Spheroidizing
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Spheroidizing is a heat treatment process which results in a structure consisting of globules or spheroids of carbide in a matrix of ferrite
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Carbonitriding
Carbonitriding is a diffusion process that introduces both carbon and nitrogen into the surface of ferrous metals. It is done at lower temperatures than carburizing, resulting in a thinner and more uniform case depth. The workpiece is heated in a carbon and nitrogen atmosphere, producing a thin, very hard surface layer. This improves wear resistance over carburizing while maintaining hardness at operating temperatures and with less distortion than other hardening processes.
LD process
The LD process, also called the basic oxygen process, is a steelmaking method where scrap metal and iron ore are refined in an LD vessel. Key steps include charging materials, blowing oxygen through a lance at high pressure and temperature to burn off impurities, sampling the molten steel, and tapping purified steel into a ladle. The process is much faster than open hearth and produces steel with low sulfur and phosphorus using ordinary raw materials without external heat or fuel. However, it is limited in scrap usage and can result in steel wastage from splashing.
Secondary steel making processes
The document discusses different types and production processes of steel. It begins by introducing different types of steel based on carbon content, such as mild steel and alloy steels. It then describes the basic steelmaking route involving iron making, primary and secondary steelmaking, and continuous casting. The main secondary steelmaking processes discussed are AOD, VOD, CLU, ladle furnace treatment, and RH degassing. Each process's purpose and functioning are explained briefly.
Ladle Metallurgy: Basics, Objectives and Processes
Worldwide steel production in 2019 reached 1869 million tons, with China as the largest producer at 996 million tons. India was the second largest steel producer at 111 million tons. Ladle metallurgy involves further refining of molten steel in a ladle after tapping from a converter or electric furnace. It allows for homogenization, deoxidation, desulfurization, and other processes. Key ladle metallurgy techniques include ladle furnace treatment, argon stirring, vacuum degassing, and alloy additions to adjust steel chemistry and properties.
Annealing , normalizing , quenching , martensitic transformation (1)
The document discusses various heat treatment processes including annealing, normalizing, quenching, and martensitic transformation. It provides details on the purposes, methods, and applications of each process. Annealing involves heating and slow cooling to relieve stresses and modify properties. Normalizing heats above the transformation temperature and air cools to produce a fine grain structure. Quenching rapidly cools steel above the transformation temperature to form very hard martensite. Martensitic transformation is the formation of acicular needlelike structures during rapid cooling of austenite.
Carbonitriding
This document provides information on the carbonitriding process. Carbonitriding involves diffusing both carbon and nitrogen into base metals between 700-900°C, producing a case that is shallower than carburizing but with better hardness. The process uses ammonia to provide nitrogen while methane provides the carbon. The treated parts experience increased surface hardness, wear and fatigue resistance. Typical applications include gears, pistons, rollers and tools.
Nitriding and carbonitriding copy
Nitriding and carbonitriding are heat treatment processes that diffuse nitrogen into the surface of a metal to harden it. Carbonitriding additionally incorporates carbon to create a harder case. Both processes increase wear resistance, fatigue life, and surface hardness, while reducing distortion compared to other hardening methods. They are commonly used to treat aircraft, automotive, tool, and industrial parts.
Steel making
The document summarizes the modern steel making process. It begins with an introduction to steel as an alloy of iron and other elements like carbon. It then describes the main types of steel and the modern steel making process which involves three steps: primary steel making, secondary steel making/post-treatment, and casting. For primary steel making, it focuses on the basic oxygen furnace process, where carbon-rich molten pig iron is converted to low-carbon steel by blowing oxygen through it to lower the carbon content.
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Carbonitriding
Carbonitriding is a diffusion process that introduces both carbon and nitrogen into the surface of ferrous metals. It is done at lower temperatures than carburizing, resulting in a thinner and more uniform case depth. The workpiece is heated in a carbon and nitrogen atmosphere, producing a thin, very hard surface layer. This improves wear resistance over carburizing while maintaining hardness at operating temperatures and with less distortion than other hardening processes.
