How to determine Soundness of cement?
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•877 views
What is the Soundness of Cement? What is mean by soundness of cement? This is what soundness definition in civil engineering says “The ability of cement to resist the expansion and retain its original volume is called Soundness of Cement.” This indicates that a perfectly sound cement will undergo minimum volume change. What is the soundness test? The soundness test measures the change in volume due to expansion. This expansion should not exceed 10 mm for OPC, rapid hardening cement and low heat Portland cements. If the expansion goes more than 10 mm on testing, the cement is said to be unsound. The soundness test can be conducted by Le-chatelier method and Autoclave Method. Le-chatelier test detects unsoundness due to free lime only. #soundnesstestsoncement #cement #civilinsider
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Compressive strength in concrete test
This document discusses the compressive strength of concrete. It defines compressive strength as the ability of a material to withstand pushing forces. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. The document describes how to test the compressive strength of concrete cube and cylinder specimens. It provides details on specimen size, curing, loading rate, and calculating compressive strength based on applied load divided by cross-sectional area.
Aggregates of Concrete
Aggregates make up 65-80% of concrete's volume and are inert fillers that float in the cement paste. Their characteristics impact the performance of fresh and hardened concrete. Aggregates are classified based on size, specific gravity, availability, shape, and texture. Proper aggregate grading leads to a dense, strong concrete mixture. The fineness modulus is a number that indicates an aggregate's grading, and the flakiness index measures elongated particles. Well-graded aggregates with low elongation produce high quality concrete.
Aggregate - coarse aggregates, testing & limits
This document provides information on aggregates used in traditional building materials. It defines aggregates as fillers used with binding materials that are derived from rocks. Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete's volume and influence its properties. Aggregates are broadly classified into fine aggregates smaller than 4.75mm and coarse aggregates larger than 4.75mm. The document discusses various types of coarse aggregates based on geological origin, size, shape, and unit weight. It also covers properties of aggregates like strength, shape, specific gravity, moisture content and tests conducted on aggregates. Alkali aggregate reaction and measures to prevent it are summarized.
Properties of concrete
The document discusses various properties of fresh and hardened concrete. It describes the key materials used in concrete like cement, aggregates, and admixtures. It explains concepts like workability, bleeding, segregation, water-cement ratio, and gel space ratio for fresh concrete. For hardened concrete, it discusses compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, and curing methods. It provides classifications of concrete based on weight, strength, and applications.
Acceptance criteria of cube
The document discusses acceptance criteria for concrete cubes used to determine compressive strength. It defines key terms like specimen, sample, group, and provides requirements for sampling frequency. The characteristic strength is defined as below which 5% of tests are expected to fall. Test results are accepted if the mean strength of any 4 samples meets limits in Table 11 and individual results meet lower limits in Column 3. Requirements are adjusted for samples less than 30m3 or a single sample for small works.
Fineness test on cement
Fineness is tells about the particle distribution of cement. Fineness of is cement expressed in terms of total surface area of unit weight of of cement.
Tests
1) Sieve analysis ------->I.S.sieve NO.9 is used to test----->permissible limit for OPC is not more than 10% retained on I.S.SIEVE NO.9
2) Air permeability tests----->most commonly used in India is "BLAINE AIR PERMEABILITY TEST"
2. testing of cement ppt
The document describes 7 different tests conducted on cement:
1. Field testing examines the cement's appearance, texture, and behavior when mixed with water.
2. The standard consistency test determines the percentage of water needed to achieve a standardized consistency for cement paste.
3. The fineness test evaluates the particle size distribution of cement, with finer particles offering a greater surface area for hydration.
4. The soundness test ensures cement does not expand after setting, which could indicate excess lime causing unsoundness.
5. The strength test measures the compressive strength of cement mortar mixtures at various ages (3, 7, 28 days).
6. The heat of hydration test examines the heat released
Recommended
Compressive strength in concrete test
This document discusses the compressive strength of concrete. It defines compressive strength as the ability of a material to withstand pushing forces. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. The document describes how to test the compressive strength of concrete cube and cylinder specimens. It provides details on specimen size, curing, loading rate, and calculating compressive strength based on applied load divided by cross-sectional area.
Aggregates of Concrete
Aggregates make up 65-80% of concrete's volume and are inert fillers that float in the cement paste. Their characteristics impact the performance of fresh and hardened concrete. Aggregates are classified based on size, specific gravity, availability, shape, and texture. Proper aggregate grading leads to a dense, strong concrete mixture. The fineness modulus is a number that indicates an aggregate's grading, and the flakiness index measures elongated particles. Well-graded aggregates with low elongation produce high quality concrete.
Aggregate - coarse aggregates, testing & limits
This document provides information on aggregates used in traditional building materials. It defines aggregates as fillers used with binding materials that are derived from rocks. Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete's volume and influence its properties. Aggregates are broadly classified into fine aggregates smaller than 4.75mm and coarse aggregates larger than 4.75mm. The document discusses various types of coarse aggregates based on geological origin, size, shape, and unit weight. It also covers properties of aggregates like strength, shape, specific gravity, moisture content and tests conducted on aggregates. Alkali aggregate reaction and measures to prevent it are summarized.
Properties of concrete
The document discusses various properties of fresh and hardened concrete. It describes the key materials used in concrete like cement, aggregates, and admixtures. It explains concepts like workability, bleeding, segregation, water-cement ratio, and gel space ratio for fresh concrete. For hardened concrete, it discusses compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, and curing methods. It provides classifications of concrete based on weight, strength, and applications.
Acceptance criteria of cube
The document discusses acceptance criteria for concrete cubes used to determine compressive strength. It defines key terms like specimen, sample, group, and provides requirements for sampling frequency. The characteristic strength is defined as below which 5% of tests are expected to fall. Test results are accepted if the mean strength of any 4 samples meets limits in Table 11 and individual results meet lower limits in Column 3. Requirements are adjusted for samples less than 30m3 or a single sample for small works.
Fineness test on cement
Fineness is tells about the particle distribution of cement. Fineness of is cement expressed in terms of total surface area of unit weight of of cement.
