, called Corticobulbar
tracts, innervates cranial nerve nuclei
61. Indirect (Extra pyramidal) SystemIndirect (Extra pyramidal) System
• Complex and multisynaptic pathways
• The system includes:
• Rubrospinal tracts: control flexor muscles
• Vestibulospinal tracts: maintain balance and
posture
• Tectospinal tracts: mediate head neck, and eye
movement
• Reticulospinal tracts
63. Corticospinal Tracts
• Concerned with voluntary,
discrete, skilled
movements, especially
those of distal parts of the
limbs (fractionated
movements)
• Innervate the contralateral
side of the spinal cord
• Provide rapid direct
method for controlling
skeletal muscle
64. • Origin: motor and sensory
cortices
• Axons pass through corona
radiata, internal capsule, crus
cerebri and pyramid of medulla
oblongata
• In the caudal medulla about 75-
90% of the fibers decussate and
form the lateral corticospinal
tract
• Rest of the fibers remain
ipsilateral and form anterior
corticospinal tract. They also
decussate before termination
65. • Distribution:
– 55% terminate at cervical
region
– 20% at thoracic
– 25% at lumbosacral level
• Termination: Ventral horn
neurons (mostly through
interneurons, a few fibers
terminate directly)
• Corticobulbar tracts end at
the motor nuclei of CNs of
the contra lateral side
67. Rubrospinal TractRubrospinal Tract
• Controls the tone of limb flexor
muscles, being excitatory to
motor neurons of these
muscles
• Origin: Red nucleus
• Axons course ventro-medially,
cross in ventral tegmental
decussation, descend in spinal
cord ventral to the lateral
corticospinal tract
• Cortico-rubro-spinal pathway
(Extra pyramidal)
68. Tectospinal Tract
• Mediates reflex movements of
the head and neck in response to
visual stimuli
• Origin: Superior colliculus
• Axons course ventro-medially
around the periaqueductal gray
matter, cross in dorsal tegmental
decussation, descend in spinal
cord near the ventral median
fissure, terminate mainly in
cervical segments
• Cortico-tecto-spinal pathway
(Extra pyramidal)
69. Vestibulospinal Tracts
• Lateral Vestibulospinal
Tracts
• Origin: lateral vestibular
(Deiter’s) nucleus
• Axons descend ipsilaterally in
the ventral funiculus
• Terminate on ventral horn cells
throughout the length of spinal
cord
• Has excitatory influences upon
extensor motor neurons, control
extensor muscle tone in the
antigravity maintenance of
posture
70. Reticulospinal Tracts
• Influence voluntary movement, reflex
activity and muscle tone by
controlling the activity of both alpha
and gamma motor neurons
• Mediate pressor and depressor
effect on the circulatory system
• Are involved in control of breathing
• Origin: pontine & medullary reticular
formation
• Medial (pontine) reticulospinal tract
descends ipsilaterally
• Lateral (medullary) reticulospinal
tract descends bilaterally
• Both tracts located in the ventral
funiculus
71. Descending Autonomic
Fibers(Hypothalamospinal tract)
• The higher centers associated
with the control of autonomic
activity are situated mainly in
the hypothalamus
• The fibers run in the
reticulospinal tracts
• Terminate on the autonomic
neurons in the lateral horn of
thoracic & upper lumbar
(sympathetic) and sacral
segments (parasympathetic)
levels of the spinal cord
72. upper motor neuronupper motor neuron
UMNUMN
upper motor neuronupper motor neuron
UMNUMN
SOMATIC MOTOR SYSTEMSOMATIC MOTOR SYSTEMSOMATIC MOTOR SYSTEMSOMATIC MOTOR SYSTEM
lower motor neuron
LMNLMN
Brain StemBrain Stem
DescendingDescending
PathwayPathway
Final Common PathwayFinal Common Pathway
EFFECTORS
skeletal muscle
Pyramidal Tract
VOLUNTARY
CONTROL
AUTOMATIC CONTROL
Rubrospinal TractRubrospinal Tract
Tectospinal TractTectospinal Tract
Vestibulospinal TractVestibulospinal Tract
MLFMLF
Reticulospinal TractReticulospinal Tract
REFLEX
73. Spinal Cord SyndromeSpinal Cord SyndromeSpinal Cord SyndromeSpinal Cord Syndrome
Location ofLocation of
Symptoms inSymptoms in
Spinal DiseaseSpinal Disease
ipsilateral to lesion contralateral to lesion
74. Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) vs Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) SyndromeUpper Motor Neuron (UMN) vs Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Syndrome
UMN syndromeUMN syndrome LMN SyndromeLMN Syndrome
Type of ParalysisType of Paralysis Spastic ParesisSpastic Paresis Flaccid ParalysisFlaccid Paralysis
AtrophyAtrophy No (Disuse) AtrophyNo (Disuse) Atrophy SevereSevere AtrophyAtrophy
Deep Tendon ReflexDeep Tendon Reflex IncreaseIncrease Absent DTRAbsent DTR
Pathological ReflexPathological Reflex PositivePositive BabinskiBabinski SignSign AbsentAbsent
Superficial ReflexSuperficial Reflex AbsentAbsent PresentPresent
Fasciculation andFasciculation and AbsentAbsent Could beCould be
FibrillationFibrillation PresentPresent