LD process
The LD process, also called the basic oxygen process, is a steelmaking method where scrap metal and iron ore are refined in an LD vessel. Key steps include charging materials, blowing oxygen through a lance at high pressure and temperature to burn off impurities, sampling the molten steel, and tapping purified steel into a ladle. The process is much faster than open hearth and produces steel with low sulfur and phosphorus using ordinary raw materials without external heat or fuel. However, it is limited in scrap usage and can result in steel wastage from splashing.
Secondary steel making processes
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Ladle Metallurgy: Basics, Objectives and Processes
Worldwide steel production in 2019 reached 1869 million tons, with China as the largest producer at 996 million tons. India was the second largest steel producer at 111 million tons. Ladle metallurgy involves further refining of molten steel in a ladle after tapping from a converter or electric furnace. It allows for homogenization, deoxidation, desulfurization, and other processes. Key ladle metallurgy techniques include ladle furnace treatment, argon stirring, vacuum degassing, and alloy additions to adjust steel chemistry and properties.
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Carbonitriding
This document provides information on the carbonitriding process. Carbonitriding involves diffusing both carbon and nitrogen into base metals between 700-900°C, producing a case that is shallower than carburizing but with better hardness. The process uses ammonia to provide nitrogen while methane provides the carbon. The treated parts experience increased surface hardness, wear and fatigue resistance. Typical applications include gears, pistons, rollers and tools.
Nitriding and carbonitriding copy
Nitriding and carbonitriding are heat treatment processes that diffuse nitrogen into the surface of a metal to harden it. Carbonitriding additionally incorporates carbon to create a harder case. Both processes increase wear resistance, fatigue life, and surface hardness, while reducing distortion compared to other hardening methods. They are commonly used to treat aircraft, automotive, tool, and industrial parts.
Steel making
The document summarizes the modern steel making process. It begins with an introduction to steel as an alloy of iron and other elements like carbon. It then describes the main types of steel and the modern steel making process which involves three steps: primary steel making, secondary steel making/post-treatment, and casting. For primary steel making, it focuses on the basic oxygen furnace process, where carbon-rich molten pig iron is converted to low-carbon steel by blowing oxygen through it to lower the carbon content.
Gas nitriding #
Nitriding is a surface hardening process that involves diffusing nitrogen into the surface of ferrous alloys like steel and cast iron. It is done by heating the metal between 500-590°C in contact with nitrogen gas or liquid. This creates a hard case on the surface while leaving the interior unaffected. The hardness and wear resistance of the surface is increased, improving properties like fatigue life and corrosion resistance. Common applications include engine and machine tool components. The thickness of the hardened case depends on factors like time and temperature during nitriding.
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Deoxidation and inclusion control
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- The iron-carbon phase diagram which shows the different phases of steel at various temperatures and carbon levels.
- Common constituents in steel like ferrite, austenite, cementite, and pearlite.
- Heat treatment processes like hardening, quenching, and tempering which are used to change the microstructure and properties of steel.
- Quenching involves rapidly cooling steel from high temperatures to form martensite and involves considerations like quenching media and cooling rates.
- Tempering is used after quenching to reduce brittleness and relieve stresses by reheating steel to lower temperatures.
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2) It provides remedies for preventing these defects, such as using a hot top feeder head to avoid pipe formation and soaking ingots to minimize segregation.
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Cupola furnace
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Continuous casting
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2) The Bessemer converter process was the first major steelmaking technique but has been replaced by basic oxygen converters. It used hot metal and an oxygen blast to oxidize impurities.
3) The basic oxygen converter process is now the dominant steelmaking method. It uses a pear-shaped vessel, oxygen lancing, and produces steel in 40-60 minutes by oxidizing impurities into slag.