Tests
1) Sieve analysis ------->I.S.sieve NO.9 is used to test----->permissible limit for OPC is not more than 10% retained on I.S.SIEVE NO.9
2) Air permeability tests----->most commonly used in India is "BLAINE AIR PERMEABILITY TEST"
2. testing of cement ppt
The document describes 7 different tests conducted on cement:
1. Field testing examines the cement's appearance, texture, and behavior when mixed with water.
2. The standard consistency test determines the percentage of water needed to achieve a standardized consistency for cement paste.
3. The fineness test evaluates the particle size distribution of cement, with finer particles offering a greater surface area for hydration.
4. The soundness test ensures cement does not expand after setting, which could indicate excess lime causing unsoundness.
5. The strength test measures the compressive strength of cement mortar mixtures at various ages (3, 7, 28 days).
6. The heat of hydration test examines the heat released
Pull out test for concrete
The document provides instructions for conducting pull-out tests to determine the compressive strength of concrete. It states that pull-out tests should be confirmed to BS 1881 Part 207 and give a direct tensile strength value. It describes how inserts can be cast into wet concrete or positioned in hardened concrete using an under-reamed groove. When testing, at least four pull-out tests should be performed at each location and a loading rate of 0.5 ± 0.2 kN/s should be used for 25mm diameter inserts. The compressive strength can then be calculated from the direct tensile strength value obtained during testing.
production tests aging of bitumen and modified Bitumen
This document provides information on bitumen through a presentation by several people. It defines bitumen as a viscous liquid or solid consisting of hydrocarbons that is soluble in trichloroethylene. Bitumen is black or brown in color and has waterproofing and adhesive properties. It is produced from crude oil through fractional distillation. Different types of bituminous materials include tar, pitch and asphalt. The document also describes various tests conducted on bitumen like penetration test, ductility test, softening point test, and viscosity test. It provides recommended values for different bitumen grades based on these tests.
Properties of aggregrate
The document discusses the properties of aggregates used in road construction. It describes the types of aggregates derived from igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Several tests are used to evaluate aggregates including crushing value, impact value, Los Angeles abrasion and shape tests. The results of these tests are used to determine whether aggregates meet requirements for sub-base, base or surfacing layers. Requirements include maximum values for impact value, flakiness index and water absorption.
4 soundness of cement.
This document summarizes a laboratory experiment to test the soundness of cement using the Le Chatelier apparatus. The test involves making a cement paste, placing it in the apparatus, and measuring the expansion after immersion in water at room temperature for 24 hours and then boiling water for 1 hour. The expansion is calculated and compared to specifications in standards which limit expansion to 10mm. Testing cement soundness ensures the cement will not excessively expand after setting, which could cause cracking.
Types of compaction and equipment used for compaction
This document discusses types of compaction and equipment used for compacting soil and concrete. It defines compaction as the densification of soil through mechanical energy. Compaction reduces pore space in soil to increase strength, stability, and reduce permeability and erosion. Factors like water content, compactive effort, soil type, and compaction method affect results. Equipment for soil compaction includes smooth drum rollers, sheepfoot rollers, pneumatic rollers, grid rollers, tamping rollers, vibrating rollers, vibrating plates, and rammers. Equipment for concrete includes internal vibrators, form vibrators, table vibrators, and surface vibrators.
Ce8611 Highway Engineering Laboratory Manual
This document contains instructions for 10 laboratory experiments related to highway engineering materials testing. The experiments include tests on aggregate such as the Los Angeles abrasion test, specific gravity, and water absorption. Tests on bitumen include determining specific gravity, penetration value, softening point, and ductility. The introduction provides background on concrete materials including cement, water, and aggregates. It describes properties and roles of each material in concrete. Definitions and properties of soils and aggregates used in highways are also given.
Workability of Concrete
Workability refers to the ease with which fresh concrete can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. It is affected by factors like water content, mix proportions, aggregate size and shape, grading and surface texture. Increasing water content or using admixtures improves workability by acting as a lubricant between particles. Larger, rounded aggregates require less water than smaller, angular ones. Well-graded aggregates with minimal voids also increase workability. Workability can be measured using slump, compacting factor, flow, or Vee Bee tests.
3 setting time of cement
1) The document describes a test to determine the initial and final setting times of cement by using a Vicat apparatus. A cement paste sample is prepared and penetration is measured over time using needles to identify when the paste reaches initial and final set points.
2) The initial setting time is the time when the needle penetration is 5mm or higher. The final setting time is identified visually when the needle leaves an impression but the cutting edge fails to penetrate.
3) Specifications require a minimum initial setting time of 45 minutes and maximum final setting time of 10 hours or 375 minutes depending on the standard used. The test determines if the cement meets these specifications.
Presentation on plastic limit
This document provides the procedure for determining the plastic limit of a soil sample. It describes preparing a soil sample that has been passed through a 425 micron sieve. The plastic limit is determined by rolling threads of the soil into 3 mm diameters and finding the minimum water content at which it will just begin to crumble. The given soil sample had a plastic limit of 22% and a plasticity index of 16% based on calculations provided. The conclusions state that since the plastic limit is less than 25%, the soil can be used as a fill material according to MoRTH specifications.
CBR TEST
The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test measures the bearing capacity of a soil by determining the ratio of the force required to penetrate a soil mass with a standard plunger to that of a standard material. It is used to classify and evaluate soils for flexible pavement subgrades and bases. The procedure involves compacting a soil sample, soaking it for 4 days, and then applying a load through a plunger at a rate of 1.25 mm/min while measuring penetration. Load readings are recorded and used to calculate the CBR value based on standard pressures at 2.5 and 5.0 mm penetrations.
Quality control of concrete
This document discusses quality control of concrete through various tests on fresh and hardened concrete. It begins with an introduction to concrete and quality, then discusses where quality control begins in the production of materials and continues through handling, batching, mixing, transporting and placing concrete. Key tests on fresh concrete include slump and compacting factor tests, while tests on hardened concrete include compression, tensile strength, and flexural strength tests to evaluate the quality and strength of the concrete. The document also reviews materials used in concrete such as cement, water, aggregates, and admixtures.
FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
This document summarizes research on the durability of fibre reinforced concrete. It discusses how fibres can improve the properties of concrete, including increased tensile strength and resistance to cracking. It outlines the methodology of the research, which involves testing concrete reinforced with different types and amounts of fibres, including steel, glass, natural and artificial fibres. The research examines the effect of fibres on the compressive and flexural strength of concrete beams. It also evaluates the durability of fibre reinforced concrete exposed to chloride and sulfate attacks. The results indicate that natural fibre reinforced concrete has the highest tensile strength and best durability. The research concludes that fibre reinforcement improves concrete properties and durability.
