This document describes a smart blind stick project created by students using an Arduino Uno and ultrasonic sensor. The stick detects nearby obstacles and notifies the user through a buzzer. It aims to help the visually impaired navigate safely. Key components include an Arduino, ultrasonic sensor to detect obstacles up to 450cm away, and a buzzer to alert the user. The document outlines the circuit diagram and code used. It also discusses potential future additions like GPS and an SOS function to improve assistance and safety for the blind.

1. SMART BLIND STICK USING ARDUINO UNO
DEPARTMENT OF:
ELECTRONICS AND TELE-
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
FALAKATA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
(GOVT.OF.WEST BENGAL)
3rd YEAR, 6TH SEMESTER

2. OUR GROUP MEMBERS:-
NAME REGESTRATION NUMBER
1. MANOJ SARKAR (GROUP LEADER) D161710650
2. ARCHITA BARMAN D161710651
3. PRABITRA BARMAN D161710652
4. PRAVASIS BARMAN D161710653
5. MD NASIM D161710654
6. PANCHANAN BARMAN D161710655

3. CONTENTS-
 INTRODUCTION
 WHY WE HAVE DONE THIS PROJECT
 MATERIALS REQUIRED
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 ARDUINO UNO
 ULTRASONIC SENSOR
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
 USES OF JUMPER WIRES, DIODE, BATTERY, SWITCH, LED AND
BUZZER
 FUTURE SCOPE
 CONCLUSION

4. INTRODUCTION-
Hugh Herr is a famous American rock climber who
has shattered(Broken)the limitations of his
disabilities; he is a strong believer that technology
could help disabled persons to live a normal life.
In one of his TED talk Herr said “Humans are not
disabled. A person can never be broken. Our built
environment, our technologies, is broken and
disabled. We the people need not accept our
limitations, but can transfer disability through
technological Innovation”. These were not just
words but he lived his life to them, today he uses
Prosthetic legs and claims to live to normal life.
So yes, technology can indeed neutralize human
disability; with this in mind let us use the power
of Arduino and ultrasonic sensors to build a Smart
stick that could perform more than just a stick for
visually impaired persons.

5. This Smart stick will have an Ultrasonic sensor to
sense distance from any obstacle. All the feedbacks
will be given to the blind man through a Buzzer. Of
course you can use a vibrator motor in place of
Buzzer and advance a lot more using your creativity.

6. WHY WE HAVE DONE THIS PROJECT
Obstacle detection is one of the major concerns for a fully or a partially
blind person (e.g. person suffering from night-blindness, cataracts, glaucoma,
albinism or injury). Presented here is a smart stick using Arduino Uno. The
stick uses Ultrasonic sensors for obstacle detection. The main aim of this
project is to detect nearby obstacle and notify the user of the direction of
that obstacle, thereby enabling the user to determine the corrective direction
to head. So that it can help the differently abled and it is also detect nearby
AC,DC current and notify the user of the direction of that current, the user to
determine the corrective direction to head.

7. MATERIALS REQUIRED
 ARDUINO UNO
 ULTRASONIC SENSOR
 JUMPER WIRES
 BATTERY(9V)
 SWITCH
 LED
 BUZZER
 A STICK
 4017 IC
 VIBRATOR
 1K OHM RESITANCE
 COPER WIRE

8. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

9. ARDUINO UNO

10. Arduino uno is a microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328p(datasheet).it has 14 digital input or output
pins (of which 6 can be use PWM outputs ).Arduinouno is
an open sources plat form use for building electronics
project arduino uno consist of both a physical programmer
able circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller
)and a piece of software ,or IDE(Intregrated Development
Environment) that runs own you computer ,used to write
and upload computer code to the physical board.
The Arduino uno IDE uses a simplified version of C++
,making it easier to learn
The arduino uno is one of the most popular boards in the
arduino uno family and a great choice for beginners .

11. WHAT ON THE BOARD
Power (USB /Barrel jack ):- Every arduino uno board need away to be
connected to power source .The arduino uno can be powered form a
USB cable coming from your computer or a wall power supply that is
teeminated in barrel jack .
 NOTE: Do not use a power supply greater then 20 volt as you will over
power and there by destroy. Your arduino uno the recommended
voltage for most arduino uno models is between 6 and 12 volts.
Pins:
The arduino uno has several different kinds of pins cache of which is
level labeled on the board and use for different functions.

12. GND:
Short for “GROUND” there are several GND pins on the arduino
uno, any of which can be used to ground your circuit.
BARREL JACK:
Arduino uno board can be powered directly from the AC mains
power supply by connecting it to the barrel jack
3.3 volt:
Supply 3.3. volt output volt
5 volt:
Supply 5 volt ouput volt
Vin :
This pin also can be used to power the arduino uno board an
external power source like AC mains power supply .