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tempering
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The document discusses various heat treatment processes used to alter the properties of metals and alloys. It describes processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing is used to relieve stress, soften metals, and refine grain size. Normalizing produces a uniform structure and relieves stresses. Hardening involves heating metal and rapidly cooling to produce martensite for hardness. Tempering is then used to reduce brittleness caused by hardening. The document also discusses diagrams like TTT and CCT that are used to determine the effects of different cooling rates on microstructure formation.
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What's hot
Gas nitriding #
Nitriding is a surface hardening process that involves diffusing nitrogen into the surface of ferrous alloys like steel and cast iron. It is done by heating the metal between 500-590°C in contact with nitrogen gas or liquid. This creates a hard case on the surface while leaving the interior unaffected. The hardness and wear resistance of the surface is increased, improving properties like fatigue life and corrosion resistance. Common applications include engine and machine tool components. The thickness of the hardened case depends on factors like time and temperature during nitriding.
Weldability
Mr. Mubassir I. Ghoniya has satisfactorily completed his term work in mechanical engineering at the university. The document then discusses the definition of weldability as the ease with which two metals can be joined together through welding. It outlines several factors that affect the weldability of metals, such as melting point, thermal conductivity, and surface condition. Metals with better weldability like iron and steel are easier to weld and provide mechanically sound joints.
Deoxidation and inclusion control
This document discusses the deoxidation of steel and inclusion control during steelmaking. It explains that oxygen dissolves in steel during production under oxidizing conditions and must be removed through deoxidation. Common deoxidizers like aluminum, silicon, and manganese are added as they have a high affinity for oxygen and form stable oxides. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the deoxidation reaction are described. Proper stirring of the melt is important to allow the deoxidation products to float to the surface and be removed. Calcium injection can also be used to modify inclusions and make them more globular and easier to remove from the steel.
Twin hearth furnace
THIS IS TWIN HEARTH FURNACE IS A RUSSIAN TECHNOLOGY FURNACE IN BHILAI STEEL PLANT.THIS PROCESS IS A CULTURAL PROCESS OF STEEL MAKING IN INDIA. BHILAI STEEL PLANT HAVE 4 TWIN HEARTH FURNACES.FIRST TWIN HEARTH FURNACE ESTABLISH IN BHILAI STEEL PLANT(BSP) IN 1986.
THE BSP, INDIA'S FIRST AND MAIN PRODUCER OF STEEL RAILS,AND OTHER STEEL PRODUCTS.
efect of ductile to brittle transition temperture
This document summarizes a seminar on how the ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) can affect ships. It discusses how the Titanic's steel structure failed due to brittle fracture from low temperatures. The DBTT is the temperature at which a material changes from ductile to brittle behavior. Several factors can influence a material's DBTT curve, including crystal structure, grain size, heat treatment, and composition. Modern steels have lower sulfur contents and smaller grains, leading to higher transition temperatures than the steel used for the Titanic. Understanding how materials behave at low temperatures helps make ships safer by considering fracture risks during design.
hardenability
The document discusses the Jominy end quench test for determining the hardenability of steels. It describes how a standardized test sample is austenitized and then quenched at one end with water. Hardness measurements along the length provide a hardenability curve, with greater hardness penetration indicating higher hardenability. The cooling rate decreases with distance from the quenched end, allowing simulation of a range of cooling rates. Comparison of curves for different steels establishes their relative hardenability.
Heat Treatment
The document discusses various heat treatment processes used to alter the properties of metals and alloys. It describes processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing is used to relieve stress and induce softness. Normalizing increases strength and achieves a uniform structure. Hardening through quenching improves hardness but causes brittleness, which tempering relieves by controlled reheating. The Jominy end quench test measures a steel's hardenability or ability to harden uniformly during quenching.
Heat Treatment Of Steel
This document discusses heat treatment of steel, including:
- The iron-carbon phase diagram which shows the different phases of steel at various temperatures and carbon levels.
- Common constituents in steel like ferrite, austenite, cementite, and pearlite.
