The document discusses phonology and phonetics. It defines key terms like phonemes, allophones, articulation, and pronunciation. It explains: 1. Sounds vary and are categorized as phones, phonemes, and allophones. 2. Phonology examines how sounds are organized in languages, and how variations occur. 3. Words can be spelled differently but sound the same if they have different phonemes or the same allophones.

2. Chapter 3
Phonology

3. At the end:
How do sounds
vary?
How does phonology
work?
Why are some words
spelled differently but
sounded the same?

4. Task 1
•Read the text and identify
the sound features in
each word
Task 2
•Read the following tongue
aloud, at first with normal
speed then increase
speed during the second
reading and so on.

5. • The very basic requirement for effective verbal
communication to occur is the understanding and
agreement of the speaker and the listener. This is
done through careful analysis of the structure,
the production and the proper articulation
Let’s
• It is imperative for you to get
familiar with some basic
concepts related to sounds.
Engage

6. Definition
of terms

7. Definition of
erms

8. Phonology vs Phonetics
Phonology
(looks at the object as a
mental representation of the
sound)
/b/
Phonetics
(looks into the concrete and
material properties of sounds)
/b/

10. Phonemes

11. Phonetics vs Phonemics-the key differences
PHONEMICS PHONETICS

12. PHONEMICS
(STRUCTURE)
PHONETICS
(COMMON SOUND)

13. Allophones

14. Phonemes vs Allophones
- the key differences
Phonemes
-recognizable distinct unit
of sound
-related to speech meaning
-could be spoken language
-do not always sync with
spelling
‘pet and ‘bet’; “pat” and
“pet” called minimal-pairs
Allophones
-variants of sound
-related to speech
enunciation
-uttered
-associated with spellings
-/l/ “little”; /p/ “pepper”

15. Articulation- the production of sounds using the
vocal tract, such as the articulation of the sounds of
vowels and consonants.

16. Articulation vs Pronunciation-the key differences
Articulation
-act of producing the
sounds using the organs
of speech such as the
jaws, the tongue, the
lips, etc
-sound production is
based on the
acceptability an the
standard
-producing the sounds
using the organs of
speech.
Pronunciation
-manner of speaking the
words correctly.
-way of producing sounds
including stress,
intonation, and articulation
-the manner of sounding
the words during the
utterance
-enunciation the clarity of
how the sounds are made.

17. Phonation
-refers to physical properties of each sound produced.
-reason of the sound.
-occurs when the air is carried into the lungs.(air passes through
the glottis and the larynx, This causes the vibration of the vocal
folds where the sounds are produced.

19. How do sounds vary?
Sounds vary from phones (human
sounds), phonemes (units which
distinguish meaning in a language),
allophones (non-distinctive units)

20. How does
phonology
work?
It woks as to discover
the principles that
govern the way
sounds are organized
in languages and to
explain the variations
that occur.

21. For words have
different phonemes
(minimal) and
spelled differently but
sounded the same
and its articulation .
Why are
some words
spelled
differently
for sounded
the same? For words have
same allophones
but spelled the
same but with
different
phonemes
(sounds).
In contrast,
why do some
words have
similar spelling
but different
sounds?

23. Distinguish characteristics of articulatory, auditory and acoustic
phonetics.
Explain how are sounds produced and perceived.

24. Three categories of sounds must be
recognized at the outset:
*phones (human sounds),
*phonemes (related to speech
enunciation),
*allophones (uttered sounds).

26. Phonetics
Classification 1. Experimental Phonetics
2.Articulatory Phonetics
3.Acoustic Phonetics
4.Auditory Phonetics
5.Desriptive Phonetics

27. 1.Experimental Phonetics
-branch of general phonetics
-involves study of sound & others speeches of human
--investigates the physical occurrence of speech (produced &
perceived)
-cover basic areas such as articulatory, acoustic and auditory phonetics

28. • Concern with production of sound
• Explains the motion of speech structures
(lips, tongue, the velum, the jaw, etc)
• -generally deals with the transformation of
the airflow through the vocal tract into
acoustic energy
• -concerned with the articulator or the
speaker
Articulatory
Phonetics

29. Primary articulators:
*upper gum ridge
*the upper lip
*the lower lip
*the upper teeth
*the tongue
*the hard & soft palate
*the velum
*the ovula
*the pharyngeal wall
*the glottis

30. The production of sound starts when the air is pushed
from the lungs through the glottis. When the air is pushed
through the glottis, the pressure in the larynx drops. The
dropping pressure causes vibration in the vocal folds.
When the vocal folds vibrate, the opening becomes
smaller since the tension stretches across the larynx.
Finally , the muscles of the mouth such as the tongue,
the plates, the teeth, etc, articulates the sound.

