This document describes procedures for determining the normal consistency, setting times, and fineness of cement through various tests. The normal consistency test involves adding varying amounts of water to cement to find the water-cement ratio that gives a paste with a penetration depth between 5-7 mm. The initial setting time is found to be 1 hour and 22 minutes, while the final setting time is generally between 10-12 hours. The Blaine permeability test measures fineness through the specific surface area, found to be 93.52 m2/kg for the sample tested.
This test method is used to determine the time of setting of the cement by VICAT
needle apparatus.
The knowledge of the setting time of the cement is always helpful in deciding the time duration
to mix, transport, place and compact the concrete effectively.
We always prefer a larger initial setting time so that we can mix, transport and place the
concrete easily. According to ASTM specifications, the initial setting time shall not be less
than 45 min but in the field we prefer an initial setting time not less than 90 min.
A smaller value of the final setting time is always preferred in order to avoid large expenditures
on the formwork. According to most of the specifications, the final setting time shall not be
greater than 10hrs and shall not be less than (90 + 1.2 x (initial setting time)) min.
This test method is used to determine the time of setting of the cement by VICAT
needle apparatus.
The knowledge of the setting time of the cement is always helpful in deciding the time duration
to mix, transport, place and compact the concrete effectively.
We always prefer a larger initial setting time so that we can mix, transport and place the
concrete easily. According to ASTM specifications, the initial setting time shall not be less
than 45 min but in the field we prefer an initial setting time not less than 90 min.
A smaller value of the final setting time is always preferred in order to avoid large expenditures
on the formwork. According to most of the specifications, the final setting time shall not be
greater than 10hrs and shall not be less than (90 + 1.2 x (initial setting time)) min.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON BRICKS
IS 3495 (part 2) : 1992
Theory: -
Brick for external use must be capable of preventing rain water from passing through them to the inside of walls of reasonable thickness. A good brick should absorb water maximum 1/7th of the weight of the brick.
Water absorption test on bricks are conducted to determine durability property of bricks such as degree of burning, quality and behaviour of bricks in weathering.
The degree of compactness of bricks can be obtained by water absorption test, as water is absorbed by pores in bricks. The water absorption by bricks increase with increase in pores.
water absorption shall not be more than 20 percent by weight up to class 12.5 and 15 percent by weight for higher classes.
Equipment for Moisture Content of brick :-
Water Bath: Temperature should be maintained at 27 ± 2°C for 24 hours.
Weighing Balance: A sensitive balance capable of weighing within 0.1 percent of the mass of the specimen.
Oven: Temperature should be maintained at 105 to 115 degree Celsius.
Testing Procedure:-
Immerse specimen in clean water at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C for 24 hours. Remove the specimen and wipe out any traces of water with a damp cloth and weigh the specimen. Complete the weighing 3 minutes after the specimen has been removed from water (W1).
Dry the specimen in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105 to 115°C for 24 hours. Cool the specimen to room temperature and obtain its weight (W2). Specimen warm to touch shall not be used for the purpose.
Water absorption, percent by mass, after 24-hour immersion in cold water is given by the following formula:
(𝑊1 −𝑊2)/𝑊2 * 100
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON BRICKS
IS 3495 (part 2) : 1992
Theory: -
Brick for external use must be capable of preventing rain water from passing through them to the inside of walls of reasonable thickness. A good brick should absorb water maximum 1/7th of the weight of the brick.
Water absorption test on bricks are conducted to determine durability property of bricks such as degree of burning, quality and behaviour of bricks in weathering.
The degree of compactness of bricks can be obtained by water absorption test, as water is absorbed by pores in bricks. The water absorption by bricks increase with increase in pores.
water absorption shall not be more than 20 percent by weight up to class 12.5 and 15 percent by weight for higher classes.
Equipment for Moisture Content of brick :-
Water Bath: Temperature should be maintained at 27 ± 2°C for 24 hours.
Weighing Balance: A sensitive balance capable of weighing within 0.1 percent of the mass of the specimen.
Oven: Temperature should be maintained at 105 to 115 degree Celsius.
Testing Procedure:-
Immerse specimen in clean water at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C for 24 hours. Remove the specimen and wipe out any traces of water with a damp cloth and weigh the specimen. Complete the weighing 3 minutes after the specimen has been removed from water (W1).
Dry the specimen in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105 to 115°C for 24 hours. Cool the specimen to room temperature and obtain its weight (W2). Specimen warm to touch shall not be used for the purpose.
