The Madurai Meenakshi Temple is a historic Hindu temple located in Madurai, Tamil Nadu. It was built by the Pandya dynasty in the 6th century CE and expanded over subsequent centuries by the Vijayanagara Empire and Nayak rulers. The temple complex covers around 14 acres and features 14 towering gopurams, or gateway towers. At its center are two main shrines dedicated to the deities Meenakshi and Sundareshwara, representing the goddess Parvati and lord Shiva. It is considered an exemplary example of Dravidian architecture.
KANDARIYA MAHADEV MANDIR), meaning "the Great God of the Cave", is the largest and most ornate Hindu temple in the medieval temple group found at Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh, India. It is considered one of the best examples of temples preserved from the medieval period in India. The temple is dedicated to Shiva, in the form of a linga. It was made in 1030 by King Vidhyadhara of Chandela dynasty.
Culture Primary deity Shiva(Mahadeva) Architecture Architectural styles North Indian History and governance Date built circa 1030 Creator King Vidyadhara of the Chandela dynasty
When the British first made inroads into India, little impact had been, was, or even intended on being made. Structures were mainly reflective of their functions, simple warehouses and a number of rather temporary administration facilities with residences remaining few in number, these kept to the traditional and vernacular. However, as British interests in India expanded, more permanent structures were required to facilitate the infrastructure of the new British Raj- symbols of their new status as the power seat; a sense of permanence and prominence.
KANDARIYA MAHADEV MANDIR), meaning "the Great God of the Cave", is the largest and most ornate Hindu temple in the medieval temple group found at Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh, India. It is considered one of the best examples of temples preserved from the medieval period in India. The temple is dedicated to Shiva, in the form of a linga. It was made in 1030 by King Vidhyadhara of Chandela dynasty.
Culture Primary deity Shiva(Mahadeva) Architecture Architectural styles North Indian History and governance Date built circa 1030 Creator King Vidyadhara of the Chandela dynasty
When the British first made inroads into India, little impact had been, was, or even intended on being made. Structures were mainly reflective of their functions, simple warehouses and a number of rather temporary administration facilities with residences remaining few in number, these kept to the traditional and vernacular. However, as British interests in India expanded, more permanent structures were required to facilitate the infrastructure of the new British Raj- symbols of their new status as the power seat; a sense of permanence and prominence.
History of Architecture - Evolution of temples - Indo aryan (North Indian st...Sachith Pagidi
brief introduction about the indo aryan architecture in India and their evolution in the temple architecture styles with examples from different parts of north India and the similarity from chalukyan period
The PPP presentation is based on the architecture and art of Brihadeshwara temple of Chola period. It has basic introduction of the region. This is for tthe students of UG and PG not for API.
Hindu Architectures rests in the heart of temples. Besides being a place of worship, the temples stand as a witness to the magnificence and splendor of art.
History of Architecture - Evolution of temples - Indo aryan (North Indian st...Sachith Pagidi
brief introduction about the indo aryan architecture in India and their evolution in the temple architecture styles with examples from different parts of north India and the similarity from chalukyan period
The PPP presentation is based on the architecture and art of Brihadeshwara temple of Chola period. It has basic introduction of the region. This is for tthe students of UG and PG not for API.
Hindu Architectures rests in the heart of temples. Besides being a place of worship, the temples stand as a witness to the magnificence and splendor of art.
It is also called as Dravidian architecture
Dravidian architecture (600AD-100AD) is an architectural idiom in Hindu temple architecture that emerged in the southern part of the India
It consists primarily of Hindu temples where the dominating feature is the high gopura or gatehouse
Majority of the existing structures are located in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana.
A temple consisted of -- Vimanas, Gopurams, Mantapams and Chaultries.
Vimana It is the structure over the garbhagriha or inner sanctum in the Hindu temples of South India and Odisha in East India
A vast gateway, which led to different parts of the temple with pillars the length of its path, was known as the Mandapam-the porch.
A Gopuram or gopura is a monumental entrance tower, usually ornate, at the entrance.
A gopuram is usually a tapering oblong in form with ground-level wooden doors, often richly decorated, providing access.