- Heat treatment processes like hardening, quenching, and tempering which are used to change the microstructure and properties of steel.
- Quenching involves rapidly cooling steel from high temperatures to form martensite and involves considerations like quenching media and cooling rates.
- Tempering is used after quenching to reduce brittleness and relieve stresses by reheating steel to lower temperatures.
- Furnaces like batch and
hardenability
The document discusses hardenability, which is the ability of an alloy to form martensite and harden during heat treatment. It can be tested using the Jominy end-quench test, where a bar is heated and quenched at one end in water, causing a gradient of cooling rates and hardness levels along its length. Alloying elements like chromium, molybdenum, and nickel increase hardenability by shifting the CCT diagram to allow more martensite formation at a given cooling rate. The quenching medium, sample size, and alloy composition all impact the hardness profile achieved.
Steel Making: Ingot casting defects
1) The document discusses various defects that can occur during steel ingot solidification such as pipe, columnar structure, blow holes, and segregation.
2) It provides remedies for preventing these defects, such as using a hot top feeder head to avoid pipe formation and soaking ingots to minimize segregation.
3) The document also covers the mechanisms of ingot solidification, describing how killed, rimmed, and semi-killed steels solidify into chill, columnar, and equiaxed zones within the ingot.
Injection metallurgy and lf
Injection metallurgy and ladle furnaces are used to refine molten steel. In injection metallurgy, desulfurizing reagents are injected into the ladle through a lance using argon gas as a carrier, which helps remove sulfur. Ladle furnaces are used to reheat, stir, and refine steel in a ladle. They allow for desulfurization, alloy additions, and inclusion removal. Both processes make use of slag and can reduce sulfur levels to 0.0002%, improving steel properties.
Cupola furnace
The document discusses the cupola furnace, which is a cylindrical furnace used in foundries for melting scrap iron to produce molten cast iron. It operates by layering coke, flux materials, and scrap iron, then blasting heated air up through the bottom to melt the charge. The furnace interior is divided into distinct zones - combustion, melting, and preheating - where different chemical reactions occur. Molten iron is tapped from the bottom after the charge is fully melted. Cupola furnaces can melt up to 100 tons of iron per hour but lack precise temperature control.
Continuous casting
Continuous casting is a process used to cast metal into a continuous length. Molten metal is poured into a mold and solidifies into a casting as it travels downward. New molten metal is continuously supplied to the mold to keep the process going and produce a casting of indefinite length. The process requires precise control of parameters like molten metal flow to ensure smooth, continuous casting.
Heat treatment process for steel
The document discusses various heat treatment processes. It defines heat treatment as operations involving heating and cooling of metals/alloys in their solid state to obtain desirable properties. It describes the stages of heat treatment as heating, soaking, and cooling. It then discusses various heat treatment processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering in detail including their purposes, methods, and effects on material properties.
Introduction to steel making processes
1) The document discusses different steelmaking processes including the Bessemer converter process, open hearth furnace process, and basic oxygen converter process.
2) The Bessemer converter process was the first major steelmaking technique but has been replaced by basic oxygen converters. It used hot metal and an oxygen blast to oxidize impurities.
3) The basic oxygen converter process is now the dominant steelmaking method. It uses a pear-shaped vessel, oxygen lancing, and produces steel in 40-60 minutes by oxidizing impurities into slag.
Heat treatment : the best one
This document provides an overview of metal heat treating presented by various individuals. It discusses what metal heat treating is, where it is used, why and how it is done, common heat treating processes and equipment. Specific details covered include commonly heat treated metals, types of heat treating furnaces, importance of protective atmospheres, and different heat treating processes like annealing. The document is intended to educate about key aspects of industrial metal heat treating.
TTT diagram
This document discusses time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams and continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams. TTT diagrams show the transformation of austenite at constant temperatures over time, indicating what microstructures form during different cooling rates. CCT diagrams track phase changes during continuous cooling at various cooling rates. Both diagrams are important for selecting processing conditions to achieve desired material properties in steels. The document provides detailed explanations of the various microstructures - pearlite, bainite, martensite - that form during austenite decomposition, and how TTT and CCT diagrams can be used to understand their formation.
