Spark Streaming with Kafka allows processing streaming data from Kafka in real-time. There are two main approaches - receiver-based and direct. The receiver-based approach uses Spark receivers to read data from Kafka and write to write-ahead logs for fault tolerance. The direct approach reads Kafka offsets directly without a receiver for better performance but less fault tolerance. The document discusses using Spark Streaming to aggregate streaming data from Kafka in real-time, persisting aggregates to Cassandra and raw data to S3 for analysis. It also covers using stateful transformations to update Cassandra in real-time.

1. Spark Streaming
Kafka in Action
Dori Waldman
Big Data Lead

2.  Spark Streaming with Kafka – Receiver Based
 Spark Streaming with Kafka – Direct (No Receiver)
 Statefull Spark Streaming (Demo)
Agenda

3. What we do … Ad-Exchange
Real time trading (150ms average response time) and optimize campaigns
over ad spaces.
Tech Stack :

4. Why Spark ...

5. Use Case
Tens of Millions of transactions per minute (and growing …)
~ 15TB daily (24/7 99.99999 resiliency)
Data Aggregation: (#Video Success Rate)
Real time Aggregation and DB update
Raw data persistency as recovery backup
Retrospective aggregation updates (recalculate)
Analytic Data :
 Persist incoming events (Raw data persistency)
 Real time analytics and ML algorithm (inside)

7.  Based on high-level Kafka consumer
 The receiver stores Kafka messages in executors/workers
 Write-Ahead Logs to recover data on failures – Recommended
 ZK offsets are updated by Spark
 Data duplication (WAL/Kafka)
Receiver Approach - ”KafkaUtils.createStream”

8. Receiver Approach - Code
Spark Partition != Kafka Partition
val kafkaStream = { …
Basic
Advanced

9. Receiver Approach – Code (continue)

10. Architecture 1.0
Stream
Events
Events
Raw Data
Events
Consumer
Consumer
Aggregation
Aggregation
Spark Batch
Spark Stream

11. Architecture
Pros:
 Worked just fine with single MySQL server
 Simplicity – legacy code stays the same
 Real-time DB updates
 Partial Aggregation was done in Spark, DB was updated via
“Insert On Duplicate Key Update”
Cons:
 MySQL limitations (MySQL sharding is an issue, Cassandra is optimal)
 S3 raw data (in standard formats) is not trivial when using Spark

12. Monitoring

14. Architecture 2.0
Stream
Events
Events
Raw Data
Events
starts from largest “offset” by default
– columnar format (FS not DB)
atch update C* every few minutes (overwrite)
Consumer
Consumer
Raw Data
Raw Data
Aggregation

15. Architecture
Pros:
 Parquet is ideal for Spark analytics
 Backup data requires less disk space
Cons:
 DB is not updated in real time (streaming), we could use combination with
MySQL for current hour...
What has been changed:
 C* uses counters for “sum/update” which is a “bad” practice
(no “insert on duplicate key” using MySQL)
 Parquet conversion is a heavy job and it seems that streaming hourly
conversions (using batch in case of failure) is a better approach

16. Direct Approach – ”KafkaUtils.createDirectStream”
 Based on Kafka simple consumer
 Queries Kafka for the latest offsets in each topic+partition, define offset range for batch
 No need to create multiple input Kafka streams and consolidate them
 Spark creates an RDD partition for each Kafka
partition so data is consumed in parallel
 ZK offsets are not updated by Spark, offsets are
tracked by Spark within its checkpoints (might not
recover)
 No data duplication (no WAL)

17.  S3 / HDFS
 Save metadata – needed for recovery from driver failures
 RDD for statefull transformations (RDDs of previous batches)
Checkpoint...