Choultry is a resting place for travelers, visitors to a site, typically linked to Buddhist, Jain and Hindu temples.
In Southern India five kingdoms and empires stamped their influence on architecture during different times.
History of Architecture - Evolution of temples - Chalukyan ArchitectureSachith Pagidi
The following gives a brief introduction about the chalukyan architecture and the style they used based on the social context and there adaptation towards the versara style.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
history of architecture. IV _ KAILASHNATH TEMPLE.pptxSanobarseher
The Kailasanathar temple, also referred to as the Kailasanatha temple, is a Pallava-era historic Hindu temple in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India. Dedicated to Shiva, it is one of the oldest surviving monuments in Kanchipuram.
History of Architecture- Indo-Aryan Temples of OrissaVyshnaviMajety
A presentation on Indo-Aryan Temples of Orissa. The architectural features, elements, planning, and the history of the temples. Plans, Sections and Elevations of Puri Jagannath Temple, Lingaraj Temple, Sun Temple Konark, Raja Rani Temple, Mukteshwara Temple, Parasurameshwara Temple, Anantha Vasudeva Temple.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. Dravidian
Architecture
• Dravidian architecture or the South Indian temple style that emerged in the southern
part of the Indian subcontinent or South India and in Sri Lanka, reaching its final form by
the sixteenth century. It is seen in Hindu temples, and the most distinctive difference
from north Indian styles is the use of a shorter and more pyramidal tower over the
garbhagriha or sanctuary called a vimana, where the north has taller towers, usually
bending inwards as they rise, called shikharas.
• Various kingdoms and empires such as the Satavahanas, the Cholas, the Chera,
the Kakatiyas, the Reddis, the Pandyas, the Pallavas, the Gangas, the Kadambas,
the Rashtrakutas, the Chalukyas, the Hoysalas, and Vijayanagara Empire among others
have made substantial contribution to the evolution of the Dravida architecture.
3. Rock Cut architecture
under Pallavas
• Early stage of Dravidian art and architecture
• Pallava architecture was sub-divided into two phases: the rock cut phase and the
structural phase. The rock cut phase lasted from the 610 AD to 668 AD and
consisted of two groups of monuments, the Mahendra group and the Mamalla
group. The best examples of Mahendra group of monuments are the cave
temples at Mandagapattu, Pallavaram and Mamandur.
• The second group of rock cut monuments belong to the Mamalla group in 630 to
668 AD. During this period free-standing monolithic shrines called rathas
(chariots) were constructed alongside pillared halls. Some of the best examples
of this style are the Pancha Rathas and Arjuna's Penance at Mahabalipuram.
• The second phase of Pallava architecture is the structural phase when free-
standing shrines were constructed with stone and mortar brought in for the
purpose. Monuments of this phase are of two groups - the Rajasimha group (690
to 800 AD) and the Nandivarman group (800 to 900 AD).The Rajasimha group
encompasses the early structural temples of the Pallavas when a lot of
experimentation was carried out. The best examples of this period are the Shore
Temple at Mahabalipuram and the Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple at Kanchipuram
both constructed by Narasimhavarman II who was known as Rajasimha.
• The best example of the Nandivarman group of monuments is the Vaikunta
Perumal Temple at Kanchipuram. During this period, Pallava architecture attained
full maturity and provided the models upon which the massive Brihadeeswarar
Temple of the Cholas at Thanjavur and Gangaikonda Cholapuram and various
other architectural works of note were constructed.
4. Shore temple
Mahabalipuram
• Shore Temple, complex of elegant shrines , one
among several Hindu monuments
at Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram), on
the Coromandel Coast of Tamil Nadu state, India.
It is considered the finest early example
of medieval southern Indian temple architecture.
5. Shore temple Mahabalipuram
• It is a structural temple, built with blocks of granite, dating from the 8th century AD. At the
time of its creation, the site was a busy port during the reign of Narasimhavarman II of
the Pallava dynasty. As one of the Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, it has been
classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1984.It is one of the oldest structural
(versus rock-cut) stone temples of South India.