Aggregate crushing strength test
This document summarizes a laboratory experiment conducted by civil engineering students at MUST to determine the crushing strength of a concrete aggregate sample. The experiment involved:
- Compacting an aggregate sample into a steel cylinder and subjecting it to a gradually increasing load in a compression testing machine according to British Standard 812.
- Sieving the crushed sample and calculating the aggregate crushing value (ACV) as the percentage of sample passing a 2.36mm sieve.
- The sample was found to have an ACV of 14.87%, indicating a "normal" quality aggregate suitable for use in road construction according to the standard.
Non destructive test on concrete (ndt)
NDT techniques can evaluate concrete structures in a non-destructive manner by assessing strength, quality, and durability without damaging the concrete. Some key NDT tests described in the document include rebound hammer testing to estimate concrete strength, UPV testing to evaluate homogeneity and detect cracks or voids, half-cell potential testing to assess corrosion risk, and cover meter testing to determine reinforcement location and concrete cover thickness. NDT allows for more extensive evaluation than destructive testing methods at a lower cost. Test results are influenced by factors like moisture, temperature, reinforcement properties, and concrete composition.
Fineness test of Cement
1) The document describes a test conducted to determine the fineness of cement. Fineness is an important property that affects the rate of hydration and strength development.
2) The test involves sieving 100g samples of cement through a 90 micrometer sieve. The weight of residue retained on the sieve is measured and used to calculate the percentage fineness.
3) The results of tests on three cement samples showed average fineness of 94.07%, indicating good quality cement. Proper procedure and precautions were followed to ensure accurate results.
Shrinkage of concrete
The document discusses the different types of shrinkage that can occur in concrete, including plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage, and carbonation shrinkage. Plastic shrinkage causes cracks on the surface of fresh concrete due to evaporation before setting. Drying shrinkage is defined as the contraction of hardened concrete from the loss of capillary water, which can lead to cracking, warping, and deflection without any external loading. In summary, the document outlines the main types of volume changes and shrinkage that concrete undergoes both during the plastic and hardened states.
Sand Replacement Method
For full course visit our website
https://www.machenlink.com/course/soil-mehcanics/
Description
Determine the unit weight of natural soil in place.
Stages
Determination of sand filling the cone
Determination bulk unit weight of sand
Determination bulk unit weight of natural soil
Procedure
Determining the weight of sand filling the cone
Sand passing through a 600µ sieve and retained over 300µ sieve is used.
Pouring cylinder attached over pouring cone is placed over level ground and completely filled with sand and weighed
The weight of sand + cylinder before pouring =푤_1
Now place the cylinder on the glass plate and open the shutter allow the sand to run out. Weigh the sand collected on the glass plate. This is the weight of sand filling pouring cone.
The weight of sand in pouring cone =푤_푐표푛푒
The weight of sand + cylinder after pouring on the glass =푤_2
The weight of sand in pouring cone =푤_푐표푛푒=푤_1−푤_2
Determination of bulk unit weight of sand
Determine the volume of the calibrated container (V)
Filled the pouring cylinder with weight 푤_1 again. Now placed over calibrating container and open the shutter, permit the sand to run into calibrating cylinder. When no further movement of sand is seen, close the shutter. Remove the pouring cylinder and weigh it.
The weight of sand + cylinder after pouring into calibrated cylinder =푤_3
The weight of sand filling calibrated cylinder (푤_푐푐 )=푤_1−(푤_푐표푛푒+푤_3 ")"
Determination of bulk unit weight of natural soil
Exposed about 45 cm square area of the soil and trim it down to a level surface.
Keep the metal tray on the level surface and excavate a circular hole of 10 cm diameter and 15 cm depth.
The weight of excavated soil =푤^′
Remove the tray, and placed the sand pouring cylinder over the hole, the cylinder should have sand of weight 푤_1.
Open the shutter and permit the sand to run into the hole. Close the shutter when no movement of the sand seen.
Remove the cylinder and weigh the sand pouring cylinder.
The weight of sand +cylinder after pouring into hole =푤_4
The weight of sand in the hole 〖(푤〗_ℎ표푙푒)=푤_1−(푤_4+푤_푐표푛푒)
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Follow #MachenLink
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/machenLink/
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/machenlink/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MachenLink
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF CONCRETE
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
Properties of concrete
Stress-strain relationship in compression
Compressive strength
Tensile strength
Modulus of elasticity
Creep
Shrinkage
Durability
Tests of aggregates
This document provides information on various tests conducted on aggregates that are used in construction. It describes the aggregate abrasion value test, which determines the abrasion resistance and hardness of aggregates. It also summarizes the aggregate impact value test, which evaluates the resistance of aggregates to shocks and impacts, and the aggregate crushing value test, which determines the resistance of aggregates to crushing under gradually applied compressive loads. Finally, it outlines the procedure to determine the specific gravity and water absorption of aggregates.
Tests of cement in concrete technology
Tests of cements can be categorized as either field testing or laboratory testing. Laboratory testing includes fineness test, standard consistency test, setting time test, strength test, soundness test, heat of hydration test, and chemical composition test. The fineness test determines the particle size of cement, which affects the rate of hydration and strength development. The standard consistency test finds the amount of water needed to produce a cement paste that can be properly worked. The setting time test identifies the initial and final set times of cement. The strength test evaluates compressive strength of cement mortar cubes. The soundness test checks for expansion of cement after setting. The heat of hydration test measures heat released during cement hydration. Chemical composition
Properties of Concrete (cement)
The document provides information about cement, including its definition, main types, ingredients, and tests. It defines cement as a binder with hydraulic properties made of calcium silicates and other calcium compounds. The main types of cement are used in mortar and concrete production. Key ingredients in cement include lime, silica, alumina, and magnesium. Cement can be tested through field tests like color, texture, and setting behavior or through laboratory tests of fineness, setting time, strength, soundness, and heat of hydration.
