Many animal behaviours are formed and changed by learning. There are many different forms of learning. Here are some of the major forms (types) of animal learning.
Behavioral ecology studies how animals respond to each other and their environment. There are innate behaviors that are genetically determined and do not require learning, such as kinesis, taxis, migration, hibernation, estivation, and circadian rhythms. These behaviors increase an animal's chances of survival and reproduction through directed movement toward resources or away from threats.
This document discusses methods for observing and recording animal behavior, including both continuous and instantaneous observations. It outlines various techniques like focal sampling, scan sampling, and time allocation. It also addresses ethical considerations and limitations of observational studies. Observation methods allow researchers to record actual behaviors but not internal thoughts or motivations. The document provides details on different types of sampling and recording approaches researchers can take when studying animal behavior scientifically.
Reptiles in pakistan- Wildlife- ReptilesMianAbuzar1
This document summarizes reptiles found in Pakistan. It notes that Pakistan has 195 reptile species, including 13 endemic species. Of the 72 snake species, 14 are marine and 12 are terrestrial and poisonous. Common reptiles discussed include pond turtles, tortoises, crocodiles, geckos, and the mugger crocodile. The document outlines the importance of reptiles to the ecosystem and economy, and discusses conservation efforts like bans on hunting and the marine turtle conservation project.
Contribution of systematics to biology by noor zadaNoor Zada
Systematics has made immense contributions to biology and humankind. It was systematists who originally studied organic diversity and brought major evolutionary problems to light. Systematics reveals patterns in organic diversity and determines the reasons behind similarities through common descent or adaptation. It also contributes significantly to applied fields like medicine, agriculture, conservation, and resource management by identifying organisms and relationships. Systematics plays a key role in theoretical biology as well, such as developing population thinking and upholding natural selection.
The document discusses echolocation in bats. Echolocation is a process where bats emit sounds and listen to the echoes to locate objects. It was discovered in 1938 by Donald Griffin through experiments with bats. Bats use echolocation to hunt for food as they can detect objects as thin as a human hair. While bats can see, echolocation is more important for finding insects and other small prey in the dark. Bats fulfill important ecological roles by pollinating plants, eating large amounts of insects, and spreading seeds.
Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) is a series or sequence of acts that occur behaviorally in animals. it is also known as instinctive behaviour as it is determined by gene of an organism and exhibited automatically without having any prior experience.
This document provides an overview of fish morphology and anatomy. It describes the basic body divisions of head, trunk, and tail. It then discusses various body shapes and tail types that influence how fish move and live. These include elongated, compressed, rounded, and forked tail shapes. It also covers scale types, mouth positions, coloration strategies for camouflage and defense, and schooling behavior. The goal is to understand how fish body forms relate to their environment and lifestyle.
Behavioral ecology studies how animals respond to each other and their environment. There are innate behaviors that are genetically determined and do not require learning, such as kinesis, taxis, migration, hibernation, estivation, and circadian rhythms. These behaviors increase an animal's chances of survival and reproduction through directed movement toward resources or away from threats.
This document discusses methods for observing and recording animal behavior, including both continuous and instantaneous observations. It outlines various techniques like focal sampling, scan sampling, and time allocation. It also addresses ethical considerations and limitations of observational studies. Observation methods allow researchers to record actual behaviors but not internal thoughts or motivations. The document provides details on different types of sampling and recording approaches researchers can take when studying animal behavior scientifically.
Reptiles in pakistan- Wildlife- ReptilesMianAbuzar1
This document summarizes reptiles found in Pakistan. It notes that Pakistan has 195 reptile species, including 13 endemic species. Of the 72 snake species, 14 are marine and 12 are terrestrial and poisonous. Common reptiles discussed include pond turtles, tortoises, crocodiles, geckos, and the mugger crocodile. The document outlines the importance of reptiles to the ecosystem and economy, and discusses conservation efforts like bans on hunting and the marine turtle conservation project.
Contribution of systematics to biology by noor zadaNoor Zada
Systematics has made immense contributions to biology and humankind. It was systematists who originally studied organic diversity and brought major evolutionary problems to light. Systematics reveals patterns in organic diversity and determines the reasons behind similarities through common descent or adaptation. It also contributes significantly to applied fields like medicine, agriculture, conservation, and resource management by identifying organisms and relationships. Systematics plays a key role in theoretical biology as well, such as developing population thinking and upholding natural selection.
The document discusses echolocation in bats. Echolocation is a process where bats emit sounds and listen to the echoes to locate objects. It was discovered in 1938 by Donald Griffin through experiments with bats. Bats use echolocation to hunt for food as they can detect objects as thin as a human hair. While bats can see, echolocation is more important for finding insects and other small prey in the dark. Bats fulfill important ecological roles by pollinating plants, eating large amounts of insects, and spreading seeds.
Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) is a series or sequence of acts that occur behaviorally in animals. it is also known as instinctive behaviour as it is determined by gene of an organism and exhibited automatically without having any prior experience.
This document provides an overview of fish morphology and anatomy. It describes the basic body divisions of head, trunk, and tail. It then discusses various body shapes and tail types that influence how fish move and live. These include elongated, compressed, rounded, and forked tail shapes. It also covers scale types, mouth positions, coloration strategies for camouflage and defense, and schooling behavior. The goal is to understand how fish body forms relate to their environment and lifestyle.
Presentation 19 - Chemical Signals In AnimalsMa'am Dawn
Hormones are chemical signals produced by glands that are transported to target organs to induce responses. They bind to receptors in cell membranes or nuclei to exert effects. Hormone levels and receptor function are controlled by feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. The endocrine system regulates processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction through the action of hormones, while the nervous system provides more rapid responses. Diseases can occur if hormone levels become abnormal or receptors are damaged.
Local, ecological, and biological extinction are defined. Population genetics and limited geographic range increase extinction risk, while habitat degradation from agriculture, urbanization, and other human activities is currently the main cause of species extinction. Introduction of new competing species and climate change further threaten biodiversity by causing extinctions, while conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species and ecosystems.
The document discusses the evolution of nervous systems across different animal species. It begins with the simplest nervous systems found in cnidarians like hydra, which have a nerve net without central control. It then covers increasing centralization in jellyfish and other species. Bilateral animals showed cephalization with sensory organs and feeding structures concentrated in the head. Invertebrates like worms, insects, and mollusks exhibited more complex centralized nervous systems. Research on invertebrate systems like squid giant axons provided insights. Vertebrate brains evolved from three bulges at the front of the spinal cord. Trends in vertebrate brains included increasing size, compartmentalization, and convolutions. Mammalian brains incorporated
Freshwater ecosystems include rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and wetlands. They make up a small fraction of the Earth's total water but support a diversity of habitats and species. Rivers and streams flow with cold, oxygen-rich water and can broaden and slow downstream. Lakes and ponds differ in size, with ponds being smaller and sometimes seasonal. Wetlands, including marshes and swamps, act as filters to clean water and protect shorelines from erosion. Freshwater ecosystems face threats from pollution and development.
Animal behavior can be defined as the response of an organism to stimuli in its usual or specific way. It arises from coordination between the nervous system and endocrine system. The nervous system detects stimuli through sensory neurons and responds through motor neurons, with interneurons relaying signals between them. Within neurons, stimuli trigger nerve impulses which are electrical signals propagated along axons. These cause synaptic potentials that may excite or inhibit neighboring neurons. Behavior is controlled by neuronal circuits in the brain and spinal cord that integrate synaptic inputs and trigger action. For example, prey capture in toads involves feature detectors in the brain that recognize worm-like stimuli and trigger a capture reflex, while escape behavior in crayfish involves motor neurons that trigger rapid tail
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
Gene regulation is the process used to control the timing, location and amount in which genes are expressed. The process can be complicated and is carried out by a variety of mechanisms, including through regulatory proteins and chemical modification of DNA.
The evolutionary history of camels began around 50 million years ago with their small, rabbit-sized ancestor called Protylopus in North America. Protylopus had adaptations like shorter front limbs that allowed it to browse for leaves. Changing climates led to species like Poebrotherium that were larger with tooth and leg adaptations for grasslands. Procamelus emerged during cooling periods and migrated. Paracamelus developed in the Pliocene with modern features. Camelus emerged in the Pleistocene as one-humped dromedaries in deserts. Modern camels have adaptations like humps and eyelashes for harsh desert environments.
The document discusses animal behavior and its study in ethology. It defines key terms like stimuli, behaviors, and types of learning. Stimuli can be external, like sounds or smells, or internal, like hunger. Behaviors are either innate genetic behaviors important for survival like foraging, parenting or courtship, or learned through processes like imprinting, conditioning, or reasoning. The document categorizes different innate behaviors and provides examples of each, like migration, communication, play, and elimination. It also describes different types of learning animals engage in and provides examples like imprinting, habituation, classical and operant conditioning.
Imprinting is a behavior that involves both innate and learned components during a sensitive period early in life. It is an irreversible rapid learning process where a newborn animal establishes recognition and attraction to another animal of its own kind, often its parent. Examples of imprinting include geese following their mother figure and young sparrows learning their song from their father during a critical period right after birth or hatching. Conservation programs have used imprinting to help save endangered whooping cranes.
