Sphenophyta
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This document summarizes information about the phylum Sphenophyta, or horsetails. It discusses how horsetails were once large woody trees but now only the genus Equisetum remains. Equisetum has jointed, ribbed stems that make a rasping noise when rubbed. The document outlines the classification of horsetails, describes their life cycle including heterosporous reproduction, and lists some common species of Equisetum that can grow in moist habitats.
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2) Vascular plants (tracheophytes) including lycophytes, horsetails, ferns and their allies which were the first to develop tissues allowing them to grow larger.
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Nonvascular plants lack true roots, stems, and leaves due to the absence of vascular tissue. They are called thallophytes and include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They must live in moist environments because they lack internal structures for transporting water and nutrients and generally only grow 1-2 cm tall. Vascular plants have specialized tissues for transport and include both spore-bearing plants like ferns and seed-bearing plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms produce naked seeds enclosed in cones while angiosperms produce seeds enclosed within flowers in an ovary.
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This document discusses the evolution and development of gymnosperms from earlier plant groups like pteridophytes. Some key points include:
- Gymnosperms are thought to have evolved from pteridophytes, with coditales stock coming directly from pteridophytes. Coditales then gave rise to coniferales and ginkogales.
- Male and female gametophytes of gymnosperms differ from homosporous pteridophytes in being endosporous and reduced. The male gametophyte develops from pollen grains.
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- They are mostly found in freshwater but some occur in marine and soil environments. Their cells contain chlorophyll a and beta carotene and store food as oils and fats.
- One example is the class Vaucheria, which contains about 70 species. Vaucheria have bladder-like coenocytic thalli that are differentiated into underground rhizoidal and aerial vesicular portions.
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This document summarizes the Bennettitales, a group of fossil plants that flourished during the Mesozoic era. It describes two families of Bennettitales: Bennettitaceae and Williamsoniaceae. Bennettitaceae had deeply sunk flowers on short, thick trunks, while Williamsoniaceae had fully exposed flowers on slender stems. The document provides details on the anatomy, reproduction, and classification of these two extinct families of seed plants.
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1. The document discusses the Pteridospermales order, which includes seed-bearing plants that resembled ferns. They first appeared in the late Devonian period and went extinct in the Jurassic period.
2. It focuses on describing the Lyginopteridaceae family, which had fern-like leaves and vines or climbing growth forms. Their anatomy included mesarch stems and leaves as well as seeds enclosed in cupules.
3. Details are provided on the external features, anatomy of the stem, leaf, root, and reproductive organs of the Lyginopteris oldhamia species, including its circinate leaves, mesarch siphonostele stem, and heterosporous ovules
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- Notothylas is a genus of hornworts classified in the division Bryophyta. It reproduces both sexually through spores and vegetatively through parts of the thallus.
- The life cycle involves an alternation of generations between a thalloid gametophyte generation that produces gametes and a sporophyte generation that is bullet-shaped and produces spores.
- Species of Notothylas are found worldwide in moist habitats and vary in characteristics of the thallus, sporophyte structure, and spore ornamentation. Rare species like N. yunannensis from China have unique traits that distinguish them from related species.
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The document summarizes plant anatomy, specifically focusing on the epidermis and epidermal emergences. It defines the epidermis as the outermost cell layer covering plant leaves, stems, flowers and roots. The epidermis functions to protect the plant, regulate gas exchange, secrete compounds, and absorb water and nutrients. Epidermal emergences are sharp projections that serve as adaptations against predation. Examples discussed include root hairs, spines, trichomes, and prickles. Emergences function to protect plants from animals.
Pteridospermales(seed ferns).pptx
Pteridospermales are characteristic gymnosperm plants that bore fern like foliage and posses unprotected seeds.
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Gymnosperms- Coniferophyta (A BOTLEC-160 Presentation by Al-John Ahmad)Western Mindanao State University
The document provides information about gymnosperms, including their characteristics, evolution, and representative groups. Some key points:
- Gymnosperms are seed plants with exposed ovules, in contrast to angiosperms which have enclosed seeds. They include conifers, cycads, gnetophytes, and ginkgo.