Metal casting ppt3
The document discusses various aspects of solidification processes for pure metals and alloys. It covers topics such as solidification curves, grain structure formation, mushy zone formation in alloys, segregation of elements, shrinkage during solidification, and directional solidification techniques. It also discusses the functions and design of gating systems, including elements like pouring basins, sprues, runners, gates, and risers.
tempering
Tempering is a heat treatment process that reduces the brittleness of hardened steel without significantly lowering its hardness and strength. It involves heating hardened steel to a temperature below the eutectoid temperature and allowing it to cool slowly. This process reduces brittleness by allowing the formation of tempered martensite from martensite and decreasing internal stresses. Tempering may also cause some reduction in hardness. In alloy steels, tempering can result in secondary hardening due to precipitation of alloy carbides that increase hardness even as tempering progresses.
Steel and effect of alloying elements
The document discusses different types of carbon and alloy steels. It begins with an introduction to carbon steels, outlining their classification and composition limits. It then discusses alloy steels, explaining that alloying elements are added to improve properties over plain carbon steel. Alloy steels are classified as low, medium, and high alloy steels. High alloy steels include stainless steels. The document explores various stainless steel types and how alloying elements affect their microstructure. In particular, it examines how elements can expand or contract the gamma phase field. Finally, it briefly discusses tool steels and their classification system.
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Similar to Spheroidizing
1 heat treatment
The document discusses various heat treatment processes used to alter the properties of metals and alloys. It describes processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing is used to relieve stress, soften metals, and refine grain size. Normalizing produces a uniform structure and relieves stresses. Hardening involves heating metal and rapidly cooling to produce martensite for hardness. Tempering is then used to reduce brittleness caused by hardening. The document also discusses diagrams like TTT and CCT that are used to determine the effects of different cooling rates on microstructure formation.
EM-Unit-IV- heat treatment
The document discusses heat treatment processes used to alter the properties of metals and alloys. It describes various heat treatment methods like annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing is used to relieve stress, induce softness, refine grain size, and remove gases. Normalizing involves heating above the critical temperature and air cooling to refine grain size and relieve stress. Hardening involves heating and quenching to produce martensite for hardness. Tempering is used after hardening to reduce brittleness by reheating and slow cooling. The document provides details on the purposes, procedures, and applications of different heat treatment techniques.
HEAT TREATMENT OF STEELS AND FERROUS, NON FERROUS AND THEIR ALLOYS
TOPICS COVERED
HEAT TREATMENT OF STEELS
FERROUS, NON FERROUS AND THEIR ALLOYS
This is used for polytechnic students and engineering students of mechanical engineering
heat treatment
The document discusses various heat treatment processes used to alter the properties of metals and alloys. It describes processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing is used to relieve stress, soften metals, and refine grain size. Normalizing produces a uniform structure and relieves stresses. Hardening involves heating metal and rapidly cooling to produce martensite for hardness. Tempering is then used to reduce brittleness caused by hardening. The document also discusses diagrams like TTT and CCT that are used to determine the effects of different cooling rates on microstructure formation.
1 heat treatment
The document discusses various heat treatment processes used to alter the properties of metals and alloys. It describes the basic stages of heat treatment which involve heating metals to specific temperatures, holding for a period of time, and then cooling. Several heat treatment processes are defined, including annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Time-temperature-transformation diagrams and continuous cooling transformation diagrams are also introduced to illustrate how different cooling rates affect the microstructures that form in steels.
heat treatment
The document discusses various heat treatment processes used to alter the properties of metals and alloys. It describes the basic stages of heat treatment which involve heating metal to specific temperatures, holding for a period of time, and then cooling. Several heat treatment processes are then outlined, including annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Diagrams like the TTT diagram and CCT diagram are also introduced to illustrate how different cooling rates affect the microstructure and properties of steels.