More Related Content
What's hot
Pull out test for concrete
The document provides instructions for conducting pull-out tests to determine the compressive strength of concrete. It states that pull-out tests should be confirmed to BS 1881 Part 207 and give a direct tensile strength value. It describes how inserts can be cast into wet concrete or positioned in hardened concrete using an under-reamed groove. When testing, at least four pull-out tests should be performed at each location and a loading rate of 0.5 ± 0.2 kN/s should be used for 25mm diameter inserts. The compressive strength can then be calculated from the direct tensile strength value obtained during testing.
production tests aging of bitumen and modified Bitumen
This document provides information on bitumen through a presentation by several people. It defines bitumen as a viscous liquid or solid consisting of hydrocarbons that is soluble in trichloroethylene. Bitumen is black or brown in color and has waterproofing and adhesive properties. It is produced from crude oil through fractional distillation. Different types of bituminous materials include tar, pitch and asphalt. The document also describes various tests conducted on bitumen like penetration test, ductility test, softening point test, and viscosity test. It provides recommended values for different bitumen grades based on these tests.
Properties of aggregrate
The document discusses the properties of aggregates used in road construction. It describes the types of aggregates derived from igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Several tests are used to evaluate aggregates including crushing value, impact value, Los Angeles abrasion and shape tests. The results of these tests are used to determine whether aggregates meet requirements for sub-base, base or surfacing layers. Requirements include maximum values for impact value, flakiness index and water absorption.
4 soundness of cement.
This document summarizes a laboratory experiment to test the soundness of cement using the Le Chatelier apparatus. The test involves making a cement paste, placing it in the apparatus, and measuring the expansion after immersion in water at room temperature for 24 hours and then boiling water for 1 hour. The expansion is calculated and compared to specifications in standards which limit expansion to 10mm. Testing cement soundness ensures the cement will not excessively expand after setting, which could cause cracking.
Types of compaction and equipment used for compaction
This document discusses types of compaction and equipment used for compacting soil and concrete. It defines compaction as the densification of soil through mechanical energy. Compaction reduces pore space in soil to increase strength, stability, and reduce permeability and erosion. Factors like water content, compactive effort, soil type, and compaction method affect results. Equipment for soil compaction includes smooth drum rollers, sheepfoot rollers, pneumatic rollers, grid rollers, tamping rollers, vibrating rollers, vibrating plates, and rammers. Equipment for concrete includes internal vibrators, form vibrators, table vibrators, and surface vibrators.
Ce8611 Highway Engineering Laboratory Manual
This document contains instructions for 10 laboratory experiments related to highway engineering materials testing. The experiments include tests on aggregate such as the Los Angeles abrasion test, specific gravity, and water absorption. Tests on bitumen include determining specific gravity, penetration value, softening point, and ductility. The introduction provides background on concrete materials including cement, water, and aggregates. It describes properties and roles of each material in concrete. Definitions and properties of soils and aggregates used in highways are also given.
Workability of Concrete
Workability refers to the ease with which fresh concrete can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. It is affected by factors like water content, mix proportions, aggregate size and shape, grading and surface texture. Increasing water content or using admixtures improves workability by acting as a lubricant between particles. Larger, rounded aggregates require less water than smaller, angular ones. Well-graded aggregates with minimal voids also increase workability. Workability can be measured using slump, compacting factor, flow, or Vee Bee tests.
3 setting time of cement
1) The document describes a test to determine the initial and final setting times of cement by using a Vicat apparatus. A cement paste sample is prepared and penetration is measured over time using needles to identify when the paste reaches initial and final set points.
2) The initial setting time is the time when the needle penetration is 5mm or higher. The final setting time is identified visually when the needle leaves an impression but the cutting edge fails to penetrate.
3) Specifications require a minimum initial setting time of 45 minutes and maximum final setting time of 10 hours or 375 minutes depending on the standard used. The test determines if the cement meets these specifications.
Presentation on plastic limit
This document provides the procedure for determining the plastic limit of a soil sample. It describes preparing a soil sample that has been passed through a 425 micron sieve. The plastic limit is determined by rolling threads of the soil into 3 mm diameters and finding the minimum water content at which it will just begin to crumble. The given soil sample had a plastic limit of 22% and a plasticity index of 16% based on calculations provided. The conclusions state that since the plastic limit is less than 25%, the soil can be used as a fill material according to MoRTH specifications.
CBR TEST
The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test measures the bearing capacity of a soil by determining the ratio of the force required to penetrate a soil mass with a standard plunger to that of a standard material. It is used to classify and evaluate soils for flexible pavement subgrades and bases. The procedure involves compacting a soil sample, soaking it for 4 days, and then applying a load through a plunger at a rate of 1.25 mm/min while measuring penetration. Load readings are recorded and used to calculate the CBR value based on standard pressures at 2.5 and 5.0 mm penetrations.
Quality control of concrete
This document discusses quality control of concrete through various tests on fresh and hardened concrete. It begins with an introduction to concrete and quality, then discusses where quality control begins in the production of materials and continues through handling, batching, mixing, transporting and placing concrete. Key tests on fresh concrete include slump and compacting factor tests, while tests on hardened concrete include compression, tensile strength, and flexural strength tests to evaluate the quality and strength of the concrete. The document also reviews materials used in concrete such as cement, water, aggregates, and admixtures.
FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
This document summarizes research on the durability of fibre reinforced concrete. It discusses how fibres can improve the properties of concrete, including increased tensile strength and resistance to cracking. It outlines the methodology of the research, which involves testing concrete reinforced with different types and amounts of fibres, including steel, glass, natural and artificial fibres. The research examines the effect of fibres on the compressive and flexural strength of concrete beams. It also evaluates the durability of fibre reinforced concrete exposed to chloride and sulfate attacks. The results indicate that natural fibre reinforced concrete has the highest tensile strength and best durability. The research concludes that fibre reinforcement improves concrete properties and durability.
Aggregate crushing strength test
This document summarizes a laboratory experiment conducted by civil engineering students at MUST to determine the crushing strength of a concrete aggregate sample. The experiment involved:
- Compacting an aggregate sample into a steel cylinder and subjecting it to a gradually increasing load in a compression testing machine according to British Standard 812.
- Sieving the crushed sample and calculating the aggregate crushing value (ACV) as the percentage of sample passing a 2.36mm sieve.
- The sample was found to have an ACV of 14.87%, indicating a "normal" quality aggregate suitable for use in road construction according to the standard.