31. The production of the air affects the sound.
Pulmonic- sound when air is directly produced from the
lungs.
Ingressive- sound when the air is sucked in
Egressive – sound when air is pushed-out

32. Articulatory Process
Shapes the words in every utterance.
Speech is a result of how the speaker enunciates the
words.
Articulatory system (mouth, lungs, tongue, teeth, lips,
nose, larynx, vocal folds)
Most of the time, proper articulation makes speeches
clearer and more understandable.

33. Articulation process:
1.Assimilation-process of influencing the preceding or
following sounds, which causes changes in sound production
Classification of Assimilation
1.Regressive
2.Progressive
3.Reciprocal

34. Regressive
• When the preceding sound is assimilated
• Ex: “bank” where /n/ & /k/ are assimilated.
Progressive
• When the succeeding sound is assimilated
• Ex: “crammed” / “processed” change of the sound of /d/ is
triggered by the sound of /e/. The sound /d/ when assimilated
with /e/ becomes an aspirated /t/
Reciprocal
• If the influence of two sounds is mutual. Means
that both preceding and succeeding sound are
assimilated
• Ex: “what” “did”

35. 2. Deletion- process of dropping or eliding specific
sounds. Sounds are deleted at the end of the cluster
‘soft fabric”
“try again”
/t/ is deleted
/a/is dropped

36. Deletion Category
1.Dissimilation-deletion of the first similar phoneme / the initial phoneme of the
adjoining words.
Ex: “library” ”secretary” where/r/ is dissimilated
2.Aphaeresis—deletion of the vowel sound in the beginning of the
word.
Ex: “go away” where /a/ is deleted
3.Apocope-deletion of the vowel sound
Ex: /o/ in “not” & /i/ “suit” & /u/ “ bought”
4.Syncope- internal deletion of the final vowel sound
Ex: /e/ in “Lacoste” & “oppose”

37. 3. Weakening / Lenition- the eliding of the
weak phoneme or the weakening of the
weak consonant.
Ex. “could” “him”

38. 4.Insertion / Epenthesis- process of inserting sound.
Prosthesis-when insertion is done at the beginning of the word.
Ex: “speaking” /e/ “espeking”
Anaptyxis-when insertion of the vowel is inserted at the end
Excrescence-when insertion of the consonant sound to another
consonants sound.

39. 5.Methathesis-process of rendering of phonemes. Usually it occurs
in children’s speeches such as “aks for asks”, ‘waps for wasp”, deks
for desks”, “ aminal for animal”
6. Lengthening- process of stretching the sounds of some
phonemes where some sounds become long as a result of sound
loss.
Ex: “meat”,”soon”, “loot”

40. 3. Acoustic Phonetics- a phonetic division that is concerned with the
control, transmission and reception of sounds.
Properties of Sounds:
1.wavelength-distance between the crests of a sound wave
2.The period- time to complete one cycle of sound.
3.Amplitude-the height of the wave (60 decibels)
4.Frequency- the number of wave cycles that pass through a set of
points in a second, which is measured by Hertz (Hz)

41. 4. Auditory Phonetics
- division of phonetics that involves the perception of
sound and how the sounds are heard and interpreted.
- Concerned with the listener as the receiver of the
message
-deals with the interconnected elements: the sound
perception and the decoding of the message.

42. 5. Descriptive Phonetics deals
wit a range of topics including
vowels, consonants,
transcriptions, suprasegmental
features and dialect variations.

43. Vowels
*a speech sound that is syllabic and pronounced without any
restrictions in the organs.
*one of the major classifications of sounds.
*Varies in loudness, quality and length.
*voiced and involves in prosodic distinction including stress, tone and
intonation.
*primarily represented by the letters: a,e,i,o,u.

44. Consonants
*speech sounds that are articulated with partial or complete closure of the
vocal tract.
-[p]-(produced with the lips) -[t]-(produced with the front of the tongue)
-[k]-(produced with the back of
the tongue) -[h]-(produced in the throat)
-[f] and (s) – (produced forcing
air through a narrow channel) -[m] and (n) , the air goes
through the nose

45. Suprasegmental Features- prosodic
features which include stress, tone, pitch,
juncture, and intonation
-not only limited to sounds but also in
syllables, words, phrases, and sentences.

46. Transcription- symbolic and visual representation of speech sounds
-The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
is usually the most common transcription
that is utilized by many linguists.

50. What are the distinguishing characteristics of
articulatory, auditory and acoustic phonetics?

51. How are sounds produced and
perceived?

52. How are sounds articulated?