Module 3.ppt
This document discusses various heat treatment processes and methods for strengthening metals. It describes annealing, normalizing, hardening, tempering, and other heat treatment ranges and their purposes. It also explains different mechanisms for strengthening metals, including strain hardening, grain boundary strengthening, solid solution strengthening, and dispersion strengthening. The key factors that influence heat treatability and various surface hardening techniques are outlined as well.
heat treatment
Heat treatment is a process of heating and cooling metals and alloys to achieve desired properties. There are various heat treatment processes classified based on temperature, phase transformation or purpose. Common processes include annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing relieves stresses and improves ductility while normalizing produces harder and stronger steel. Hardening involves rapid cooling from an elevated temperature to produce a hard surface. Tempering is used to reduce brittleness caused by hardening.
Heat treatment
The document discusses heat treatment processes for metals like steel. It describes the purposes of heat treatment as relieving stress, improving machinability, and changing grain structure. Specific heat treatment processes covered include annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing involves slowly heating and cooling to soften metals. Normalizing heats above critical temperature and air cools for hardness. Hardening rapidly cools from above critical temperature to form martensite for maximum hardness. Tempering then reheats hardened steel to relieve brittleness.
heattreatment.ppt
This document discusses heat treatment processes for altering the properties of steels. There are two main types of heat treatment: quenching, which involves rapid cooling; and slow cooling. Quenching can harden low-alloy steels by transforming their austenite structure to martensite. Slow cooling processes like normalizing, annealing, and spheroidizing involve heating steel to different temperatures and slowly cooling to achieve microstructures like pearlite or spheroidite that impart varying properties. Tempering is also discussed as a process to reduce the brittleness of quenched martensitic steel.
MODULE-3.pptx
Heat treatment is a process that involves heating and cooling metals and alloys to modify their properties. There are two main types: softening treatments like annealing, and hardening treatments. Annealing involves heating steel above its critical temperature, holding, and slow cooling to develop an equilibrium grain structure and increase ductility. Common annealing processes are full annealing, diffusion annealing, process annealing, and spheroidizing annealing, which converts cementite into a spherical shape to improve machinability.
TTT diagram and Heat treatment processes
The document discusses TTT (time-temperature-transformation) diagrams and heat treatment processes. It explains that TTT diagrams show the structures that form after various cooling rates from the austenite phase. The diagrams graphically depict the cooling rates required to form pearlite, bainite, or martensite. Common heat treatments include annealing, normalizing, quenching, and tempering. Annealing relieves stresses and improves ductility while normalizing produces a more uniform grain structure. Quenching followed by tempering increases hardness but reduces brittleness. Surface hardening techniques like carburizing and nitriding introduce carbon or nitrogen to harden the surface.
Heat treatment part 2
1. The document discusses various heat treatment processes for steels including annealing, normalizing, and hardening.
2. Annealing involves heating and slow cooling to soften steel by refining grain structure. Types include stress relief, spheroidizing, and full annealing.
3. Normalizing refines grain size by heating above the critical temperature and slow cooling in air.
4. Hardening increases hardness and wear resistance by heating and quenching in water or oil to form martensite.
HEAT TREATMENT
Heat treatment involves heating and cooling of metals to obtain desired properties. Common heat treatment processes include annealing, normalizing, and hardening. Quenching involves rapidly cooling heated steel to make it harder and stronger. Case hardening processes like carburizing add carbon to the surface of low-carbon steel to create a hard outer case. Induction and flame hardening are surface hardening techniques used for gears, shafts and other rotating components. Time-temperature transformation and continuous cooling transformation diagrams are used to determine the microstructures that form during heat treating processes.
