This document discusses sources of demographic change, focusing on fertility, mortality, and migration in the Philippines. It notes that fertility rates are highest in African and Middle Eastern countries, averaging 7 children per family, while developed countries like the US and UK average around 2 children. Mortality rates are influenced by factors like access to healthcare and standard of living, and are higher in rural areas with less access. Migration patterns involve international, internal, and circular mobility and are impacted by push factors like poverty and pull factors like job opportunities. The Philippines' population has grown rapidly due to high fertility and is now the 14th most populous country, leading to family planning programs being implemented despite some church opposition.

1. SOURCES OR FACTORS
OF DEMOGRAPHIC
CHANGE1. FERTILITY
World Fertility Study:
many African and Middle Eastern countries give birth to
seven or more children
Philippines: six children
Great Britain, US and Canada more or less 2 children
Fertility - is the natural human capability of producing offspring
Fertility Rate - is the number of children born per couple, person or
population
Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility

2. crude birth rate =
The number of children born to urban women is
about 15 to 20 percent lower than rural women
fertility rates tend to be highest in Mindanao
And lowest??

3. Urban
Families
Few
opportunities
for children
to work
Net
economic
contribution
is negative
Family
Planning

4. Many children
Contributors to
the economic
well-being of
the family
By helping the
farm and by taking
care of the parents
in their old age
No need of
family planning
RURAL FAMILIES

5. FERTILITY DETERMINANTS
( factors affecting fertility levels)
Proximate Determinants
• Includes woman’s fecundity (biological ability to bear a child)
• Age at first menstruation
• Age at marriage
• Age at first sexual intercourse
• Current marital Status
• Use of family planning (abstinence and insusceptability of
pregnancy)
• Menopause - The termination of a woman’s fecundity or the
cessation of the menstrual period
http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR156/06Chapter06.pdf

6. Better-educated Philippine women bear fewer children
than those who have attended school only a few years.
This differential is attributed to the tendency of highly
educated women to marry at a later age. As a result,
these women have fewer child-bearing years as compared
to those who marry in their early 20’s.
Women employed outside the home tended to bear
fewer children than those who work at home. Presumably
due to the reconciling occupational and domestic roles.

7. 2. MORTALITY
Mortality - is the state of being mortal, or state of susceptible (likely
to be affected) to death
Mortality rate is a measure of the number of death in a population
A mortality rate is the same with death rate
Death rates are influenced by social and economic factors as well as by
the biological realities of germs, viruses and the physiology of the human
body
Mortality rates are higher in the less-developed regions of the country
maybe because there is a higher standard of living in cities and the fact
that urban areas have greater access to health services
This shows the need for an integrated population program in which
mutually reinforcing efforts to reduce both fertility and mortality levels
are made simultaneously.

8. Types of Mortality
Rates
Infant Mortality
Rate
a measure of the
mortality among
children who have
not reached their
first birthday
Fetal Mortality
rate
The ratio of fetal
deaths to the sum of
the births in that
year.
Maternal
Mortality rate
The number of
maternal births
during childbirth in
that year
Source:
http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=19649

9. Life expectancy serves as a measure of the general health of the
population, which depends on the satisfaction of many basic
human needs such as adequate nutrition, clean water and
sanitation, as well as access to medical services like vaccinations.

10. 3. MIGRATION
refers to the process of geographic mobility, that is the change
of a person’s residence from one community to another.
3 TYPES
OF
MOBILITY
International
Migration
Refers to the relatively
permanent transfer of
residence from one sovereign
nation to another.
Internal
Migration
Permanent change of
residence within a country
(NCR)
Circulation
Temporary moves, move to
another community to work
or study for awhile then
return later to live in their
home community
- Maybe either
international or
internal in nature.

11. On the positive side, it can provide needed labor (both skilled
and unskilled). For source countries, however, immigration may
drain away valuable talent, especially since educated and
motivated people are most likely to migrate in search of
opportunities.
Migration is a function of two kinds of factors:
• pushes people out of the
country, resulting in what is
generally known as
emigration
Push Factor
• attracts people into the country,
resulting in what is called
immigrationPull Factor

12. Some of the factors that influence either of
the push and pull factors:
i) The prospect of better jobs or working conditions outside
the country and vice versa; similar prospect in the home
country may attract people from outside
ii) Climate
iii) Religious or political persecution/freedom in a country
iv)Law may influence migration directly
http://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/unit/text.php?unit=5&secNum=3
http://www.preservearticles.com/201101183496/demographic-factors-that-effects-
social-changes.html

13. ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES
FOR REDUCING
POPULATION GROWTH
There has been active prosecution of population
control programs (recently RH Bill)
98 million (14th most populous in the world)
WORLD
POPULATION
RANKING
:
1. China
2. India
3. US
4. Indonesia
5. Brazil
14th to 12th - Philippines
Source: http://www.geohive.com/earth/population_now.aspx

14. Former Philippine First Lady Amelita
Ramos said Cardinal Jaime Sin should
stop criticizing her husband’s (FVR)
family-planning program. She said Sin
should visit rural provinces and slums
around the capital to see the growing
number of children living in poverty. “I
wish he would do more, instead of
telling the people to multiply some
more.”

15. Because of Church opposition, most population
control programs have incorporated five basic
criteria:
Coercion (forcing) will not be used to induce couples to use
family planning.
The program should be funded locally, rather than just by
international donors.
Surgical abortion is considered an unacceptable means of
population control.
The population program should be integrated with other
developmental efforts in the country.
All members of the Philippine population, even school-age
youth, are to be served by the program.

16. Source:
Strategies for Reducing
Population Growth:
Contraception/ Birth Control - methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy
Sexual Abstinence – voluntarily restraining from sexual contact
Abortion - the termination of pregnancy by the removal of fetus
Infanticide – intentional killing of infants
Rights of Women -
War - conflict by states and nations
Emigration - leaving one's country or region to settle in another
Immigration – reducing the entry of foreigners to a country
Sterilization - medical techniques that intentionally leave a person unable to
reproduce.
Euthanasia - intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering.

17. Sources:
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#Method
s
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraception
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanticide
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_reduction
8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilisation_%28medicine%29
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia
10. http://isearch.avg.com/search?cid={d4720f30-636d-4d46-
bfa3-
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6c39977832fce733eb73a1c1100a026dc8a5d6e6&ds=AVG&v=
11.1.0.7&lang=en&pr=fr&d=2012-06-
07%2011%3A11%3A35&sap=ku&q=abstinence