- They evolved from non-seed producing ancestors over 300 million years ago. Today there are over 1,000 living gymnosperm species in 14 families.
- Coniferophyta is one of the largest gymnosperm groups. It includes conifers which reproduce via pollen and cones. Representative families are Pinaceae, Araucariaceae, PodocarpKingdom Plantae - Plant taxonomy
The evolution of plants began about 500 million years ago. Early plants like algae were aquatic, while bryophytes were small non-vascular plants that lived on land. Pteridophytes were the first vascular plants with tissues like ferns. Gymnosperms were large woody plants like conifers that reproduced with naked seeds. Angiosperms are the largest and most diverse group, including flowering plants that produce fruits and seeds and come in monocots and dicots. Over time, plants evolved new tissues and organs to adapt to life on land and reproduce successfully.
Classification 2011
There are 5 kingdoms that classify all organisms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. Organisms are classified into a hierarchical system with 7 main levels from broadest to most specific - kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. The scientific naming of organisms uses binomial nomenclature, consisting of the genus and specific epithet.
Roots
Roots have several primary functions including anchoring the plant, absorbing water and minerals, transporting nutrients, storing food, and reproducing. Most dicots have a taproot system with one main root and smaller branch roots, optimized for support and storage. Monocots have a fibrous root system of many similarly sized roots that maximizes absorption. Adventitious roots develop in unusual locations to aid reproduction or support. Specialized roots include storage, gas exchange, photosynthesis, and parasitic roots. Mycorrhizal and nodular roots form mutualistic relationships with fungi and bacteria respectively.
SEED SCALE COMPLEX GYMNOSPERMS
The document discusses the evolution and morphology of conifer cones. It describes the key structures and characteristics of male and female cones across different conifer families, including the seed scale complex. The seed scale complex is proposed to be the primary form in coniferales by Florin, with ovuliferous scales evolving from compound megasporangiate strobili. Main trends in seed cone and scale evolution include reduction of sterile scales, recurving of ovules, and incorporation of ovules with ovuliferous scales.
Plant kingdom
This document provides an overview of the plant kingdom, including characteristics, groups, and examples. It discusses the key differences between nonvascular and vascular plants like liverworts, mosses, hornworts, ferns, and gymnosperms. It also covers the angiosperms in depth, describing their classification based on lifespan, stems, leaves, cotyledons, and importance as a food and medical source. The document aims to review the reader's knowledge of plant cells and structures while highlighting important plant types, structures, and uses.
Phylum lycophyta (Club mosses, Spike mosses & Quillworts)
The document discusses the phylum Lycophyta. It describes Lycophyta as the oldest living lineage of vascular plants, with three orders: club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts. The dominant generation in Lycophyta is the sporophyte, which reproduces through spores. Club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts each have unique characteristics and life cycles. Lycophytes also have economic and ecological importance.
Jewel beetle
General introduction.
Systematic classification.
Identification.
Distribution.
Physical features.
Habit and habitat.
Diet choice.
Life cycle.
Special behavior & defenses.
Cultural significance.
Economic importance.
Kingdom Plantae
This document provides information on the classification of plants. It discusses the key characteristics of plants, including that they are multicellular organisms that can perform photosynthesis. Plants are classified into two main groups: non-vascular and vascular plants. Non-vascular plants like mosses lack transport tissues, while vascular plants have transport tissues and include seedless plants like ferns as well as seed-producing gymnosperms and angiosperms. The document goes on to describe several phyla of non-vascular and vascular plants.
Vascular Plants: Pteridophyta (part 1)
Pteridophyta or Pteridophytes are Vascular Plants (also known as "seedless plants") that reproduce and disperse via spores. They do not produce either seeds or flowers.
Additional info:
+ Division Equisetophyta (horsetails & scouring rushes)
+ Division Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)
(This is our report in Botany 2.)