Water absorption, percent by mass, after 24-hour immersion in cold water is given by the following formula:
(𝑊1 −𝑊2)/𝑊2 * 100
Cement and admixtures and laboratory tests for cement, initial and final setting time, soundness test, compressive test, tests on concrete, types of admixtures
Information on the slides is found on the internet. Any incorrect information is not intended. All credit is given to the source of information, not to the author of this slide.
EXPERIMENTAL BEHAVIOUR OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE USING GGBS WITH PARTIAL RE...Ijripublishers Ijri
Concrete is Most widely used construction Material in the Modern Era because of its good Compressive strength and
high durability. As we know Concrete comprises a Mixture of cement, sand (fine aggregate), course aggregate and water
which makes up normal plain concrete, to increase the strength of concrete we can design the mix with greater Flexibility,
but the problems Arises in structure as load age, increaseof floors which demands increase of high strength concrete
and more steel. So, especially at the beams, columns joints heavy reinforcement meshing is done so that it becomes If
the concrete is not compacted then strength may not be achieved, so the solution for the problem is SCC which we call
it asself-compacting concrete. Were this SCC has ability to compact by itself Gravity and self-flow ability same strength
can be Here in the research, it is carried out self-compaction concrete to improve strength & make concrete economical
so, a mix is dispend of M30,M40 Grades with adding chemical admixture named poly carboxylic ether (ADVA960) , a
Retarder Basically Which also increases strength and workability &replacing cement with GGBS (Ground Granulated
Blast Furnace Slag) 40%&50% .The tests are carried out to find the increase in strength by adding chemical admixture &
replacing GGBS 40% & 50%.By the chemical admixture adding up to 2% Max were previous strength shows that adding
of chemical admixture greater than 2% which results to increase the initial setting time and decrease in the w/c ratio.
Test will be conducted for 3,7,28 days find the increase of strength and its other properties
This report shows properties of pozzolans, such as lime reactivity, loss on ignition and fineness, this properties have been examined through different tests.
This report examines different things in admixtures (super plasticizers) such as solid content, rheological properties and chloride content. Different test were conducted to determine the above properties.
This report examines the properties of wet self- compacting concrete to determine if the properties meet the specification or not, more focus in this test was to determine the workability and flow ability of self-compacting concrete through different tests.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. 1
Introduction
hen water is mixed with cement, it starts
hydration. Excessive addition of water in
cement results an increase in Water cement ratio
& ultimately cement loses its strength when it
hardens. If less water is added than required,
Cement isn’t properly hydrated and results in loss
of strength.
NORMAL CONSISTENCY TEST
Test objectives
The Consistency of cement test is performed to
determine the amount of water content that is to be
added in cement to attain Standard consistency or
normal consistency of cement.
Test apparatus and materials
Vicatt’s apparatus
Balance
Measuring cylinder
400 cement
Water (by trail)
Trowels
Vicat mould
Figure -01 Vicatt’s apparatus with plunger
Vicatt’s Apparatus
Is used to find out the consistency, initial setting
time and final setting time of the cement. In the
normal consistency test we have to find out the
amount of water to be added to the cement to form
a cement paste of normal consistency.
Vicatt’s apparatus consists of an arrangement to
hold the plunger of 10 mm diameter and two other
needles with 1mm dia. And an enlarged 5 mm
hollow cylindrical base, which are made to freely
fall into a mould filled with the cement paste and
the amount of penetration of the needles of plunder
can be noted using the vertical graduations from 0
mm to 50 mm.
Test Procedure
In order to obtain the amount of water to attain the
standard consistency or normal consistency, the
following procedure was followed during test:
The finding of standard amount of water was
started with trails, different trials were done:
Trail 1: (29% water), 400 gr cement was taken and
place in bowel, by assuming the standard
consistency of water as 29%, the same quantity of
water( 116 gr) was added and mixed with cement.
W
Figure -02 apparatus during test
3. 2
The paste was mixed thoroughly within 3-5
minutes, then the paste was filled in Vicat mould
correctly and excess paste which was remained on
Vicat mould was taken off by using trowel.
Then, the Vicat mould was placed on the steel
plate in such a manner that the surface of Vicat
mould was touched by plunger gently, and the
plunger was released and allowed to sink into the
test mould, the penetration of the plunger was
noted down from the bottom of the mould, which
is indicated on the scale, the value of penetration
which was recorded in first trail was 13mm.