18. Transfer data from driver to workers
Broadcast -
keep a read-only variable cached on each machine rather than shipping a copy of it with tasks
Accumulator - used to implement counters/sum, workers can only add to accumulator, driver can read its
value (you can extends AccumulatorParam[Vector])
Static (Scala Object)
Context (rdd) – get data after recovery

19. Direct Approach - Code

20. def start(sparkConfig: SparkConfiguration, decoder: String) {
val ssc = StreamingContext.getOrCreate(sparkCheckpointDirectory(sparkConfig),()=>functionToCreateContext(decoder,sparkConfig))
sys.ShutdownHookThread {
ssc.stop(stopSparkContext = true, stopGracefully = true)
}
ssc.start()
ssc.awaitTermination()
}
In house code

21. def functionToCreateContext(decoder: String,sparkConfig: SparkConfiguration ):StreamingContext = {
val sparkConf = new SparkConf().setMaster(sparkClusterHost).setAppName(sparkConfig.jobName)
sparkConf.set(S3_KEY, sparkConfig.awsKey)
sparkConf.set(S3_CREDS, sparkConfig.awsSecret)
sparkConf.set(PARQUET_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY, sparkConfig.parquetOutputDirectory)
val sparkContext = SparkContext.getOrCreate(sparkConf)
// Hadoop S3 writer optimization
sparkContext.hadoopConfiguration.set("spark.sql.parquet.output.committer.class",
"org.apache.spark.sql.parquet.DirectParquetOutputCommitter")
// Same as Avro, Parquet also supports schema evolution. This work happens in driver and takes
// relativly long time
sparkContext.hadoopConfiguration.set("parquet.enable.summary-metadata", "false")
sparkContext.hadoopConfiguration.setInt("parquet.metadata.read.parallelism", 100)
val ssc = new StreamingContext(sparkContext, Seconds(sparkConfig.batchTime))
ssc.checkpoint(sparkCheckpointDirectory(sparkConfig))
In house code (continue)

22. // evaluate stream value happened only if checkpoint folder is not exist
val streams = sparkConfig.kafkaConfig.streams map { c =>
val topic = c.topic.split(",").toSet
KafkaUtils.createDirectStream[String, String, StringDecoder, JsonDecoder](ssc, c.kafkaParams, topic)
}
streams.foreach { dsStream => {
dsStream.foreachRDD { rdd =>
val offsetRanges = rdd.asInstanceOf[HasOffsetRanges].offsetRanges
for (o <- offsetRanges) {
logInfo(s"Offset on the driver: ${offsetRanges.mkString}")
}
val sqlContext = SQLContext.getOrCreate(rdd.sparkContext)
sqlContext.setConf("spark.sql.parquet.compression.codec", "snappy")
// Data recovery after crash
val s3Accesskey = rdd.context.getConf.get(S3_KEY)
val s3SecretKey = rdd.context.getConf.get(S3_CREDS)
val outputDirectory = rdd.context.getConf.get(PARQUET_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY)
In house code (continue)

23. val data = sqlContext.read.json(rdd.map(_._2))
val carpetData = data.count()
if (carpetData > 0) {
// coalesce(1) – Data transfer optimization during shuffle
data.coalesce(1).write.mode(SaveMode.Append).partitionBy "day", "hour").parquet(“s3a//...")
// In case of S3Exception will not continue to update ZK.
zk.updateNode(o.topic, o.partition.toString, kafkaConsumerGroup, o.untilOffset.toString.getBytes)
}
}
}
}
ssc
}
In house code (continue)

24. SaveMode (Append/Overwrite) used to handle exist data (add new file / overwrite)
Spark Streaming does not update ZK (http://curator.apache.org/)
Spark Streaming saves offset in its checkpoint folder. Once it crashes it will continue from the last
offset
You can avoid using checkpoint for offsets and manage it manually
Config...