75. Spinal Cord SyndromeSpinal Cord SyndromeSpinal Cord SyndromeSpinal Cord Syndrome
Predominantly Motor SyndromesPredominantly Motor Syndromes
• Poliomyelitis (Infantile Paralysis)Poliomyelitis (Infantile Paralysis)
- viral infection of lower motor neuron- viral infection of lower motor neuron
- LMN syndrome at the level of lesion- LMN syndrome at the level of lesion
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- combined LMN and UMN lesion- combined LMN and UMN lesion
- LMN syndrome at the level of lesion- LMN syndrome at the level of lesion
- UMN syndrome below the level of lesion- UMN syndrome below the level of lesion
- Lou Gehrig’s disease in USA- Lou Gehrig’s disease in USA
78. Spinal CordSpinal Cord
SyndromeSyndrome
AmyotrophicAmyotrophic
Lateral SclerosisLateral Sclerosis
(ALS)(ALS)
Lou Gherig’sLou Gherig’s
DiseaseDisease
Spinal CordSpinal Cord
SyndromeSyndrome
AmyotrophicAmyotrophic
Lateral SclerosisLateral Sclerosis
(ALS)(ALS)
Lou Gherig’sLou Gherig’s
DiseaseDisease Stephen Haking (1946- )Stephen Haking (1946- )
British Physicist, A Brif History of Time
79. Spinal Cord SyndromeSpinal Cord SyndromeSpinal Cord SyndromeSpinal Cord Syndrome
Predominantly Sensory SyndromesPredominantly Sensory Syndromes
• Herpes ZosterHerpes Zoster
- inflammatory reactions of spinal ganglion- inflammatory reactions of spinal ganglion
- severe pain on the dermatomes of affected ganglion- severe pain on the dermatomes of affected ganglion
• Tabes DorsalisTabes Dorsalis
- common variety of neurosyphilis- common variety of neurosyphilis
- posterior column and spinal posterior root lesion- posterior column and spinal posterior root lesion
- loss of discriminative touch sensation and conscious- loss of discriminative touch sensation and conscious
proprioception below the level of lesionproprioception below the level of lesion
- posterior column ataxia- posterior column ataxia
- lancinating pain- lancinating pain
- loss of deep tendon reflex (DTR)- loss of deep tendon reflex (DTR)
80. Herpes Zoster (Shingles)Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
• varicella-zoster virusvaricella-zoster virus
reactivation fromreactivation from
the dorsal root gangliathe dorsal root ganglia
• unilateral vesicularunilateral vesicular
eruption withineruption within
a dermatomea dermatome
• T3 to L3 dermatomeT3 to L3 dermatome
lesions are frequentlesions are frequent
• zoster ophtahalmicuszoster ophtahalmicus
(ophthalmic division(ophthalmic division
of trigeminal n., Vof trigeminal n., V11))
• Ramsey-Hunt syndromeRamsey-Hunt syndrome
(sensory br. of VII)(sensory br. of VII)
• acyclovir, antiviral agentacyclovir, antiviral agent
81. Spinal Cord SyndromeSpinal Cord SyndromeSpinal Cord SyndromeSpinal Cord Syndrome
Sub acute Combined DegenerationSub acute Combined Degeneration
(Combined System Disease)(Combined System Disease)
LesionLesion
- posterior white column- posterior white column
- corticospinal tract (UMN)- corticospinal tract (UMN)
SymptomSymptom
- loss of discriminative touch sensation and conscious- loss of discriminative touch sensation and conscious
proprioception below the level of lesionproprioception below the level of lesion
- ipsilateral UMN syndrome below the level of lesion- ipsilateral UMN syndrome below the level of lesion
83. Spinal Cord SyndromeSpinal Cord SyndromeSpinal Cord SyndromeSpinal Cord Syndrome
Syringomyelia, HematomyeliaSyringomyelia, Hematomyelia
LesionLesion
- central canal of spinal cord- central canal of spinal cord
- gradually extended to peripheral part of the cord- gradually extended to peripheral part of the cord
SymptomSymptom
- initial symptom is bilateral loss of pain- initial symptom is bilateral loss of pain
(compression of anterior white commissure)(compression of anterior white commissure)
- variety of symptoms appear- variety of symptoms appear
according to the lesion extended from central canalaccording to the lesion extended from central canal
85. Spinal Cord SyndromeSpinal Cord SyndromeSpinal Cord SyndromeSpinal Cord Syndrome
Brown-Sequard syndromeBrown-Sequard syndrome
(spinal cord hemi section)(spinal cord hemi section)
Major SymptomsMajor Symptoms
1. ipsilateral1. ipsilateral UMN syndromeUMN syndrome belowbelow the level of lesionthe level of lesion
2. ipsilateral2. ipsilateral LMN syndromeLMN syndrome atat the level of lesionthe level of lesion
3. ipsilateral loss of3. ipsilateral loss of discriminative touch sensationdiscriminative touch sensation andand
conscious proprioceptionconscious proprioception belowbelow the level of lesionthe level of lesion
(posterior white column lesion)(posterior white column lesion)
4.4. contra lateralcontra lateral loss ofloss of pain and temperaturepain and temperature sensationsensation
belowbelow the level of lesionthe level of lesion (spinothalamic tract lesion)(spinothalamic tract lesion)