• All the three Temples of the Shore Temple complex are built on the same platform. Viewed
from the northern end, the temples appear to be a replica of the Dharmaraja Ratha. The main
Shore Temple, which faces east so that the sun rays shine on the main deity of Shiva Linga in
the shrine, is a five-storied structural Hindu temple rather than rock-cut as are the other
monuments at the site. Built with sculpted granite stones hauled from a nearby quarry, it is
the earliest important structural temple in South India. Its pyramidal structure is 60 feet
(18 m) high and sits on a 50 feet (15 m) square platform. There is a small temple in front
which was the original porch. It is made out of finely cut local granite.
• The temple is a combination of three shrines. The main shrine is dedicated to Shiva, as is the
smaller second shrine. A small third shrine, between the two, is dedicated to a
reclining Vishnu and may have had water channelled into the temple, entering the Vishnu
shrine. The two Shiva shrines are orthogonal in configuration. The entrance is through
a transverse barrel vault gopuram. The two shikharas have a pyramidal outline, each
individual tier is distinct with overhanging eaves that cast dark shadows. The outer wall of the
shrine to Vishnu and the inner side of the boundary wall are extensively sculptured and
topped by large sculptures of Nandi. The temple's outer walls are divided by pilasters into
bays, the lower part being carved into a series of rearing lions. The temple walls are
surrounded by sculptures of Nandi
7. Shore temple
Mahabalipuram
• The temple has a garbhagriha (sanctum sanctorum) in which
the deity, Sivalinga, is enshrined, and a
small mandapa surrounded by a heavy outer wall with little
space between for circumambulation. At the rear are two
shrines facing in opposite directions. The inner shrine dedicated
to Ksatriyasimnesvara is reached through a passage while the
other, dedicated to Vishnu, is facing outwards. The Durga is
seated on her lion vahana. A small shrine may have been in the
cavity in the lion's chest. The Shore Temples, like many major
Hindu temples, include both Shaivism and Vaishnavism temples
and iconography.
• The roofs of the temples have ornamentation similar to the
Pancha Rathas. The roofs have finials on the top, indicative of
its religious functional nature, as it was a completed temple.
The octagonal shape of the shikaras of the two temples
dedicated to Shiva are in the Dravidian architectural style.
Beneath the towers, the sanctuary walls are mostly blank
without any decorations, but the columns are carved over lion
mounted bases. The decorations on the outer faces of these
shrines are similar to those seen on the Pancha Rathas, though
due to their closeness to the sea, are partially eroded due to
salty winds.
9. Brihadeswara
Temple,Thanjavur
• Brihadeshwara Temple (Peruvudaiyar Kovil) is a Hindu
temple dedicated to Shiva located in Thanjavur in the
Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is also known as Periya
Kovil, RajaRajeswara Temple and Rajarajesvaram.
• It is one of the largest temples in India and is an
example of Dravidian architecture during the Chola
period. Built by emperor Raja Raja Chola I and
completed in 1010 AD, the temple turned 1000 years
old in 2010.
• The temple is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site
known as the “Great Living Chola Temples”, with the
other two being the Brihadeeswarar Temple,
Gangaikonda Cholapuram and Airavatesvara temple.
• The temple stands amidst fortified walls that were
probably added in the 16th century. The vimanam
(temple tower) is 216 ft (66 m) high and is the tallest
in the world.
• The Kumbam (the apex or the bulbous structure on
the top) of the temple is carved out of a single rock
and weighs around 80 tons.
10. Brihadeswara Temple,Thanjavur
Built out of granite, the vimana tower above the shrine is one of the tallest
in South India. The temple has a massive colonnaded prakara (corridor) and
one of the largest Shiva lingas in India.
• The temple complex is a rectangle that is almost two stacked squares,
covering 240.79 metres (790.0 ft) east to west, and 121.92 metres
(400.0 ft) north to south. In this space are five main sections: the sanctum
with the towering superstructure (sri vimana), the Nandi hall in front
(Nandi-mandapam) and in between these the main community hall
(mukhamandapam), the great gathering hall (mahamandapam) and the
pavilion that connects the great hall with the sanctum (ardhamandapam).
