This document discusses sources of nosocomial or hospital-acquired infections. It identifies human-borne and non-human sources of contamination. Human-borne sources include blood, skin shedding, and respiratory secretions which can transmit infectious agents like HIV, hepatitis, malaria, syphilis, MRSA, VRE, influenza, tuberculosis, and COVID-19. Improper disposal of sharps, blood splashes, cuts and wounds, and blood transfusions can spread infections via blood. Skin shedding and respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing and talking can contaminate surfaces and equipment.

1. HUMAN-BORNE & NON
HUMAN-BORNE SOURCE OF
CONTAMINATION

2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• SOURCE OF INFECTION
• HUMAN-BORNE SOURCE OF CONTAMINATION
• NON HUMAN-BORNE SOURCE OF
CONTAMINATION

3. INTRODUCTION
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION: A NOSOCOMIAL
INFECTION, ALSO KNOWN AS A HOSPITAL-
ACQUIRED INFECTION (HAI), IS AN INFECTION
THAT IS ACQUIRED DURING A HOSPITAL
STAY.

4. SOURCE OF INFECTION
SOURCE OF INFECTION IS CLASSIFIED INTO 2
TYPES THAT IS ,
1) ENDOGENOUS SOURCE
2) EXOGENOUS SOURCE

5. 1. ENDOGENOUS SOURCE: THESE ARE INFECTIONS
CAUSED NORMALLY BY THE BACTERIAL FLORA
PRESENT IN HUMAN BODY.
2. EXOGENOUS SOURCE : THESE ARE INFECTIONS
CAUSED FROM ENVIRONMENT THAT IS OUTSIDE
THE BODY.
IT HAS 2 TYPES :-
A) LIVING SOURCE & B) NON-LIVING SOURCE

6. HUMAN-BORNE SOURCE OF
CONTAMINATION
1. BLOOD: BLOOD CAN BE HUMAN-BORNE SOURCE
OF CONTAMINATION BECAUSE IT CAN
POTENTIALLY CARRY VARIOUS INFECTIOUS
AGENTS SUCH AS VIRUS , BACTERIA AND
PARASITES.
• IT CAN TRANSFER THE INFECTIOUS AGENTS FROM
ONE PERSON TO ANOTHER PERSON EITHER DIRECTLY
OR INDIRECTLY.

7. DISEASES
1. HIV
2. HEP-B
3. HEP-C
4. MALARIA
5. SYPHILLIS

8. SYPHILLIS

9. HOW ?
1. IMPROPER DISPOSAL OF SHARPS
2. BLOOD SPLASHES
3. THROUGH ANY CUTS OR WOUNDS
4. BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS

10. 2. SKIN SHEDDING
IT OCCURS WHEN DEAD SKIN ON THE
SURFACE OF SKIN ARE SHED OFF.
• IT IS SOURCE OF CONTAMINATION
BECAUSE IT CONTAINS HIGH NUMBER OF
MICROORGANISMS.

12. DISEASES
•MRSA ( METHICILLIN RESISTANT
STAPHYLOCOCUS AUREUS )
• VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE ENTEEOCOCCI
(VRE)

13. 3. RESPIRATORY SECRETIONS
COUGHING, SNEEZING & TALKING CAN
RELEASE RESPIRATORY DROPLETS THAT
CONTAINS MICROORGANISMS.
THESE DROPLETS CAN CONTAMINATE
SURFACES & EQUIPMENT IN THE OPERATING
THEATRE.

15. DISEASES
INFLUENZA
TUBERCULOSIS
COVID - 19