Made by: Sharmine Ballesteros (BS Biology 2A2-1)
DIVERSITY IN ORGANISMS
This document discusses diversity in living organisms. It describes four types of diversity: point diversity, alpha diversity, gamma diversity, and epsilon diversity. It then explains the five-kingdom classification system of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Within each kingdom, various phyla and examples are outlined. The document focuses in depth on the plant and animal kingdoms, describing their classifications and key characteristics.
Please write the answers with long sentences like essay form and ans.pdf
Please write the answers with long sentences like essay form and answer the each living things
with each number 1,2,3,and 4. Thank you. Go to open area (part, etc.) and observe four different
living organisms. For each organism observed, 1) tell what kind of organism you saw and
describe what it was doing when you saw. 2) describe how each organism obtains
energy/nourishment 3) describe how each organism has adaptations to avoid predation 4)
describe how each kind of organism that you observed produces LARGE PLANT (over 5 feet
tall) answer SMALL OLANT (under 1 foot tall) answer ARTHROPOD (insect, spider, pill bu
etc. answer TETRAPOD (amphibian, reptile, bird, mammal) answer
Solution
1. Pine is a conifer plant which belongs in the Pinus genus of the family Pinaceae. They are
gymnosperms, yellow in colour with harder wood and two to three needles per fascicle. They are
evergreen with about 10-260 feet tall in height. Needles are green and bundled in clusters called
fascicles.When the shoot is damaged then the needle fascicles will generate bud to replace the
lost leaves. Pine trees uses photosynthesis to create or obtain their own nourishment.
Photosynthesis is the process where sunlight, water and carbon dioxide are taken by the pine tree
and then converted into sugars and starches which are used as food energy. They have thick bark
to protect against cold. Pine cones protect the seeds during harsh winter. The needles reduce the
water loss. Pine trees reproduce by producing seeds. They possess both male and female
reproductive structures on the same tree. Pollen is produced by male cone and is transferred with
the help of pollination to the female cone and results in the formation of embryos. The embryos
grows into seeds.
2. Aloe vera is a plant which belongs to the genus Aloe. It is cultivated for various medicinal and
agricultural use. They are stemless plant of about 60-100 cm tall in height. The leaves are thick
and fleshy and grown in trophical climates. The leaves of aloe vera contain phytochemicals. Aloe
vera forms mycorrhiza which is a symbiosis that allows the plant access to mineral nutrients in
soil.They have succulents which helps the plant to retain water. Aloe vera has thich and fleshy
leaves which enlarges for the accomodation of aqueous tissue. The leaf cuticle is covered with
wax. Aloe vera is an autotrophic organism which makes its own food through
photosynthsis.Aloe vera is a vascular plant which has phloem and xylem cells that helps in the
movement of water and food as per required. Aloe vera plants produce offsets adjacent to the
parent plants and also produce tall seeded flower spikes. Pollination also helps in the production
of seed. The offsets can be separated and grown separately.
3. Spiders have eight legs and fangs that inject venom. They belongs to Arachnids class. They
feed on dead arthropods. pollen if caught in webs are also eaten. They capture their prey by the
means of sticky webs. The venomproduce by them par.
B.Sc-II-spotting-2017.pdf
This document contains summaries and descriptions of various plant structures and processes observed under the microscope during a B.Sc. II spotting practical. It includes transverse sections of stems, roots, leaves and other plant parts as well as descriptions of cell division, pollen germination, ovule types, placentation patterns, inflorescence types and floral structures. Specific plant examples are provided for many structures to illustrate different anatomical features.
Plant Phyla
The document summarizes four main plant phyla: Bryophyta (mosses), Pteridophyta (ferns), Gymnosperms (conifers), and Angiosperms (flowering plants). It provides details on the characteristics and life cycles of mosses, ferns, and conifers. Mosses are non-vascular plants that rely on moisture for transport and help prevent erosion. Ferns have vascular tissue but reproduce via spores. Conifers reproduce via naked seeds in cones and have needle-like or scale-like leaves. The document then states it will provide details on important angiosperm families.