Habituation is the gradual reduction in response to a repeated stimulus that is irrelevant or harmless to an animal. When a stimulus such as a sound or sight is encountered repeatedly without negative consequence, the animal will stop responding to it as the stimulus loses its novelty and significance. This allows the animal to ignore unimportant stimuli and conserve its energy and time for responses that are actually important for survival. Examples show how various animals like snails, chicks, prairie dogs, and sea anemones eventually stop responding to repeated stimuli through habituation once they learn the stimuli do not pose a threat.
Predation describes the interaction between a predator and prey species where the predator feeds on the prey. Predator-prey population dynamics are connected, as predators killing and eating prey affects prey death rates and predator birth rates. When prey numbers increase, predator numbers also increase, until prey numbers decline from over-predation and then predator numbers fall as well. Both predators and prey have evolved various tactics and responses to help ensure their survival in the predator-prey relationship.
This document provides information about taxonomic keys, which are tools used in taxonomy to identify unknown organisms. It defines taxonomic keys and their purpose of using diagnostic characteristics to lead to the identification of a species or genus. It then describes different types of single access keys, including dichotomous, bracket, indented, serial, and grouped keys. It also discusses multi-access keys and styles of presenting keys, as well as advantages and disadvantages of using taxonomic keys.
This document discusses different types of learned behaviors in animals, including non-associative learning like habituation and sensitization, as well as associative learning through classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is demonstrated through Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs, where he conditioned them to salivate when hearing a bell through repeated pairing with food. Operant conditioning is shown through B.F. Skinner's experiments with rats in a Skinner box, where pressing a lever was reinforced with food rewards. Other learned behaviors discussed include latent learning, imprinting, and insight learning.
Birds learn their songs early in life through a two-stage process of memorization and practice. Young birds first memorize songs, or templates, from adult males during a sensory phase. They then practice and refine their vocalizations during a sensorimotor phase until their songs crystallize into the stereotyped songs of their species. The timing of these learning phases, exposure to adult songs, and testosterone levels all influence the proper development of birdsong.
Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution that causes changes in allele frequencies in a population due to random sampling of organisms. It is common in small populations and can cause some alleles to become more common or disappear entirely over time. There are two main types of genetic drift: the bottleneck effect, which occurs when a disaster reduces population size, and the founder effect, which happens when a group founds a new population. Both types can lead to new populations becoming genetically distinct from the original population and play a role in evolution and speciation.
This document discusses different types of biological collections including dry collections, wet collections, and low-temperature collections. It describes various methods used to collect specimens such as mist nets, UV light traps, Malaise traps, beating and sweeping vegetation, plankton nets, trawling, dredging, collecting nets, aspirators, Berlese funnels, and floatation. It also discusses how to record data from collected specimens and proper storage and cataloguing of collections.
Animal behavior can be innate or learned. Innate behaviors are genetically programmed and cannot be modified by experience, such as bird song and spider web building. Learned behaviors develop through experience, including habituation, imprinting, and various forms of conditioning. Behavior serves survival functions like attracting mates, caring for offspring, and responding to threats and is shaped by natural selection.
Animal cognition and thinking can be studied through experiments measuring things like learning, memory, and emotional responses. Memory in animals is often tested using mazes where they must remember the location of a hidden reward. Tool use, once thought to be unique to humans, has been observed in species like chimpanzees who fish for termites and octopuses who use tools for shelter. Animal consciousness and self-awareness can be evaluated using the mirror test, where animals must recognize a mark placed on their own body in a mirror. Many species like great apes, elephants, and magpies have demonstrated self-recognition in this test.
Presentation 19 - Chemical Signals In AnimalsMa'am Dawn
Hormones are chemical signals produced by glands that are transported to target organs to induce responses. They bind to receptors in cell membranes or nuclei to exert effects. Hormone levels and receptor function are controlled by feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. The endocrine system regulates processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction through the action of hormones, while the nervous system provides more rapid responses. Diseases can occur if hormone levels become abnormal or receptors are damaged.
Local, ecological, and biological extinction are defined. Population genetics and limited geographic range increase extinction risk, while habitat degradation from agriculture, urbanization, and other human activities is currently the main cause of species extinction. Introduction of new competing species and climate change further threaten biodiversity by causing extinctions, while conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species and ecosystems.
The document discusses the evolution of nervous systems across different animal species. It begins with the simplest nervous systems found in cnidarians like hydra, which have a nerve net without central control. It then covers increasing centralization in jellyfish and other species. Bilateral animals showed cephalization with sensory organs and feeding structures concentrated in the head. Invertebrates like worms, insects, and mollusks exhibited more complex centralized nervous systems. Research on invertebrate systems like squid giant axons provided insights. Vertebrate brains evolved from three bulges at the front of the spinal cord. Trends in vertebrate brains included increasing size, compartmentalization, and convolutions. Mammalian brains incorporated
Freshwater ecosystems include rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and wetlands. They make up a small fraction of the Earth's total water but support a diversity of habitats and species. Rivers and streams flow with cold, oxygen-rich water and can broaden and slow downstream. Lakes and ponds differ in size, with ponds being smaller and sometimes seasonal. Wetlands, including marshes and swamps, act as filters to clean water and protect shorelines from erosion. Freshwater ecosystems face threats from pollution and development.