13. Analog pins :
The arduino uno borad has five (5) analog input pins Ao through
A5.these pins can need the signal from an analog sensor like the
humidity sensor or temperature sensor and connected it into a
digital value that can be need by the microprocessor
Main microcontroller:
Each arduino uno board has its own microcontroller you can
assume it as the brain of your board. The microcontroller are
usually of the ATMEL company. You must know that IC your board
has before loading up a new program from the arduino IDE.
ICSP :
Mostly ICSP is an AVR ,a thing programming header for the arduino
uno consisting of mosi,miso,SCK,RESET,Vcc and GND.

14. Power LED indicator:
This LED should light up when you plug your arduino uno into a
power source to indicator hay your board is powered up correctly if
this light does not turn on then there is something wrong with the
connection .
Tx and Rx LED`S :
On your board you will find two levels :
Tx (transmit)and Rx (received). They appearing to places on the
arduino uno board. First at the digital pin 0 and 1.to indicate the
pins responsiable for serial communication second the Tx and Rx
LED . the Tx LED flashes with different speed while sending the
serial data the speed while sending the serial data. The speed while
sending the serial data . the speed of flashing depends on the baud
rate used by the board Rx flashes during the receveing process .

15. Digital:
Across form the analog pins are the digital pins. This pins can
be use for both digital input and digital output.
PWM :
You may have noticed the tiled (~)next to some of the digital
pins (3,5,6,9,10 and 11 on the arduino uno board ). This pins
acts as normal digital pins bur can also be use for something
called pulse with modulation .
AREF :
Stands for analog differeants most of the time you can live this
pin alone . it is some times use to said and external reference
voltage (between 0 and 5 volts ) as the upper limit for the
analog input pins.

16. Reset button:
Just like the orginal rintendo the arduino uno has reset button.
Pushing it will temporarily connect the reset pin to ground and
restart any code that is loaded on the arduino uno. This can be
very usefull if you code doesn’t repeat but you want to test it
multiple time unlike the original Nintendo however bloaing on
the arduino uno doent usually fix any problems.
Voltage regulator:
The voltage regulator is not actually sometime you can interact
with on the arduino uno but it is control the amount of voltage
that is left in to the arduino uno board.

17. ARDUINO UNO SPECIFICATION:
Microcontroller :Atmega328p -8 bit AVR family
microcontroller
Operation voltage :5 volts or 3.3. volts
Recommended input voltage is: 7-12 volts
Input voltage limit: 6-20 volts
Analog input pins:6 (Ao-A5)
Digital I/O pins:14(out of which 6 provide PWM out)
DC current on I/O pins :40 mA

18. SPECIFICATION
DC current on 3.3 volt pins:50Ma
Flash memory :32Kb(0.5 Kb is used for
bothloader
SRAM:2Kb
EEPROM:1Kb
Frequency(clock speed):16Mhz

19. Some postulate
Microcontroller :Atmega328p -8 bit AVR
family microcontroller
Operation voltage :5 volts or 3.3. volts
Recommended input voltage is: 7-12 volts
Input voltage limit: 6-20 volts
Analog input pins:6 (Ao-A5)
Digital I/O pins:14(out of which 6 provide
PWM out)
DC current on I/O pins :40 mA

20. Software+coding
 Software
 ardunio unio 1.8.5 =This is Open Source Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code and upload . It runs on WINDOWS, MAC ,OS , and LINUX. The
Program Written JAVA , C and C++ . This Software can be use With any ardunio board.
 Cording
 int const trigPin = 10;
 int const echoPin = 9;
 int const vibratorPin = 2;
 void setup()
 {
 pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // trig pin will have pulses output
 pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // echo pin should be input to get pulse width
 pinMode(vibratorPin, OUTPUT); // buzz pin is output to control vibrator
 }
 void loop()
 {

21.  // Duration will be the input pulse width and distance will be the distance to the obstacle in
centimeters
 int duration, distance;
 // Output pulse with 1ms width on trigPin
 digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
 delay(1);
 digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
 // Measure the pulse input in echo pin
 duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
 // Distance is half the duration devided by 29.1 (from datasheet)
 distance = (duration/2) / 29.1;
 // if distance less than 0.5 meter and more than 0 (0 or less means over range)
 if (distance <= 5&& distance >= 0) {
 // Buzz
 digitalWrite(vibratorPin, HIGH);
 } else {
 // Don't vibrator
 digitalWrite(vibratorPin, LOW);
 }
 // Waiting 60 ms won't hurt any one
 delay(60);
 }

22. ULTRASONIC SENSOR
 An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure
the distance to an object by using sound waves. It
measures distance by sending out a sound wave
at a specific frequency and listening for that
sound wave to bounce back. By recording the
elapsed time between the sound wave being
generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it
is possible to calculate the distance between the
sonar sensor and the object.