Non destructive test on concrete (ndt)
NDT techniques can evaluate concrete structures in a non-destructive manner by assessing strength, quality, and durability without damaging the concrete. Some key NDT tests described in the document include rebound hammer testing to estimate concrete strength, UPV testing to evaluate homogeneity and detect cracks or voids, half-cell potential testing to assess corrosion risk, and cover meter testing to determine reinforcement location and concrete cover thickness. NDT allows for more extensive evaluation than destructive testing methods at a lower cost. Test results are influenced by factors like moisture, temperature, reinforcement properties, and concrete composition.
Fineness test of Cement
1) The document describes a test conducted to determine the fineness of cement. Fineness is an important property that affects the rate of hydration and strength development.
2) The test involves sieving 100g samples of cement through a 90 micrometer sieve. The weight of residue retained on the sieve is measured and used to calculate the percentage fineness.
3) The results of tests on three cement samples showed average fineness of 94.07%, indicating good quality cement. Proper procedure and precautions were followed to ensure accurate results.
Shrinkage of concrete
The document discusses the different types of shrinkage that can occur in concrete, including plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage, and carbonation shrinkage. Plastic shrinkage causes cracks on the surface of fresh concrete due to evaporation before setting. Drying shrinkage is defined as the contraction of hardened concrete from the loss of capillary water, which can lead to cracking, warping, and deflection without any external loading. In summary, the document outlines the main types of volume changes and shrinkage that concrete undergoes both during the plastic and hardened states.
Sand Replacement Method
For full course visit our website
https://www.machenlink.com/course/soil-mehcanics/
Description
Determine the unit weight of natural soil in place.
Stages
Determination of sand filling the cone
Determination bulk unit weight of sand
Determination bulk unit weight of natural soil
Procedure
Determining the weight of sand filling the cone
Sand passing through a 600µ sieve and retained over 300µ sieve is used.
Pouring cylinder attached over pouring cone is placed over level ground and completely filled with sand and weighed
The weight of sand + cylinder before pouring =푤_1
Now place the cylinder on the glass plate and open the shutter allow the sand to run out. Weigh the sand collected on the glass plate. This is the weight of sand filling pouring cone.
The weight of sand in pouring cone =푤_푐표푛푒
The weight of sand + cylinder after pouring on the glass =푤_2
The weight of sand in pouring cone =푤_푐표푛푒=푤_1−푤_2
Determination of bulk unit weight of sand
Determine the volume of the calibrated container (V)
Filled the pouring cylinder with weight 푤_1 again. Now placed over calibrating container and open the shutter, permit the sand to run into calibrating cylinder. When no further movement of sand is seen, close the shutter. Remove the pouring cylinder and weigh it.
The weight of sand + cylinder after pouring into calibrated cylinder =푤_3
The weight of sand filling calibrated cylinder (푤_푐푐 )=푤_1−(푤_푐표푛푒+푤_3 ")"
Determination of bulk unit weight of natural soil
Exposed about 45 cm square area of the soil and trim it down to a level surface.
Keep the metal tray on the level surface and excavate a circular hole of 10 cm diameter and 15 cm depth.
The weight of excavated soil =푤^′
Remove the tray, and placed the sand pouring cylinder over the hole, the cylinder should have sand of weight 푤_1.
Open the shutter and permit the sand to run into the hole. Close the shutter when no movement of the sand seen.
Remove the cylinder and weigh the sand pouring cylinder.
The weight of sand +cylinder after pouring into hole =푤_4
The weight of sand in the hole 〖(푤〗_ℎ표푙푒)=푤_1−(푤_4+푤_푐표푛푒)
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Follow #MachenLink
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/machenLink/
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/machenlink/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MachenLink
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF CONCRETE
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
Properties of concrete
Stress-strain relationship in compression
Compressive strength
Tensile strength
Modulus of elasticity
Creep
Shrinkage
Durability
Tests of aggregates
This document provides information on various tests conducted on aggregates that are used in construction. It describes the aggregate abrasion value test, which determines the abrasion resistance and hardness of aggregates. It also summarizes the aggregate impact value test, which evaluates the resistance of aggregates to shocks and impacts, and the aggregate crushing value test, which determines the resistance of aggregates to crushing under gradually applied compressive loads. Finally, it outlines the procedure to determine the specific gravity and water absorption of aggregates.
What's hot (20)
production tests aging of bitumen and modified Bitumen
production tests aging of bitumen and modified Bitumen
Types of compaction and equipment used for compaction
Types of compaction and equipment used for compaction
Similar to How to determine Soundness of cement?
Tests of cement in concrete technology
Tests of cements can be categorized as either field testing or laboratory testing. Laboratory testing includes fineness test, standard consistency test, setting time test, strength test, soundness test, heat of hydration test, and chemical composition test. The fineness test determines the particle size of cement, which affects the rate of hydration and strength development. The standard consistency test finds the amount of water needed to produce a cement paste that can be properly worked. The setting time test identifies the initial and final set times of cement. The strength test evaluates compressive strength of cement mortar cubes. The soundness test checks for expansion of cement after setting. The heat of hydration test measures heat released during cement hydration. Chemical composition
Properties of Concrete (cement)
The document provides information about cement, including its definition, main types, ingredients, and tests. It defines cement as a binder with hydraulic properties made of calcium silicates and other calcium compounds. The main types of cement are used in mortar and concrete production. Key ingredients in cement include lime, silica, alumina, and magnesium. Cement can be tested through field tests like color, texture, and setting behavior or through laboratory tests of fineness, setting time, strength, soundness, and heat of hydration.
Soundness.pptx
This document discusses the soundness test for cement. It defines soundness as a cement's ability to retain its volume after hardening. Unsoundness can cause cracks. The Le Chatelier test measures expansion after boiling, which accelerates hydration of any free lime. The procedure involves making a paste with 78% of the water for standard consistency, placing it in a mold between glass plates, boiling for 3 hours, and measuring expansion. Expansion of less than 10mm indicates sound cement. The document provides details of the test apparatus, procedure, and results for a sample cement which showed average expansion of 7mm, indicating it is sound.
Ppt on test certificate-Amit Payal
This document summarizes the test certificate of Wonder Cement PPC. It discusses the batch number coding system used on cement bags and provides details on the physical and chemical properties tested, including fineness, setting time, soundness, and compressive strength. The presentation was given by Pawan Dhillon and Krishna Soni from the concrete testing department. Test results for the specific batch of Wonder Cement PPC met all Indian standards requirements for properties such as insoluble residue, magnesia content, and chloride content.