Animal behavior can be defined as the response of an organism to stimuli in its usual or specific way. It arises from coordination between the nervous system and endocrine system. The nervous system detects stimuli through sensory neurons and responds through motor neurons, with interneurons relaying signals between them. Within neurons, stimuli trigger nerve impulses which are electrical signals propagated along axons. These cause synaptic potentials that may excite or inhibit neighboring neurons. Behavior is controlled by neuronal circuits in the brain and spinal cord that integrate synaptic inputs and trigger action. For example, prey capture in toads involves feature detectors in the brain that recognize worm-like stimuli and trigger a capture reflex, while escape behavior in crayfish involves motor neurons that trigger rapid tail
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
Gene regulation is the process used to control the timing, location and amount in which genes are expressed. The process can be complicated and is carried out by a variety of mechanisms, including through regulatory proteins and chemical modification of DNA.
The evolutionary history of camels began around 50 million years ago with their small, rabbit-sized ancestor called Protylopus in North America. Protylopus had adaptations like shorter front limbs that allowed it to browse for leaves. Changing climates led to species like Poebrotherium that were larger with tooth and leg adaptations for grasslands. Procamelus emerged during cooling periods and migrated. Paracamelus developed in the Pliocene with modern features. Camelus emerged in the Pleistocene as one-humped dromedaries in deserts. Modern camels have adaptations like humps and eyelashes for harsh desert environments.
The document discusses animal behavior and its study in ethology. It defines key terms like stimuli, behaviors, and types of learning. Stimuli can be external, like sounds or smells, or internal, like hunger. Behaviors are either innate genetic behaviors important for survival like foraging, parenting or courtship, or learned through processes like imprinting, conditioning, or reasoning. The document categorizes different innate behaviors and provides examples of each, like migration, communication, play, and elimination. It also describes different types of learning animals engage in and provides examples like imprinting, habituation, classical and operant conditioning.
Imprinting is a behavior that involves both innate and learned components during a sensitive period early in life. It is an irreversible rapid learning process where a newborn animal establishes recognition and attraction to another animal of its own kind, often its parent. Examples of imprinting include geese following their mother figure and young sparrows learning their song from their father during a critical period right after birth or hatching. Conservation programs have used imprinting to help save endangered whooping cranes.
Habituation is the gradual reduction in response to a repeated stimulus that is irrelevant or harmless to an animal. When a stimulus such as a sound or sight is encountered repeatedly without negative consequence, the animal will stop responding to it as the stimulus loses its novelty and significance. This allows the animal to ignore unimportant stimuli and conserve its energy and time for responses that are actually important for survival. Examples show how various animals like snails, chicks, prairie dogs, and sea anemones eventually stop responding to repeated stimuli through habituation once they learn the stimuli do not pose a threat.
Predation describes the interaction between a predator and prey species where the predator feeds on the prey. Predator-prey population dynamics are connected, as predators killing and eating prey affects prey death rates and predator birth rates. When prey numbers increase, predator numbers also increase, until prey numbers decline from over-predation and then predator numbers fall as well. Both predators and prey have evolved various tactics and responses to help ensure their survival in the predator-prey relationship.
This document provides information about taxonomic keys, which are tools used in taxonomy to identify unknown organisms. It defines taxonomic keys and their purpose of using diagnostic characteristics to lead to the identification of a species or genus. It then describes different types of single access keys, including dichotomous, bracket, indented, serial, and grouped keys. It also discusses multi-access keys and styles of presenting keys, as well as advantages and disadvantages of using taxonomic keys.
This document discusses different types of learned behaviors in animals, including non-associative learning like habituation and sensitization, as well as associative learning through classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is demonstrated through Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs, where he conditioned them to salivate when hearing a bell through repeated pairing with food. Operant conditioning is shown through B.F. Skinner's experiments with rats in a Skinner box, where pressing a lever was reinforced with food rewards. Other learned behaviors discussed include latent learning, imprinting, and insight learning.
Birds learn their songs early in life through a two-stage process of memorization and practice. Young birds first memorize songs, or templates, from adult males during a sensory phase. They then practice and refine their vocalizations during a sensorimotor phase until their songs crystallize into the stereotyped songs of their species. The timing of these learning phases, exposure to adult songs, and testosterone levels all influence the proper development of birdsong.
Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution that causes changes in allele frequencies in a population due to random sampling of organisms. It is common in small populations and can cause some alleles to become more common or disappear entirely over time. There are two main types of genetic drift: the bottleneck effect, which occurs when a disaster reduces population size, and the founder effect, which happens when a group founds a new population. Both types can lead to new populations becoming genetically distinct from the original population and play a role in evolution and speciation.
This document discusses different types of biological collections including dry collections, wet collections, and low-temperature collections. It describes various methods used to collect specimens such as mist nets, UV light traps, Malaise traps, beating and sweeping vegetation, plankton nets, trawling, dredging, collecting nets, aspirators, Berlese funnels, and floatation. It also discusses how to record data from collected specimens and proper storage and cataloguing of collections.
Animal behavior can be innate or learned. Innate behaviors are genetically programmed and cannot be modified by experience, such as bird song and spider web building. Learned behaviors develop through experience, including habituation, imprinting, and various forms of conditioning. Behavior serves survival functions like attracting mates, caring for offspring, and responding to threats and is shaped by natural selection.
Animal cognition and thinking can be studied through experiments measuring things like learning, memory, and emotional responses. Memory in animals is often tested using mazes where they must remember the location of a hidden reward. Tool use, once thought to be unique to humans, has been observed in species like chimpanzees who fish for termites and octopuses who use tools for shelter. Animal consciousness and self-awareness can be evaluated using the mirror test, where animals must recognize a mark placed on their own body in a mirror. Many species like great apes, elephants, and magpies have demonstrated self-recognition in this test.
adaptation - characteristics of life. types of adaptationrachitbafna
This document discusses various adaptations that help organisms survive and reproduce in their environments. It begins by defining adaptations as inherited characteristics that aid survival and reproduction as environments change. Both structural and behavioral adaptations are covered. Structural adaptations include camouflage, mimicry, and body structures. Behavioral adaptations include migration, hibernation, living in groups, and tool use. Plants also have adaptations, such as seeds, thorns, leaves to capture sunlight, and tropisms like gravitropism and phototropism that guide plant growth. Adaptations increase an organism's chances to survive long enough to reproduce and pass on its genes.
This document discusses various adaptations that help organisms survive and reproduce in their environments. It defines adaptations as inherited characteristics that increase an organism's chances of surviving long enough to reproduce. Adaptations can be structural, like camouflage colors, or behavioral, such as migration. Structural adaptations include physical traits like stripes that help with camouflage or mimicry. Behavioral adaptations are instincts and learned behaviors, including hibernation, living in groups, and migration. Plants also have adaptations, such as thorns for protection, seeds for dispersal, and tropisms or dormancy to respond to environmental stimuli. Adaptations increase organisms' fitness and chances of surviving and passing on their genes.
Animal behavior types can be categorized into several types including learning, habituation, imprinting, classical conditioning, trial and error learning, latent learning, insight, reasoning, and cognition. Learning is the modification of behavior based on experiences and can range from simple to complex. Habituation is the decrease in response to repeated stimuli over time. Imprinting occurs during a sensitive period where young animals learn recognition and attraction patterns. Classical conditioning pairs an innate response with a new stimulus. Trial and error and insight involve solving problems through testing or understanding relationships. Latent learning occurs without reinforcement. Animal cognition allows perception, processing, and use of information.
This document discusses animal behavior and the factors that influence it. It defines animal behavior and outlines three main categories: instinctive behaviors, learned behaviors, and complex behaviors. Instinctive behaviors are innate and genetically determined, such as nest building and mating rituals. Learned behaviors develop through experience and include habituation, imprinting, and conditioned responses developed through classical and operant conditioning. Both genetic and environmental factors influence animal behavior.
Animal Feeding Behaviour Migration and communication.pptxTusharBabar4
This document summarizes Gyana Sinha's MSc thesis on animal feeding behaviour, migration, and communication. It discusses different types of animal feeding behaviors like filter feeding, deposit feeding, fluid feeding, and bulk feeding. It classifies animals as herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, scavengers, and parasites based on their diets. The document also describes bird and fish migration and the reasons why animals migrate. Finally, it outlines various forms of animal communication including visual, auditory, tactile, and chemical methods.
Welcome To The Weekly Science Scoop 4 (2) Ch 1 Animalsdianemcc
The Physics Quest competition ended on Monday, with Mrs. McCarthy collecting the final answers from each class to submit. The document discusses animal classification terms like vertebrate and invertebrate. It provides an overview of section 1 which covers animal survival behaviors such as predation, innate and learned behaviors, hibernation, and circadian rhythms. Camouflage and warning coloration are described as animal adaptations for protection.