• The temple complex integrates a large pillared and covered veranda
(prakara) in its spacious courtyard, with a perimeter of about 450 metres
(1,480 ft) for circumambulation. Outside this pillared veranda there are two
walls of enclosure, the outer one being defensive and added in 1777 CE by
the French colonial forces with gun-holes with the temple serving as an
arsenal.
11. Brihadeswara
Temple,Thanjavur
• They made the outer wall high, isolating the temple complex
area. On its east end is the original main gopuram or gateway
that is barrel vaulted. It is less than half the size of the main
temple's vimana. Additional structures were added to the
original temple after the 11th century, such as a mandapa in
its northeast corner and additional gopurams (gateways) on
its perimeters to allow people to enter and leave from
multiple locations.
• Some of the shrines and structures were added during the
Pandya, Nayaka, Vijayanagara and Maratha era, before the
colonial era started, and these builders respected the original
plans and symmetry rules. Inside the original temple
courtyard, along with the main sanctum and Nandi-
mandapam are two major shrines, one for Kartikeya and for
Parvati. The complex has additional smaller shrines
12.
13. Brihadeswara
Temple,Thanjavur
• The temple faces east, and once had a water moat around it. This has been filled up. The fortified
wall now runs around this moat. The two walls have ornate gateways called the gopurams. These
are made from stone and display entablature. The main gateways are on the east side. The first one
is called the Keralantakan tiruvasal, which means the "sacred gate of the Keralantakan". The word
Keralantakan was the surname of king Rajaraja who built it. About a 100 metres (330 ft) ahead is
the inner courtyard gopuram called the Rajarajan tiruvasal. This is more decorated than
the Keralantakan tiruvasal, such as with its adhishthanam relief work narrating scenes from
the Puranas and other Hindu texts.
• The inner eastern gopuram leads to a vast courtyard, in which the shrines are all signed to east–
west and north-west cardinal directions. The complex can be entered either on one axis through a
five-story gopuram or with a second access directly to the huge main quadrangle through a smaller
free-standing gopuram. The gopuram of the main entrance is 30 m high, smaller than the vimana.
• The main temple-related monuments and the great tower is in the middle of this courtyard.Around
the main temple that is dedicated to Shiva, are smaller shrines, most of which are aligned axially.
These are dedicated to his consort Parvati, his sons Subrahmanya and Ganesha, Nandi, Varahi,
Karuvur deva (the guru of Rajaraja Chola), Chandeshvara and Nataraja.
• The Nandi mandapam has a monolithic seated bull facing the sanctum. In between them are stairs
leading to a columned porch and community gathering hall, then an inner mandapa connecting to
the pradakshina patha, or circumambulation path. The Nandi (bull) facing the mukh-mandapam
weighs about 25 tonnes.It is made of a single stone and is about 2 m in height, 6 m in length and
2.5 m in width. The image of Nandi is a monolithic one and is one of the largest in the country
16. Madurai
Meenakshi
Temple
• Madurai Meenakshi Sundareswarar temple was built by King Kulasekara Pandya
(1190–1216 CE). He built the main Portions of the three-storeyed gopura at the
entrance of Sundareswarar Shrine and the central portion of the Goddess Meenakshi
Shrine are some of the earliest surviving parts of the temple
• The contemporary temple is the result of rebuilding efforts started by
the Vijayanagara Empire rulers who rebuilt the core and reopened the temple.
• In the 16th century, the temple complex was further expanded and fortified by the
Nayak ruler Vishwanatha Nayakar and later others. The restored complex now
houses 14 gopurams (gateway towers), ranging from 45–50 m in height, with the
southern gopura tallest at 51.9 metres (170 ft).
17. Madurai Meenakshi
Temple
• The town of Madurai is ancient, and one mentioned
in Sangam era texts. These are dated to be from the 1st
to 4th century CE. Some early Tamil texts call Madurai
as Koodal, and these portray it as a capital and a temple
town where every street radiated from the temple.
Goddess Meenakshi is described as the divine ruler, who
along with Shiva were the primary deities that the
southern Tamil kingdoms such as the Pandya
dynasty revered.