23. Vcc :
The Vcc pin power the sensor typically with +5 volt
Trigger :
Triogger pin is an input pin. This pin has to be keept
high for 10Us to initialize measurement by sending us
wae
Echo :
Echo pin is an output pin. This pin goes high for a
period of time which will be equal to the time taken for
the us wave to retrun back to the sensor
Ground :
This pin is connected to the ground of the system.

24. FEATURE:
OPARATING VOLTAGE :-+5 voltage
MEASUREING DISTANCE :2cm to 450cm
ACCURACY IS :-3mm
MEASURING ANGLE COVERED :< 15 degree
OPERATING CURRENT :< 15Ma
OPERATING FREQUENCY: 40 Hz

25. WORKING PRINCIPLE
 As shown in diagrams there are two openings in Ultrasonic sensor first is transmitter
(or Trigger) and second is receiver (or Echo).
 Ultrasonic sensor sends high frequency pulses, these pulses reflects from object and
takes as Echo, time between echo and Trigger is measured by the microcontroller or
Arduino which is directly proportional to distance.
 The speed of sound is 341 meter per second in the air, and the distance between
sensor and object is equal to time multiplied by speed of sound divided by two.
 Distance = (Time * Speed Of Sound) ÷ 2
After the distance measurement, Arduino makes a beep format using
buzzer, when distance is high, frequency of beep is decreased and beep
frequency is increased when distance is low
The range of HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor is not high, it can only measure
50cm in open space, for more distance many other powerful sensors are
available in the market.

26. USES OF JUMPER WIRES, battery,
switch, led & buzzer
 JUMPER WIRES- In this project we have used male to female & male
to male jumper wires for interconnections.
 BATTERY(9V)- A battery of 9V is used to give the constant power
supply to the circuit.
 SWITCH- A switch is used as a control device for ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’
configurations.
 LED- Two LED’s are used to display the functional characteristics of
the circuit.
 BUZZER- A buzzer is an audio signaling device used to detect the
circuit in ‘ACTIVE’ state and give the signal with a buzzing noise.

27. AC CURRENT DETECTOR

28. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MATERIAL REQUIRS
4017 ic
1k ohm resistance
9 Volt battery
Simple coper wire
Buzzer
Led

29. 4017 IC

30. PIN
I t has 16 pin and the functionality of each pin is explained as follows:
Pin-1:It is the output 5.It goes high when the counter reads 5 counts.
Pin-2: It is the output 1.It goes high when the counter reads 0 counts.
Pin-3:It is the output 0.It goes high when the counter reads 0 counts.
Pin-4:It is the output 2.it goes high when the counters reads 2 counts.
Pin-5:It is the output 6.It goes high when the counters reads 6 counts.
Pin-6:It is the output 7.It goes high when the counters reads 7 counts.
Pin-7:It is the output 3.it goes high when the counters reads 3 counts.
Pin-8: It is the Ground pin which should be connected to a LOW voltage(0V)
Pin-9:It is output 8.It goes high when the counter reads 8 counts.
Pin-10:It has output 4.It goes high when the counter reads 4 counts.
Pin-11:It has output 9.It goes high when the counter reads 9 counts.
Pin-12:This is divided by 10 output which is used to cascade the IC with another counter so as to enable
counting greater then the range supported by a single IC4017.
Pin-13:This pin is the disable pin. in normal mode of operation this is connected to ground or logic LOW
voltage. If this pin is connected to logic HIGH voltage then the circuit will stop receiving pulses and so it will
not advance the count irrespective of number of pulses received from the clock.
Pin-14:This pi is the clock input. This is the pin from where we need to give the input clock pulses to the IC
in order to advance the count. The count advance on the rising of the clock.
Pin-15:This is the reset pin which should be kept LOW for normal operation. If you need to reset the IC,
then you Can connect this pin to HIGH voltage.
Pin-16:This is the power supply(Vcc)pin. This should be given a HIGH voltage of 3v TO 15v for the IC to

31. FUTURE SCOPE
 A variety of future scope are available that can be used of with the
stick such as usage of Global positioning System can help the blind
person to source to destination route information. GPS can help to
find the shortest and best path as accordingly to Google ( Bing map
based on real time coordinates).
GSM attachment can help in future for any immediate casualty help.
It can also contain special arrangement to connect the walking
stick to adhar card of blinds, helping the government serve the
physically disable even better. Water sensor that sense any kind of
water allowing the safe walk of the blind people in order to avoid
shipping.

32. CONCLUSION
 The Blind Walking Stick has been finally made into
prototype which can be used to guide the blind . Its
aims to solve the problems faced by the blind people in
their daily life. The system also takes the measure to
ensure their safety . This project will operate to help all
the blind people in the world to make them easier to
walk everywhere they want. It was done to help the
blind to move in front very well. It is used to help the
people with disabilities that are blind to facilitate the
movement and increase safety