The Physics Quest competition ended on Monday, with Mrs. McCarthy collecting the final answers from each class to submit. The document discusses different types of animals and their behaviors, including definitions of vertebrates, invertebrates, tissues, organs, embryos, and consumers. It provides examples of survival behaviors like predation, innate behaviors, learned behaviors, hibernation, and estivation.
This document defines several terms related to animal behavior and summarizes the major types of behaviors exhibited by animals. It discusses instinct, habituation, conditioning, reinforcement, reasoning, and intelligence. The major types of behaviors covered include sexual, maternal, communicative, social, feeding, eliminative, and shelter-seeking. Examples are provided for each type of behavior.
The document discusses various types of behaviors exhibited by sheep and goats, including feeding, social, sexual, parental, sleeping, excretory, exploratory, and aggressive behaviors. It provides details on how sheep typically graze on short grasses while goats prefer to browse leaves, twigs, and vines. Social behaviors include animals associating in groups with a leader. Parental behaviors involve caring for offspring. Management strategies can regulate animal behaviors through training, control of movement, and use of facilities.
1 Introduction to Animal Behavior and Its Types.pptxMohammedIrfan255
This document discusses animal behavior and defines it as actions performed by animals in response to stimuli. It describes three main types of behavior: innate behaviors that are genetically determined, learned behaviors acquired through experience, and social behaviors related to communication and interactions within a species. Innate behaviors include reflexes, instincts, taxes, migration, estivation and hibernation. Learned behaviors involve habituation, imprinting, classical conditioning, and trial and error. Social behaviors encompass communication through pheromones, courtship dances, and territorial defense.
This document provides an overview of animal behavior, including the aims of studying it, its history as a field of study, key concepts and approaches. It discusses major types of behaviors like sexual, maternal, social behaviors and gives examples. It also defines important terms and concepts in animal behavior studies.
Somalian sheep and goat behavior:
Feeding behavior.
Social behavior.
Sexual behavior.
Parental behavior.
Drinking and excretory behavior.
Exploratory behavior.
Conflict behavior.
Sleep behavior.
Aggression and fear behavior etc.
This document discusses sheep and goat behavior. It covers various types of behaviors including feeding, social, sexual, parental, drinking, excretory, exploratory, conflict, sleep, communication, climbing, shelter-seeking, learning, aggression, fear, anomalous, and behaviors during handling and restraint. The conclusion emphasizes that animal behavior results from interactions with internal and external stimuli and that understanding behavior can help producers more efficiently manage livestock.
The document proposes genetically modifying an animal to be multi-purpose, intelligent, protective, and cute. Specifically, it would start with a hippo's genetic frame and be able to help with any problem from rocket science to social issues. It would be protective against both dangers and everyday issues. The animal, called an Anthropomorphic Hibu–Fluffy Blob Thing, would also be one of the cutest things in the world.
Tracking animals involves interpreting signs like footprints and paths to determine which animals have been in an area. This skill can be useful for hunting, photography, or learning about local wildlife. The document provides tips for tracking animals, including examining footprint size and shape, track patterns, scat, and disturbed areas to identify species and understand their movements. It recommends practicing tracking at dawn and dusk when signs are freshest, and suggests using tracking sticks and engaging multiple senses to follow animal trails.
This document discusses various animal adaptations. It explains that animals are adapted to live in particular environments and would not survive if placed elsewhere. It provides examples of how lions and gorillas are adapted to hot/cold climates. Further sections describe how Arctic foxes and snowshoe hares change color between seasons as camouflage, and how octopuses and king snakes mimic other animals for defense. The document also covers hibernation in grizzly bears over winter and how bird beak shapes relate to their diets. Finally, it notes that whales migrate between poles and equator based on seasons to escape heat/cold.
Similar to Some Forms of Learning in Animals.pdf (20)
Let's Talk About It: Breast Cancer (What is Mindset and Does it Really Matter?)bkling
Your mindset is the way you make sense of the world around you. This lens influences the way you think, the way you feel, and how you might behave in certain situations. Let's talk about mindset myths that can get us into trouble and ways to cultivate a mindset to support your cancer survivorship in authentic ways. Let’s Talk About It!
Exploring the Benefits of Binaural Hearing: Why Two Hearing Aids Are Better T...Ear Solutions (ESPL)
Binaural hearing using two hearing aids instead of one offers numerous advantages, including improved sound localization, enhanced sound quality, better speech understanding in noise, reduced listening effort, and greater overall satisfaction. By leveraging the brain’s natural ability to process sound from both ears, binaural hearing aids provide a more balanced, clear, and comfortable hearing experience. If you or a loved one is considering hearing aids, consult with a hearing care professional at Ear Solutions hearing aid clinic in Mumbai to explore the benefits of binaural hearing and determine the best solution for your hearing needs. Embracing binaural hearing can lead to a richer, more engaging auditory experience and significantly improve your quality of life.