The same procedure was repeated by adding
different % of water until the reading was in
between 5-7mm (according to IS Code) on the
Vicat apparatus scale.
Calculations
As mentioned before obtaining standard
consistency of cement paste is obtained through
trails, in this test method different trails were done,
the recorded values have been shown in the
following table:
Trail
No.
Wat.
(gr)
Cem.
(gr)
Wat.
%
Pene.
(mm)
1 116 400 29 13
2 122 400 30.5 11
3 124 400 31 6
Table -01 test penetration values
Analysis and Conclusion
By adding different percentage of water the
penetration depth of plunger was increased,
starting from 29% as initial amount of water the
penetration depth was 13mm, and followed by
another trail with 30.5% of water the depth was
gotten decreased to 11mm, by continuing this
procedure the final amount of water in terms of %
which was added 31 % and the penetration depth
was 6 mm which is in between 5-7 mm.
So the amount of water require for standard
consistency of cement paste is around 31% of
weigh of cement.
SETTING TIME MEASUREMENT
Once the normal consistency is determined, than
by using the taken specification of that paste from
consistency test, the initial and final setting times
can be measured.
1. Initial setting time
Test objectives
The initial setting time can be defined as “time
taken by paste to stiffen to such an extent that the
Vicatt’s needle is not permitted to move down
through the paste through 25 mm.”
Test apparatus and materials
Vicatt’s apparatus
Conical ring
400 cement
Water (from consistency test)
Flat Trowels
Figure -03 Vicatt’s apparatus with needle
4. 3
Test Procedure
As water amount was determined in previous test
(Consistency test) which was 31%. In this test new
fresh cement paste was prepared using the pre-
determined amount of water and cement of the
standard consistency, in addition to that 1.5 %
calcium chloride was added as an accelerator
admixture and mixed thoroughly, then the Vicat
mould (steel ring) was placed on the steel plate.
1 mm diameter needle was used and the sample
was penetrated with this needle by leaving it to
free fall, and then the Vicat scale ruler was read.
The specimen was allowed to remain in the moist
cabinet or moist room for 30 min after molding
without being disturbed, and then the penetration
of the 1-mm needle was determined at this time
and every 15 min thereafter until a penetration of
25 mm or less was obtained. The elapsed time
from mixing the water with dry cement till this
moment is called initial setting time.
Calculations
Round
No.
Time
(h:min)
Penetration
(mm)
1 1:20 3
2 1:22 6
3 1:24 8
4 1:25 10
Table -02 sitting times
Result
As it is revealed from the above table that the
penetration depth is various as time passing, thus
the desired initial setting time can be determined
as mentioned in the IS code that the “time taken by
paste to stiffen to such an extent that the Vicatt’s
needle is not permitted to move down through the
paste through 5 mm.” is initial setting time, from
above table this time is almost 1hr and 22 min.
2. Final setting time
Test objectives
The final setting time is the time from the mixing
of the water to the time when this needle just
makes the impression on the surface of the cement
but do not penetrate into it. Generally the final
setting time of cement (OPC) is 10 hrs. To 12 hrs.
Test apparatus and materials
Same apparatus and materials are used in this test,
because this the test for initial setting time is
followed by this test, the only thing that should be
changed is the Vicatt’s apparatus needle for final
setting time which is an enlarged 5 mm hollow
cylindrical base as shown the following figure.
Figure -04 apparatus’s needles
5. 4
Steps for final setting time tests
Foe calculating the final setting time of cement
paste, set the 5 mm. diameter needles on the lower
end of the rod.
Now again repeat the above steps for noting the
final setting time of cement.
Penetrate the sample by needle every 15 minutes
till only the needle makes an impression on the
paste surface but the cutting edge fails to.
The final setting time will be noted when the
needle if released doesn’t sink visibly and leaves
no impression on the surface of the paste.
Found by the formula:
Conclusion
To measure the setting times of cement, we have
to do our tests on cement of standard consistency.
Normal consistency of standard cement can be
gained by using the W C ratio and depending on
27%- 32%.
The higher rate of water the more initial setting
time needed.
BLAIN PERMEABILITY TEST
Test objectives
The fineness of cement is measured as specific
surface. Specific surface is expressed as the total
surface area in square meters of all the cement
particles in one kilogram of cement. The higher the
Specific surface is, the finer cement will be.
