This document discusses solid waste management practices at a leprosarium in southwestern Nigeria. It finds that the leprosarium generates a heterogeneous mixture of general municipal waste and some biomedical waste from its clinic and living areas. While biomedical waste makes up only about 1% of the total waste generated, disposal is currently done through open dumping and burning, causing health hazards. The document recommends composting as a more economical and appropriate disposal method given that most of the waste is biodegradable.
Impact of Biomedical Waste on City Environment :Case Study of Pune India.IOSR Journals
Indian cities are facing problem of Biomedical waste management in the wake of urban development. The number of healthcare facilities is increasing day by day resulting in large-scale generation of bio medical waste. It has been observed that inadequate disposal of biomedical waste is creating highly unhygienic environment and posing serious heath threat for inhabitants. Present paper discusses the issue of biomedical waste management from a wider perspective with special emphasis on chemical waste which is one of the most hazardous wastes in present context. Various types of biomedical waste with reference to generation, handling and disposal practices are presented. It includes study and analysis of the parameters which affect the quality of environment to explore their impact on city environments. The current practices of handling such waste is presented based on a study conducted in city of Pune, which is the second largest city in the state of Maharashtra, India. It is aimed to put forth the importance of adequate handling and treatment of biomedical waste with reference to healthy and hygienic living environment for inhabitants to live in.
A Review on ways to Manage Biomedical Waste at Different Locations in FaizabadIJMTST Journal
Medicinal waste has as of late turned into an issue of much open worry, due in parts of its extending
mass and unfavorable consequences for human wellbeing. Quick improvement in medicinal innovation the
multiplications of transfer supplies and expanded bundling have added to immense extensions in the
volume of therapeutic waste created. The transfer of biomedical waste has turned into an issue of
developing worry because of its potential natural risks. The study demonstrates that the rate of
biomedical waste age and administration works on applying by doctor's facilities. These practices
incorporates incinerator office was accessible at just a single private nursing home. Appropriate gathering,
treatment and transfer locales did not exist at Faizabad. The waste transfer hone was observed to be very
dangerous and both clinical and non-clinical squanders were observed to be arranged off with no
isolation. The therapeutic staff and different specialists have detailed diverse kind of sickness, for
example, Diarrhea, hepatitis B/C amid study.
The One Health Center aims to improve global health through an integrated approach addressing connections between human, animal, food, and environmental factors. Its mission is to assess and respond to health problems at this human-animal-environment interface through multidisciplinary and collaborative efforts. Key areas of research and intervention include improved water management, poultry immunization, disease surveillance, food safety, and combating malnutrition. A signature project will pilot interventions in these areas in Uganda to evaluate the added benefits of One Health approaches.
This study analyzed the distribution of human leptospirosis cases in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil from 2008-2012 to identify potential risk factors using an ecosystem approach. An average of 428 cases were reported annually, with rural populations experiencing infection rates eight times higher than urban populations. The final statistical model identified several significant risk factors: the Parana/Paraiba ecoregion (2.25x higher risk), Neossolo Litolítico soil type (1.93x higher risk), and tobacco (1.10x higher risk) and rice (1.003x higher risk) production, to a lesser extent. The results showed cases were concentrated in the state capital and specific ecoreg
This document proposes a public health intervention strategy called the Behavioral Psychology Approach to Eradicating Lyme Disease Intervention (BPAELD) to reduce Lyme disease incidence among residents of Connecticut. The strategy targets individuals who enjoy outdoor activities as Connecticut has a high Lyme disease rate. Objectives include decreasing Lyme disease incidence 20% within 4 years and increasing protective behaviors like tick repellent use and self-checks through educational interventions incorporating behavioral theory. The intervention innovates by addressing low adoption of preventive behaviors as the primary reason for rising Lyme disease incidence despite effective prevention strategies.
Therapeutic uses of plant species for inflammation-related conditions in Limp...Premier Publishers
Impaired inflammatory response could result in undesirable effects as seen in chronic diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) and cancer. This study was based on an ethno-botanical survey of 6literature citations of medicinal plants used to treat inflammation-related conditions in Limpopo province of South Africa. Plant species belonging to the Fabaceae family are mostly used for these purposes, representing 16.1% of the recorded plants species. The root was the preferred plant part (50.9%) used for inflammation-related conditions, followed by the leaves (18.4%), stem bark (16.7%), whole plant (9.6%), the bulbs (3.5%) and the seed (0.9%) consecutively. The same plant species or a different part thereof is sometimes used to treat inflammation caused by different ailments. Traditional medicine continues to play a vital role in meeting the health care needs of people in under-resourced areas such as the Limpopo province. However, a curious finding in this review is the dearth of information on the traditional uses and exploitability of Harpagophytum procumbens. Extracts from H. procumbens are well known for their anti-inflammatory activities. Controlled harvesting of H. procumbens could potentially provide the much needed income for the people in the areas of the Limpopo province where this plant species is available.