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Sphenophyta
- 1. Phylum Sphenophyta ( Horsetails ) Pagador, Sittie Aina Sarip
- 2. Objectives To know more about this phylum. To know its phylogeny. To be able to understand there life cycle and habitat.
- 3. Equisetum of 15 species remains of this once large group woody trees of Carboniferous Age forest. Equisetum is one of the easiest plants to recognize. It has jointed, ribbed and hollow stems impregnated with so much silica that are rasping noise is heard when stems are rubbed together. They are most often found in sites that are moist for at least part of the growing season.
- 4. • horsetails; have jointed stems and tiny scale like leaves at joints, spores produced in strobilus at tip of stem . • sometimes called scouring rushes due to pioneer women using them to wash dishes, Phylum Sphenophyta
- 5. Classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Sphenophyta Class: Equisetae Family:Equisetaceae Scientific name: Equisetum
- 6. Horsetails (Equisetum hyemale), a primitive vascular plant group of the Carboniferous Period (300 million years ago) with jointed stems and a terminal spore cone (strobilus). They are also called "scouring rushes" because the silica-impregnated stems were used to clean pots and pans. Home - Other Field Guides Kingdom - Plants - Plantae Division - Horsetails - Equisetophyta Class - Horsetails - Equisetopsida Order - Horsetails - Equisetales Family - Horsetails - Equisetaceae Species - Rough Horsetail - Equisetum hyemale
- 7. PHYLOGENY
- 9. • Paleozoic sphenophytes grew up to thirty meters tall (nearly 100 feet). Brief History of Sphenophyta http://people.uvawise.edu/swvaflora/Sphenophyllum2072.jpg
- 10. Three Oders of Equisetopsid (Accoding to fossil Record): 1. Pseudoborniales – which appear in the late Devonian. 2. Sphenophyllales – which are a dominant member of the Carboniferous understory, and prospered until mid and early Permian respectively. 3. Equisetales – existed alongside the Sphenophyllales, but diversified as that group disappeared into extinction, gradually dwilling in diversity to today’s single genus Equisetum.
- 12. Reproduction and Habitat Two types of stems: The fertile (reproductive) stems appear in the early spring. The tips of fertile stems end in a yellowish to brownish spore-producing cone. Fertile stems wither and die once spores have been produced, usually by early summer Sterile (vegetative) stems emerge later than the fertile stems and are markedly different. They look like miniature pine trees with their plume- like branches
- 14. Genus Equisetum can grow in somewhat dry habitats, most species prefer moist soils; moisture is necessary for sperm to reach the egg cells. Equisetum may be very common, forming extensive "thickets." Because of their ability to regenerate rapidly from pieces of rhizome, Equisetum species can survive well in environments that are often disturbed, such as riverbanks, or your lawn
- 15. Sterile shoots of horsetail (those that look like small pine trees) • appear in early May • reach a maximum growth rate in July, • maximum shoot height in August, and • maximum shoot number in September (Marshall, 1985). Rhizome Growth accelerates rapidly between June and July and peaks in October. Tubers • appear in July • and increase in weight until a killing frost occurs.
- 16. Illustration of vegetative growth of Equisetum arvense from (a) tuber and (b) rhizome fragment
- 18. Heterosporous – Microspore and Megaspore (microspore in male cone and becomes male gametophyte, megaspore in female cone and becomes female gametophyte) LIFE CYCLE OF SPHENOPHYTA
- 19. Sphenophyta Homosporous,as were most of their fossil relatives; that is, they produced only one type of spore.
- 20. Dwarf Scouring-rush Equisetum scirpoides Field Horsetail Equisetum arvense Marsh Horsetail Equisetum palustre Woodland Horsetail Equisetum sylvaticum Variegated Horsetail Equisetum variegatum Water Horsetail Equisetum fluviatile
- 21. Meadow Horsetail Equisetum pratens Rough Horsetail Equisetum hyemale Smooth Scouring-rush Equisetum laevigatum
- 22. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!