Test apparatus
Blain Apparatus
Permeability Cell
Perforated disc
Plunger
Manometer
Test Procedure
Place the perforated disc on the ledge at the
bottom of the cell and place on it a new filter paper
disc. Place the weighed quantity of cement, m1, in
the cell. Place a second new filter paper disc on the
levelled cement. Insert the plunger and press it
gently but firmly until the lower face of the cap is
in contact with the cell. Slowly withdraw the
Figure -05 Blain’s permeability apparatus
6. 5
plunger, rotate it through 90 ° and press once again
the bed is now compacted and ready for the
permeability test.
Test is performed on the Blaine apparatus it is
practically manometer in the U-tube form. One
arm of the manometer is provided at the top with
conical socket to form an airtight fit with the
conical surface of the cell. The same arm has four
etched lines M1 to M4 and T-joint, which lead to
an airtight stopcock beyond which is attached
aspiration rubber bulb.
Manometer is filled to the level of the lowest
etched line with non-volatile, non-hygroscopic
liquid of low viscosity and density (such as
dibutylphthalate or light mineral oil).
Insert the conical surface of the cell into the socket
at the top of the manometer.
Open the stopcock and with gentle aspiration raise
the level of the manometer liquid to that of the
highest etched line. Close the stopcock and the
manometer liquid will begins to flow. Start the
timer as the liquid reaches the second etched line
and stop it when the liquid reaches the third etched
line. Record the time, t, and the temperature, T.
The procedure repeats three times
Calculate three values of the specific surface and
the mean of them
Calculations
Principle of air permeability method is in
observing the time taken for a fixed quantity of air
to flow through compacted cement bed of
specified dimension and porosity. Under
standardized conditions the specific surface of
cement is proportional to √ 𝑡 where t is the time for
given quantity of air to flow through the
compacted cement bed.
The number and size range of individual pores in
the specified bed are determined by the cement
Particle size distribution which also determined
the time for the specified air flow.
A bed of cement is prepared in special
permeability cell and have exact porosity e = 0,500
weight a quantity of cement.
The weight of the cement is calculated from:
m1 = 0,500 × ρ × V ……….1 [g]
Where ρ is the density of the cement [g.cm-3
]
V volume of the cement bed [cm3
]
Specific surface S is expressed as:
𝑺 =
𝑲
𝝆
𝒙
√ 𝒆 𝟑
(𝟏−𝒆)
𝒙
√𝒕
𝟎.𝟏𝜼
……………..…….2 [Cm2
.g-1
]
Where
K is the apparatus constant
e porosity of the bed
t the measured time [s]
ρ density of cement [g.cm-3
]
η the viscosity of air at the test .
Temperature taken from Table.
Table -03 standard Air viscosity table
7. 6
The apparatus constant is determinate by
measuring permeability of reference cement of
known specific surface. The procedure repeats
three times for three samples of cement bed. For
each sample is calculated constant K from
formula:
𝑲 = 𝑺 𝟎 𝒙 𝛒 𝟎
𝒙
(𝟏−𝒆)
√ 𝒆 𝟑
𝒙
√𝟎.𝟏𝜼 𝟎
√ 𝒕 𝟎
…………….3
Where
S0 is the specific surface of the reference
cement [cm2.g-1
]
ρ0 density of the reference cement [g.cm-3
]
t0 measured time [s]
η0 air viscosity at the test temperature [Pa.s]
With the specified porosity of e = 0,500
𝑲 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟒𝒙𝑺 𝟎 𝒙 𝛒 𝟎
𝒙
√𝟎.𝟏𝜼 𝟎
√ 𝒕 𝟎
………..….4
The mean of three values of K is the constant K for
the apparatus.
Alternatively, the S value can be computed though
simple formula:
𝑺 = 𝟓𝟖√ 𝒕 ………………..5 [Cm2
.kg-1
]
Where t is the time for given quantity of air to flow
through the compacted cement bed. And computed
by sec. in this test the (t) was 2.6 sec, by
considering this value of (t) the specific surface
can be calculated as follow:
𝑺 = 𝟓𝟖√ 𝒕 = 𝟓𝟔√𝟐. 𝟔 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟓𝟐 Cm2
/ kg
Result
The resulting value, called the Blaine fineness, is
today expressed in units of m2/kg, although in
previous times it was expressed in cm2/g. The
Blaine fineness of OPC usually ranges from 300 –
500 m2/kg (3000 – 5000 cm2/g).
As we see here the obtained value for specific
surface area is smaller than standard values, this is
just due some slight difference in test method and
material.
Since those slandered material which was used in
tests as a reference material was also not good
defined, because no value of ρ0, t0, η0, S0 was
known to us.