UNIT- IV.pptx
Definition – Full annealing, stress relief, recrystallisation and spheroidising – normalising, hardening and Tempering of steel. Isothermal transformation diagrams – cooling curves superimposed on I.T. diagram CCR – Hardenability, Jominy end quench test - Austempering, martempering – case hardening, carburizing, Nitriding, cyaniding, carbonitriding – Flame and Induction hardening – Vacuum and Plasma hardening. .
Lecture 09 Heat Treatment.pdf
Heat treatment involves heating and cooling metals and alloys to change their properties. It is done for purposes like improving machinability, relieving stresses, and enhancing mechanical properties. The key microscopic constituents of iron and steel that form during heat treatment are ferrite, cementite, pearlite, martensite, austenite, and others. Common heat treatment processes include annealing to soften metals, normalizing to refine grain structure, hardening to increase hardness by rapidly cooling from high temperatures, and tempering to reduce brittleness in hardened steels.
C 18 - steel melting
This document summarizes steel melt processing and refinement techniques. It discusses primary steelmaking processes like electric arc furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces. It also covers secondary refining using various furnaces and vessels. Some key secondary processes mentioned are argon oxygen decarburization (AOD), vacuum induction melting, and ladle metallurgy techniques. The document provides detailed information on the equipment, processes, reactions, and purposes involved in steel melt processing and refinement.
Heat treatment
Material Engineering,
Heat treating (or heat treatment) is a group of industrial and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material. The most common application is metallurgical. Heat treatments are also used in the manufacture of many other materials, such as glass. Heat treatment involves the use of heating or chilling, normally to extreme temperatures, to achieve a desired result such as hardening or softening of a material. Heat treatment techniques include annealing, case hardening, precipitation strengthening, tempering, carburizing, normalizing and quenching
Heat Treatments Material Technology.pptx
This document provides an introduction to heat treatment processes. It discusses how heat treatments involve controlled heating and cooling of metals to alter their physical and mechanical properties without changing shape. The major types of heat treatments covered are annealing, normalizing, hardening, carburizing, and tempering. Hardening specifically involves rapidly cooling steel to form martensite, making it very hard but brittle. Tempering is then used to relieve stresses and improve ductility by decomposing martensite. Other processes like martempering and austempering form alternative microstructures to martensite. The document provides details on the purposes, mechanisms, and effects of various heat treatment techniques.
Heat treatment
This document discusses various heat treatment processes used to alter the microstructure and properties of metals. It defines heat treatment as heating a metal to a specified temperature, keeping it at that temperature for a period of time, then cooling at a specified rate. The key heat treatments covered are annealing, normalizing, hardening, tempering, and precipitation hardening. Each treatment involves different combinations of temperature, time, and cooling rate to achieve desired properties such as increased ductility, toughness, hardness, or reduced brittleness.
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Spheroidizing
- 2. • Spheroidizing is a heat treatment process which results in a structure consisting of a globules or spheroids of carbide in a matrix of ferrite. • The degree of spheroidization depends on heat treatment temperature and holding time.
- 3. • The process can be completed in short time by increasing the treatment temperature. • With high spheroidization temperatures, dissolved carbide particles can reappear as lamellar during cooling.
- 4. Methods Some methods to get spheroidized structures.
- 5. Method 1 • Heating of steel just below the lower critical temperature • Hold at this temperature for prolonged period and followed by slow cooling.
- 6. Method 2 • Heating and cooling steel alternately just above and below the lower critical temperature. • Isothermal annealing is also used for this process.
- 7. • In it heating of steel to a temperature above the lower critical temperature, followed by slow cooling to a temperature below the lower critical temperature. • Hold steel at this temperature for a period till the shape of all carbide particles changes into spheroids.
- 9. • Eutectoid steels are heated about 20-30 °C above the lower critical temperature. • Hypereutectoid steels are heated 30-50 °C above the lower critical temperature. • Medium carbon steels can be spheroidized either by heating just above or below the lower critical temperature.
- 10. • High carbon steels and alloy steels are frequently spheroidized in order to improve ductility and machinability. • Low carbon steels are generally not spheroidized.