25. val sparkConf = new SparkConf().setMaster("local[4]").setAppName("demo")
val sparkContext = SparkContext.getOrCreate(sparkConf)
val sqlContext = SQLContext.getOrCreate(sparkContext)
val data = sqlContext.read.json(path)
data.coalesce(1).write.mode(SaveMode.Overwrite).partitionBy("table", "day") parquet (outputFolder)
Batch Code

26.  Built in support for backpressure Since Spark 1.5 (default is disabled)
 Reciever – spark.streaming.receiver.maxRate
 Direct – spark.streaming.kafka.maxRatePerPartition
Back Pressure

27. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXnNEq1v3VA&list=PL-x35fyliRwgfhffEpywn4q23ykotgQJ6&index=16
http://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/streaming-kafka-integration.html
https://spark.apache.org/docs/1.6.0/streaming-programming-guide.html
http://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/streaming-programming-guide.html#deploying-applications
http://blog.cloudera.com/blog/2015/03/exactly-once-spark-streaming-from-apache-kafka/
http://www.michael-noll.com/blog/2014/10/01/kafka-spark-streaming-integration-example-tutorial/
http://koeninger.github.io/kafka-exactly-once/#1
http://www.slideshare.net/miguno/being-ready-for-apache-kafka-apache-big-data-europe-2015
http://www.slideshare.net/SparkSummit/recipes-for-running-spark-streaming-apploications-in-production-tathagata-daspptx
http://www.slideshare.net/databricks/strata-sj-everyday-im-shuffling-tips-for-writing-better-spark-programs
https://github.com/JerryLead/SparkInternals/blob/master/markdown/english/6-CacheAndCheckpoint.md
https://dzone.com/articles/uniting-spark-parquet-and-s3-as-an-alternative-to
http://blog.cloudera.com/blog/2013/10/parquet-at-salesforce-com/
https://www.appsflyer.com/blog/the-bleeding-edge-spark-parquet-and-s3/
Links – Spark & Kafka integration

28. Architecture – other spark options
We can use hourly window , do the aggregation in spark and overwrite C* raw in real time …

29. https://databricks.com/blog/2016/02/01/faster-stateful-stream-processing-in-spark-
streaming.html
https://docs.cloud.databricks.com/docs/spark/1.6/examples/Streaming%20mapWithState.html
Stateful Spark Streaming

30. Architecture 3.0
Stream
Events
Events
Raw Data
Events
Consumer
Consumer
Raw Data
Aggregation
Aggregation
Raw Data
Analytic data uses spark stream to transfer Kafka raw data to Parquet.
Regular Kafka consumer saves raw data backup in S3 (for streaming failure, spark
batch will convert them to parquet)
Aggregation data uses statefull Spark Streaming (mapWithState) to update C*
In case streaming failure spark batch will update data from Parquet to C*

31. Architecture
Pros:
Real-time DB updates
Cons:
 Too many components, relatively expensive (comparing to phase 1)
 According to documentation Spark upgrade has an issue with checkpoint

32. http://www.slideshare.net/planetcassandra/tuplejump-breakthrough-olap-performance-on-cassandra-and-spark?
ref=http://www.planetcassandra.org/blog/introducing-filodb/
Whats Next … FiloDB ? (probably
not , lots of nodes)
Parquet performance based on C*

33. Questions?

34. val ssc = new StreamingContext(sparkConfig.sparkConf, Seconds(batchTime))
val kafkaStreams = (1 to sparkConfig.workers) map {
i => new
FixedKafkaInputDStream[String, AggregationEvent, StringDecoder,
SerializedDecoder[AggregationEvent]](ssc,
kafkaConfiguration.kafkaMapParams,
topicMap,
StorageLevel.MEMORY_ONLY_SER).map(_._2) // for write ahead log
}
val unifiedStream = ssc.union(kafkaStreams) // manage all streams as one
val mapped = unifiedStream flatMap {
event => Aggregations.getEventAggregationsKeysAndValues(Option(event))
// convert event to aggregation object which contains
//key (“advertiserId”, “countryId”) and values (“click”, “impression”)
}
val reduced = mapped.reduceByKey {
_ + _ // per aggregation type we created “+” method that
//describe how to do the aggregation
}
K1 =
advertiserId = 5
countryId = 8
V1 =
clicks = 2
impression = 17
k1(e), v1(e)
k1(e), v2(e)
k2(e), v3(e)
k1(e), v1+v2
k2(e), v3(e)
In house Code –

35. Kafka messages semantics
(offset)