Properties of concrete
The document summarizes several tests conducted on cement to determine its properties and quality. It describes procedures for testing the fineness, consistency, setting time, soundness, tensile strength and compressive strength of cement. Fineness is measured by sieving cement and finding the percentage residue. Consistency is determined using a Vicat apparatus. Setting time tests use Vicat needles to find when the cement can no longer be penetrated or indented. Soundness ensures cement does not excessively expand when boiled. Tensile and compressive strength tests involve making mortar cubes or cylinders and testing them after curing.
Buildingmaterialslabmanuallab01 161125043012
This document is a lab manual for experiments related to building materials. It provides procedures and instructions for 9 experiments:
1. Determining the normal consistency of cement.
2. Measuring the initial and final setting time of cement.
3. Testing the compressive strength of cement samples.
4. Finding the specific gravity of fine aggregate.
5. Analyzing the grain size distribution of fine aggregate using sieves.
6. Measuring the crushing value of coarse aggregate.
7. Determining the impact value of aggregate.
8. Testing the compressive strength of concrete cubes.
9. Additional aggregate testing experiments are also described.
The
Buildingmaterialslabmanuallab01 161125043012 (1)
This document is a lab manual that outlines procedures for testing building materials. It includes 9 experiments:
1. Determining the normal consistency of cement
2. Measuring the initial and final setting time of cement
3. Testing the compressive strength of cement samples cured for 3, 7, and 28 days
4. Finding the specific gravity of a fine aggregate sample
5. Analyzing the grain size distribution of fine aggregates
6. Measuring the crushing value and impact value of aggregate samples
7. Determining the compressive strength of concrete cubes
The document provides detailed instructions for setting up and performing each experiment, including lists of required equipment and steps for taking measurements, making observations, and calculating
Building materials lab_manual lab 01
This document is a lab manual for experiments related to building materials. It provides procedures and instructions for 9 experiments:
1. Determining the normal consistency of cement.
2. Measuring the initial and final setting time of cement.
3. Testing the compressive strength of cement samples.
4. Finding the specific gravity of fine aggregate.
5. Analyzing the grain size distribution of fine aggregate using sieves.
6. Measuring the crushing value of coarse aggregate.
7. Determining the impact value of aggregate.
8. Testing the compressive strength of concrete cubes.
9. Additional aggregate testing experiments are also described.
The
Cement Test.pdf
This file have a great information about test on cement, their methods, result etc. This file give you great knowledge about cement.
cm lab report.docx
The document summarizes several experiments conducted to determine properties of cement and concrete materials:
1. The normal consistency of cement is determined by finding the water-cement ratio that allows a cement paste to penetrate 10±1mm in the Vicat apparatus. Two trials found ratios of 28% and 32% water were not normal consistent.
2. The initial and final setting times of cement are determined using a Vicat apparatus and found to be 120 minutes and 300 minutes respectively, meeting Ethiopian standards.
3. The silt content of sand is determined by allowing fines to settle in water, finding a sample had 8.333% silt, exceeding the 6% standard.
4. The work
Normal Consistency and Sitting times of cement paste
This document describes procedures for determining the normal consistency, setting times, and fineness of cement through various tests. The normal consistency test involves adding varying amounts of water to cement to find the water-cement ratio that gives a paste with a penetration depth between 5-7 mm. The initial setting time is found to be 1 hour and 22 minutes, while the final setting time is generally between 10-12 hours. The Blaine permeability test measures fineness through the specific surface area, found to be 93.52 m2/kg for the sample tested.
Experiment no 03 setting time of cement.
This test method is used to determine the time of setting of the cement by VICAT
needle apparatus.
The knowledge of the setting time of the cement is always helpful in deciding the time duration
to mix, transport, place and compact the concrete effectively.
We always prefer a larger initial setting time so that we can mix, transport and place the
concrete easily. According to ASTM specifications, the initial setting time shall not be less
than 45 min but in the field we prefer an initial setting time not less than 90 min.
A smaller value of the final setting time is always preferred in order to avoid large expenditures
on the formwork. According to most of the specifications, the final setting time shall not be
greater than 10hrs and shall not be less than (90 + 1.2 x (initial setting time)) min.
Cement test
Cement is tested through laboratory and field tests to evaluate its properties and suitability. Key laboratory tests described in the document include:
- Fineness tests which measure particle size and surface area to determine reactivity.
- Setting time tests which ensure cement sets within specified time limits.
- Compressive strength tests where cement mortar cubes are crushed to determine strength over time.
- Soundness and loss of ignition tests which evaluate volume stability and carbon/moisture content.
Results of laboratory tests help ensure cement meets standards before use in construction projects.
Concreate technology
1) The fineness of cement affects the rate of hydration and strength development, with finer cement providing a greater surface area for faster hydration.
2) Cement fineness is tested through sieving and air permeability methods to determine particle size distribution and specific surface area.
3) The standard consistency test determines the amount of water required to produce a cement paste that allows a Vicat plunger to penetrate 33-35mm, which is then used to test initial and final setting times of cement.
Cement tests
Information on the slides is found on the internet. Any incorrect information is not intended. All credit is given to the source of information, not to the author of this slide.
DOC-20231025- ggffgghjmgghhhjWA0006..pptx
The document discusses various field and laboratory tests conducted on cement to determine its properties and suitability for use in construction. Some key tests mentioned include:
1. Initial and final setting time tests using Vicat apparatus to measure the time taken for cement paste to stiffen and harden.
2. Soundness test using Le Chatelier apparatus to check if cement paste retains its volume after setting.
3. Fineness test using Blaine air permeability method to measure particle size distribution and surface area.
4. Compressive strength test on cement mortar cubes to determine load bearing capacity at different ages.
Cement and admixtures
1. This document describes various tests conducted on cement and concrete to determine their properties and quality, including fineness, consistency, setting time, soundness, compressive strength, and workability.
2. Tests are also described for determining water demand and the effects of admixtures on properties like setting time and strength.
3. Common admixtures include accelerators, retarders, air-entrainers, and water-reducers, which can improve concrete workability, permeability, cracking resistance and durability.