• The early texts imply that a temple existed in Madurai
by the mid 6th century.In medieval literature and
inscriptions, it is sometimes referred to as
Kadambavanam (lit. "forest of Kadamba")
or Velliambalam (lit. "silver hall" where Shiva danced). It
was described to be the sangam of scholars, or a place
where scholars meet.
• It is mentioned in the Tamil
text Tiruvilayadalpuranam and the Sanskrit text Halasya
Mahatmya. It is one of the shrines of the 275 Paadal
Petra Sthalams.
18. Madurai Meenakshi
Temple
Temple complex plan
• The earliest temple at Madurai was likely constructed in the 7th century C.E., but the
temple complex we experience today is largely the work of the Nayak dynasty in the 16th
and 17th centuries. They enlarged the complex and redesigned the surrounding streets in
accordance with the sacred tradition of the Vastu Shastra (Hindu texts prescribing the
form, proportions, measurements, ground plan, and layout of architecture).
• The Meenakshi Temple is a prime example of Dravidian architecture—a style of Hindu
architecture common in the southern states of India. Characteristics of Dravidian
architecture often include covered porches on temples, tall entry gate towers on two or
more sides, many-pillared halls, and a water tank or reservoir for ritual bathing.
• The temple complex is spread over about 14 acres (5.7 ha).The courtyard is close to a
square with each side of about 800 feet, but more accurately a rectangle with one side
about 50 feet longer. The complex has numerous shrines and mandapas, of which the
most important and largest are the two parallel shrines in the innermost courtyard, one
for Meenakshi (B on the plan) and other for Sundareshvara (A).
• Additionally, the complex has a golden lotus sacred pool (L) for pilgrims to bathe in, a
thousand-pillar hall with extensive sculpture (Q), the kalyana mandapa or wedding hall,
many small shrines for Hindu deities and for scholars from the sangam (academy) history,
buildings which are religious schools and administrative offices, elephant sheds,
equipment sheds such as those for holding the chariots used for periodic processions and
some gardens. The temple is embedded inside a commercial hub and traditional markets.
20. Madurai Meenakshi Temple
• Two principal sanctuaries (accessible only by
Hindus) sit at the center of the temple
complex: one dedicated to Meenakshi (who is
considered a manifestation of the goddess
Parvati), and another dedicated to
Sundareshwara or “Beautiful Lord” (a form of
the god Shiva).
• A gold finial visible only from a high vantage
point, caps each of these sanctuaries. Fronting
each sanctuary is a mandapa (a pillared,
porch-like structure) that pilgrims pass through
as they make their way to the garbagriha (the
innermost sacred areas of the sanctuary).
21. Madurai Meenakshi Temple
• At the south end of the complex is the Golden
Lily Tank, which is used by believers for ritual
bathing before they enter the sanctuaries of
Meenakshi and Sundareshwara. The northeast
corner of the complex is occupied by the
Thousand Pillar Hall, a vast, ornate mandapa.
Although there are actually only 985 pillars,
the effect is impressive, with most of the stone
pillars carved in high or low reliefdepicting
gods, demons, and divine animals.
• Originally this space was likely used for
religious dancing and musical performances as
well as a place to gain an audience with the
king. Today the Thousand Pillar Hall functions
primarily as a museum, with exhibitions of
bronze sculptures, paintings, and objects from
the temple’s history.
22. Madurai Meenakshi
Temple
• The Gopuras
• We now return to the most noticeable feature of the complex—the
massive towers, or gopuras, which are actually entry gates. Some visitors
to the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai mistake the gopuras for the sacred
temples and shrines themselves. The word gopura may be derived from
the Tamil words ko meaning “king,” and puram meaning “exterior or
gateway”; or from the Sanskrit go meaning “cow” and puram meaning
“town.”
• Here, there are fourteen gopuras roughly oriented to the cardinal
directions and flanking either the temple of Meenakshi or Sundareshwara,
or the entire walled compound. They generally increase in height as one
moves further away from the center of the complex, as the outermost
sections were continually added to by a succession of rulers, who
commissioned ever grander towers as a sign of their power and devotion.
• The gopuras act as symbolic markers for the sacred space into which they
lead and most are covered with a profusion of brightly painted stucco
figures representing gods and demons.