Unlocking the Secrets to Safe Patient Handling.pdfLift Ability
Furthermore, the time constraints and workload in healthcare settings can make it challenging for caregivers to prioritise safe patient handling Australia practices, leading to shortcuts and increased risks.
Healthy Eating Habits:
Understanding Nutrition Labels: Teaches how to read and interpret food labels, focusing on serving sizes, calorie intake, and nutrients to limit or include.
Tips for Healthy Eating: Offers practical advice such as incorporating a variety of foods, practicing moderation, staying hydrated, and eating mindfully.
Benefits of Regular Exercise:
Physical Benefits: Discusses how exercise aids in weight management, muscle and bone health, cardiovascular health, and flexibility.
Mental Benefits: Explains the psychological advantages, including stress reduction, improved mood, and better sleep.
Tips for Staying Active:
Encourages consistency, variety in exercises, setting realistic goals, and finding enjoyable activities to maintain motivation.
Maintaining a Balanced Lifestyle:
Integrating Nutrition and Exercise: Suggests meal planning and incorporating physical activity into daily routines.
Monitoring Progress: Recommends tracking food intake and exercise, regular health check-ups, and provides tips for achieving balance, such as getting sufficient sleep, managing stress, and staying socially active.
The best massage spa Ajman is Chandrima Spa Ajman, which was founded in 2023 and is exclusively for men 24 hours a day. As of right now, our parent firm has been providing massage services to over 50,000+ clients in Ajman for the past 10 years. It has about 8+ branches. This demonstrates that Chandrima Spa Ajman is among the most reasonably priced spas in Ajman and the ideal place to unwind and rejuvenate. We provide a wide range of Spa massage treatments, including Indian, Pakistani, Kerala, Malayali, and body-to-body massages. Numerous massage techniques are available, including deep tissue, Swedish, Thai, Russian, and hot stone massages. Our massage therapists produce genuinely unique treatments that generate a revitalized sense of inner serenely by fusing modern techniques, the cleanest natural substances, and traditional holistic therapists.
Letter to MREC - application to conduct studyAzreen Aj
Application to conduct study on research title 'Awareness and knowledge of oral cancer and precancer among dental outpatient in Klinik Pergigian Merlimau, Melaka'
PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
- Urological tumors.
- The role of FDG PET in NET.
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
We are one of the top Massage Spa Ajman Our highly skilled, experienced, and certified massage therapists from different corners of the world are committed to serving you with a soothing and relaxing experience. Luxuriate yourself at our spas in Sharjah and Ajman, which are indeed enriched with an ambiance of relaxation and tranquility. We could confidently claim that we are one of the most affordable Spa Ajman and Sharjah as well, where you can book the massage session of your choice for just 99 AED at any time as we are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Visit : https://massagespaajman.com/
Call : 052 987 1315
Gemma Wean- Nutritional solution for Artemiasmuskaan0008
GEMMA Wean is a high end larval co-feeding and weaning diet aimed at Artemia optimisation and is fortified with a high level of proteins and phospholipids. GEMMA Wean provides the early weaned juveniles with dedicated fish nutrition and is an ideal follow on from GEMMA Micro or Artemia.
GEMMA Wean has an optimised nutritional balance and physical quality so that it flows more freely and spreads readily on the water surface. The balance of phospholipid classes to- gether with the production technology based on a low temperature extrusion process improve the physical aspect of the pellets while still retaining the high phospholipid content.
GEMMA Wean is available in 0.1mm, 0.2mm and 0.3mm. There is also a 0.5mm micro-pellet, GEMMA Wean Diamond, which covers the early nursery stage from post-weaning to pre-growing.
1. Some Forms of Learning in Animals
Many animal behaviours are formed and changed by learning.
There are many different forms of learning. Here are some of the
major forms (types) of animal learning.
Training Your Cat - No.1 Cat Training And Caring
1- Greasy
Greeding is the simplest form of learning. Animals ignore or
respond to repeated stimuli if the stimuli are not accompanied by
any danger.
For example, every time a black shadow falls from above, the
chicks rush to hide. If that stimulus (black shadow) is repeated
many times without any danger, then when it sees the black
shadow, the chick will not run away to hide anymore.
Dog Trainer Bible
2. Traces
Imprints are found in many animals, most prominently in birds. For
example, soon after hatching, young birds (including chickens,
ducks, goose...) have "clinging properties" and follow the first
moving objects they see (figure 32.1). Often the moving object they
see first is the mother bird. However, without parents, young birds
can "imprint" other birds of the same species, people, or other
moving objects. Imprinting is most effective at the stage where the
animal is born from a few hours up to two days, after which the
imprinting efficiency is low.