Soundness of Hydraulic Cement Paste | Jameel Academy
This report summarizes the results of a test conducted to determine the soundness of a hydraulic cement paste. The Le-Chatelier test and ASTM C 151-05 autoclave test were performed according to standard procedures. For the Le-Chatelier test, the initial and final distances between indicator points were 7mm and 11mm respectively, resulting in an expansion of 4mm. Since the measured expansion was less than the maximum standard of 10mm, the cement paste was determined to have sufficient soundness for construction applications without risk of cracking. In conclusion, the purpose of the soundness test is to evaluate a cement's ability to retain volume after setting and hardening without excessive expansion that could cause structural issues.
Cement ppt by alpana
This document discusses various tests performed on cement to determine its quality, including:
1. Visual inspection tests to check for lumps, color, and texture.
2. Standard consistency and setting time tests to determine the amount of water needed and how long cement takes to set.
3. Fineness tests to measure particle size, with finer cement offering a greater surface area for hydration.
4. Soundness tests to ensure cement does not expand after setting.
5. Compressive strength tests involving cement-sand mortar cubes to quantify the strength of hardened cement.
Testing of cement
The document summarizes various tests conducted on cement, including:
1. Field testing to check for lumps, color, texture and consistency.
2. Standard consistency tests to determine the percentage of water required for a cement paste.
3. Fineness tests using sieving or air permeability methods to check particle size.
4. Soundness tests using a Le Chatelier apparatus to ensure cement does not expand after setting.
5. Strength tests involving casting cement-sand mortar cubes and breaking them to measure compressive strength after curing.
Similar to How to determine Soundness of cement? (20)
Normal Consistency and Sitting times of cement paste
Normal Consistency and Sitting times of cement paste
Soundness of Hydraulic Cement Paste | Jameel Academy
Soundness of Hydraulic Cement Paste | Jameel Academy
More from Civil Insider
Tests of cement infographic
Get [PPT] [PDF] here
https://civilinsider.com/tests-on-cement/
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider. com
If Cement satisfies all the field tests then it indicates that Cement is not bad for Construction but it also doesn’t show that Cement is really good for Mass work. For using Cement in big and massive works it is dependent on the part of the user to test the cement in the laboratory to …
Limit state, working stress, ultimate load method - Detailed Concept
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/design-philosophies-of-rcc-structure/
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
Various design philosophies have been invented in the different parts of the world to design RCC structures. In 1900 theory by Coignet and Tedesco was accepted and codified as Working Stress Method. The Working Stress Method was in use for several years until the revision of IS 456 in 2000.
What are the Various Design Philosophies?
Working Stress Method
limit state method
ultimate load method
#civil insider
One way slab and two way slab- Difference between
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/difference-between-one-way-slab-and-two-way-slab/
What is a Slab?
Slabs are the one of the most widely used structural elements whose depth is considerably smaller than rest of the dimensions. Basically slabs are used as roofs and floors in buildings, roof and bottom on water tanks, on bridges etc.
Slabs support and transfer load i.e. Dead load and live load, to columns by shear, flexure, and torsion. Slabs also help in reducing the effects of lateral wind loads and earthquake loads.
What is One Way Slab?
One way slabs are the slabs in which most of the loads are carried on the shorter span. The ratio of longer span to shorter span is equal to or greater than two or when the slab is supported by beams only along two opposite sides slab then the slab behaves as a One-way slab.
What is Two Way Slab?
Two-way slabs are the slabs in which loads are carried on both of the spans. The ratio of longer span to shorter span is less than two and when the slab is supported by beams along all the sides then the slab behaves as a two-way slab.
Difference Between One Way Slab and Two Way Slab
WSM and LSM in RCC
Get PPT here
What is Working Stress Method of Design?
In the working stress design method for Reinforced Concrete Structures design, concrete is assumed as elastic also concrete and steel act together as a single unit elastically i.e relationship between stress and strain is linear.
WSM and LSM steel structures
Get PPT here
What is the WSM method?
In the working stress method, the stress-strain curve is assumed to be linear to the yield stress. To overcome the problems and damages due to uncertainty in design, permissible stress is kept as a fraction of the yield stress. As factor of safety is the ratio of yield stress to working stress, the members of the structure are sized to keep stresses within the permissible value.
The working stress method is the oldest systematic analytical design method. Although IS 800-2007 gives more details and preferences to limit state method, it also permits the use of the working stress method wherever the limit state method is not practically adaptable.
In Limit State Method, structure should be able to carry and withstand all the loads which will act on it throughout its life. Structure should not suffer total collapse under any kind of accidental loads such as explosions.
Field tests on cement- how and why.
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/field-tests-on-cement/
Construction materials testing is a process that helps engineers, contractors, and owners to list out problems and deficiencies in materials before actual construction. Field testing help to find out whether the materials are suitable for construction or not by just simple visual and easy practical tests.
Why to Test Cement on Site?
Testing of Cement on the site is done using some quality tests to get an overview of cement in a short period of time. It’s impossible to carry out Laboratory tests in a short period of time and for a small or medium-scale work so some field tests are carried out to check the quality of cement. These tests give an overview of the quality of cement.
What are the common tests performed on cement?
Cement Testing can be done by two types
A) Field Testing
B) Lab Testing
Further, Field Tests Classified as
1 | Colour
2 | Lump Test
3 | Smoothness Test
4 | Temperature Test
5 | Float Test
6 | Setting Test
7 | StrengthTest
8 | Date of Manufacturing
00:20 Introduction to Field Tests on Cement
00:30 Why to test cement on field
00:40 What are the tests conducted on cement
00:50 Colour tests
01:00 Lump test
01:10 Smoothness Test
01:20 Temperature Test
01:30 Float Test
01:40 Setting Test
01:50 Strength Test
01:60 Smell Test
01:70 Date of Manufacturing
#civilinsider #civilread #Subscription_व_Live_Classes_Schedule_in_Description
Tests of cement- Lab tests
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/tests-on-cement/
If Cement satisfies all the field tests then it indicates that Cement is not bad for Construction but it also doesn’t show that Cement is really good for Mass work. For using Cement in big and massive works it is dependent on the part of the user to test the cement in the laboratory to confirm the requirements of the Indian Standard specifications respect to its physical and chemical properties.
All the Tests on Cement mentioned here have their own importance. These Cement Tests examines all properties and overall performance of Cement.