Thanks to "imprinting", the young bird moves with the parent bird,
so it is taken care of by the parents more.
2. Dream Chasers
3. Conditioning
a. Response Conditioning (Paplol Conditioning)
Response conditioning is the formation of new connections in the
CNS under the influence of concomitant stimuli,
For example: I. Paplop experimented with ringing the bell while
feeding the dog. After several dozen times of coordinating the bell
and food, just hearing the bell will make the dog salivate. This is
because in the central nervous system, a new neural connection
has been formed under the influence of two simultaneous stimuli.
How To Train Your Puppy
b. Action conditioning (Skinno-type conditioning)
This is the pattern of associating an animal behaviour with a reward
(or punishment), then the animal actively repeats the behaviour.
Example: B. F Skinner released the mouse into the experimental
cage. In the cage there is a pedal attached to the food. When the
rat runs in the cage and accidentally steps on the pedal, the food
falls out. After a random number of times to step on the pedal and
get food (reward), every time the mouse feels hungry (no need to
see the pedal), the mouse actively runs to receive the pedal to get
the food.
4. Underground learning
Underground learning is a type of learning without consciousness,
not knowing that you have learned. Later, when there is a need, that
3. knowledge is reproduced to help animals deal with similar
situations.
For example, if you release the mouse in an area with a lot of paths,
it will run around to explore the path back and forth. If food was then
introduced, the rat would find its way to the place where the food
was found much faster than mice that hadn't explored the route in
that area.
For wildlife, awareness of their surroundings helps them find food
quickly and avoid predators.
5. Learn smart
Wise learning is learning that combines old experiences to find
ways to solve new situations. Intelligence is only found in animals
with highly developed nervous systems like humans and other
primates
For example, chimpanzees know how to stack wooden crates to get
bananas overhead. Other non-Primate vertebrates are incapable of
doing so.
Some Common Behavior Patterns In Animals
1- Learn to earn food
The feeding habits of animals are different.
The majority of feeding habits in undeveloped neurologically
organised animals are innate. In animals with a developed nervous
system, the majority of foraging behaviour is learned from parents,
from other people or from personal experience.
4. For example: A tiger, a leopard crawling on the ground approaches
its prey, then jumps to pounce or chase, bite the prey's neck.
2. Territorial defence behaviour
Animals have the habit of defending their territory against other
individuals of the same species to protect food sources, shelter and
reproduction.
The territorial defence behaviour of each species is very different.
Eg:
– Wolves often mark their territory with urine. If someone of the
same type enters its territory, it will respond by threatening or
attacking the invader.
- Male deer have glands located next to the eyes that secrete a
special odorous fluid. It smears the smelly juice on a tree branch to
notify other males that the territory is occupied.
The range of territorial protection of each species is different. For
example, the territorial range of the albatross is severalm2, of the
tiger is several k2to a few dozenkm2.
Curb Your Cat
3. Reproductive habits
Most reproductive behaviour is innate, instinctive.
For example: During the breeding season, male peacocks often
dance and show off their colourful plumage to seduce the female
birds, then they mate. Females lay eggs and hatch them into
peacocks.
5. 4. Migration habits
Some fish, birds, mammals, etc. change their habitats with the
seasons. They usually travel long distances. Migration can be
two-way (going and returning) or one-way (moving to a new place
of residence). Seasonal migrations are more common in birds than
in other animal classes.
When migrating, terrestrial animals are oriented by the position of
the sun, white, stars, terrain (coast and mountain ranges). Pigeons
navigate by the earth's magnetic field. Animals that live in the water
such as fish navigate based on the chemical composition of the
water and the direction of water flow.
5. Social behaviour
It is the habit of living in groups. Bees, ants, termites, some fishes,
birds, elephants, wolves, buffalo, deer, ... live in groups. Here are
some social habits.
a. Hierarchical Calculus
In every swarm there is a hierarchical division.
Eg:
– In each flock of chickens, there is always one dominant bird (the
leader), this one can peck at any chicken in the flock. The 2nd one
can peck all the remaining animals except the leader, then the 3rd...
– Herds of deer, monkeys, elephants always have a leader. Leaders
are ranked high for their aggression and winning battles with other
animals. In a herd, the leaders gain priority over food and
reproduction.
6. b. Altruistic behaviour
Altruistic behaviour is the habit of sacrificing self-interest, even life,
for the sake of the survival of the herd.
Eg:
– The worker works diligently all his life just to serve the
reproduction of the queen bee or when someone comes to destroy
the nest, it rolls into battle and sacrifices his life to protect the hive.
– Soldier ants are ready to fight and sacrifice themselves to protect
the queen and the nest.
Dow Owner's Delight