Timelapse
00:00 7 Must-Have Tests on Cement
00:20 Introduction
00:30 Purposes of Testing of Cement
00:40 Tests conducted for Cement
00:50 Fineness Test on cement
01:00 Standard Consistency Test
01:10 Setting time test
01:20 Compressive Strength Test
01:30 Soundness test
01:40 Heat of Hydration test
#civilinsider #Subscription_व_Live_Classes_Schedule_in_Description #gate
How to determine compressive strength of cement?
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/compressive-strength-test-on-cement/
The compressive strength of hardened cement is the most important of all the properties. Therefore, it is not surprising that the cement is always tested for its strength at the laboratory before the cement is used in important works.
Why the compressive strength test of Cement is important? Compressive Strength Test on Cement mortar is calculated to find out whether the Cement conforms IS specifications or not and whether it can develop required strength or not when used in Concrete.
Any kind of strength testings are not done directly on Cement itself because of properties like shrinkage and cracking. So Compressive strength test on Cement either done in the form of mortar or concrete. In this article, we will take a look at the compressive strength test of cement mortar using standard sand conforming to IS 650-1991.
How to determine Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement?
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/initial-and-final-setting-time-of-cement/
During Construction using concrete, cement paste, mortar certain time is required for mixing, transportation, placing, compacting and finishing. During this time concrete, mortar, cement paste should be in plastic condition and should not harden and it is mandatory that one should use the concrete before it starts to loose its plasticity. So How should someone know how long is concrete workable? and How much travel time is permitted for concrete?
Well its Setting time that tells us how long concrete is going to be workable. Now the question is What is Setting Time of Cement?
How to determine Standard consistency of cement?
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/standard-consistency-test-on-cement/
What is Consistency of Cement?
Consistency of Cement is amount of water required to initiate the chemical reaction between cement and water to make the uniform cement paste.
Define Standard Consistency of Cement?
Standard Consistency of Cement is defined as Consistency which will permit Vicat plunger with 10mm diameter and 50mm length to penetrate to a depth of 33-35mm from top of the mould.
Standard Consistency of Cement can also be defined as Consistency of cement which will permit Vicat plunger to penetrate to the point 5-7mm from the bottom of the mould.
Also Standard Consistency means the amount of water required to make Cement Paste Plastic.
Classification of Cement- ASTM Classification
This slide gives a detailed explanation of the ASTM classification of cement. Also, you can visit www.civilinsider.com for more details
Slide1:
Slide2:
Slide3:
Slide4:
Slide5:
Slide4:
Slide6:
Slide7:
Slide8:
Slide9:
You can also visit https://civilinsider.com/ for a more detailed explanation.
Civil Engineering Journals in the World
For a more detailed explanation and links to the Civil Engineering Journals in India visit
https://civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-civil-engineering-journals-in-india/
Here we've listed Civil Engineering Journals in India which might help you in your final year projects. This list of Civil Engineering Journals from India shows only a randomized handpicked list and not the rankings.
Hope you find the right one and if you do please let me know in the comments below.
Civil Engineering Journals in India
For more detailed explanation and links to the Civil Engineering Journals in India visit
https://civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-civil-engineering-journals-in-india/
Here we've listed Civil Engineering Journals in India which might help you in your final year projects. This list of Civil Engineering Journals from India shows only a randomized handpicked list and not the rankings.
Hope you find the right one and if you do please let me know in the comments below.
More from Civil Insider (13)
Limit state, working stress, ultimate load method - Detailed Concept
Limit state, working stress, ultimate load method - Detailed Concept
How to determine Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement?
How to determine Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement?
Recently uploaded
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part III
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
New techniques for characterising damage in rock slopes.pdf
rock mass characterization and New techniques for characterising damage in rock slopes
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Eric Nizeyimana's document 2006 from gicumbi to ttc nyamata handball play
this notes have been created
by Eric36 at nyamata ttc
after readings
pe book for y2sme .
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
Bigdata of technology
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part II
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
哪里办理(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
官方认证美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
ISPM 15 Heat Treated Wood Stamps and why your shipping must have one
For International shipping and maritime laws all wood must contain the ISPM 15 Stamp. Here is how and why.
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine Learning
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Recently uploaded (20)
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part III
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part III
New techniques for characterising damage in rock slopes.pdf
New techniques for characterising damage in rock slopes.pdf
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Eric Nizeyimana's document 2006 from gicumbi to ttc nyamata handball play
Eric Nizeyimana's document 2006 from gicumbi to ttc nyamata handball play
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part II
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part II
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
basic-wireline-operations-course-mahmoud-f-radwan.pdf
basic-wireline-operations-course-mahmoud-f-radwan.pdf
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
ISPM 15 Heat Treated Wood Stamps and why your shipping must have one
ISPM 15 Heat Treated Wood Stamps and why your shipping must have one
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
How to determine Soundness of cement?
- 1. SOUNDNESS TEST ON CEMENT By Le-chatliers Apparatus
- 3. What is the Soundness of Cement? What is mean by soundness of cement? This is what soundness definition in civil engineering says “The ability of cement to resist the expansion and retain its original volume is called Soundness of Cement.” This indicates that a perfectly sound cement will undergo minimum volume change.
- 4. Aim To determine Soundness of cement by Le-Chateliers apparatus.
- 5. APPARATUS 01 02 03 04 05
- 6. PROCEDURE Fill the mould with gauging Cement paste made with 0.78 times water required to give paste of standard Consistency. 1 Cover the surface by any kind of Oiled sheet.2 Place a small weight on the sheet and allow the whole assembly to submerge into water immediately with normal room temperature for 24 hrs. 3 Remove the assembly after 24hrs and measure the distance separating the indicator points and submerge the mould again. 4 Bring the water Boiling with mould kept in it to 20 to 30 min then keep it boiling for 3 hrs. 5 Now remove the mould allow it to cool and then measure distance between indicator points. 6 The difference between two measurements indicates the expansion in the Cement. 7
- 7. FIGURE
- 9. CONCLUSION The expansion should not exceed 10 mm for OPC, rapid hardening cement and low heat Portland cements. If the expansion goes more than 10 mm on testing, the cement is said to be unsound. Le-Chatliers Apparatus helps us to find excess Lime present in Cement. Presence of unburnt lime may develop cracks in the cement because of increase in volume.
- 10. FOR MORE DETAILS VISIT 2
- 11. WATCH OUR VIDEO
- 12. Thank you for Being With Us! Subscribe to get notified