Global veterinary and medical perspectives on one healthJess Vergis
This document discusses the concepts of One Health and the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. It outlines how increased human population, urbanization, agricultural intensification, and encroachment into wildlife habitats have contributed to the emergence of zoonotic diseases. Over 60% of infectious diseases are zoonotic, with 71.8% originating from wildlife. The document then examines the historical foundations of comparative medicine and the development of veterinary science and its role in public health. It discusses how the One Health approach aims to address modern problems through cross-sectoral collaboration between medical, veterinary, and environmental professionals.
Impact of Biomedical Waste on City Environment :Case Study of Pune India.IOSR Journals
Indian cities are facing problem of Biomedical waste management in the wake of urban development. The number of healthcare facilities is increasing day by day resulting in large-scale generation of bio medical waste. It has been observed that inadequate disposal of biomedical waste is creating highly unhygienic environment and posing serious heath threat for inhabitants. Present paper discusses the issue of biomedical waste management from a wider perspective with special emphasis on chemical waste which is one of the most hazardous wastes in present context. Various types of biomedical waste with reference to generation, handling and disposal practices are presented. It includes study and analysis of the parameters which affect the quality of environment to explore their impact on city environments. The current practices of handling such waste is presented based on a study conducted in city of Pune, which is the second largest city in the state of Maharashtra, India. It is aimed to put forth the importance of adequate handling and treatment of biomedical waste with reference to healthy and hygienic living environment for inhabitants to live in.
A Review on ways to Manage Biomedical Waste at Different Locations in FaizabadIJMTST Journal
Medicinal waste has as of late turned into an issue of much open worry, due in parts of its extending
mass and unfavorable consequences for human wellbeing. Quick improvement in medicinal innovation the
multiplications of transfer supplies and expanded bundling have added to immense extensions in the
volume of therapeutic waste created. The transfer of biomedical waste has turned into an issue of
developing worry because of its potential natural risks. The study demonstrates that the rate of
biomedical waste age and administration works on applying by doctor's facilities. These practices
incorporates incinerator office was accessible at just a single private nursing home. Appropriate gathering,
treatment and transfer locales did not exist at Faizabad. The waste transfer hone was observed to be very
dangerous and both clinical and non-clinical squanders were observed to be arranged off with no
isolation. The therapeutic staff and different specialists have detailed diverse kind of sickness, for
example, Diarrhea, hepatitis B/C amid study.
The One Health Center aims to improve global health through an integrated approach addressing connections between human, animal, food, and environmental factors. Its mission is to assess and respond to health problems at this human-animal-environment interface through multidisciplinary and collaborative efforts. Key areas of research and intervention include improved water management, poultry immunization, disease surveillance, food safety, and combating malnutrition. A signature project will pilot interventions in these areas in Uganda to evaluate the added benefits of One Health approaches.
This study analyzed the distribution of human leptospirosis cases in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil from 2008-2012 to identify potential risk factors using an ecosystem approach. An average of 428 cases were reported annually, with rural populations experiencing infection rates eight times higher than urban populations. The final statistical model identified several significant risk factors: the Parana/Paraiba ecoregion (2.25x higher risk), Neossolo Litolítico soil type (1.93x higher risk), and tobacco (1.10x higher risk) and rice (1.003x higher risk) production, to a lesser extent. The results showed cases were concentrated in the state capital and specific ecoreg
This document proposes a public health intervention strategy called the Behavioral Psychology Approach to Eradicating Lyme Disease Intervention (BPAELD) to reduce Lyme disease incidence among residents of Connecticut. The strategy targets individuals who enjoy outdoor activities as Connecticut has a high Lyme disease rate. Objectives include decreasing Lyme disease incidence 20% within 4 years and increasing protective behaviors like tick repellent use and self-checks through educational interventions incorporating behavioral theory. The intervention innovates by addressing low adoption of preventive behaviors as the primary reason for rising Lyme disease incidence despite effective prevention strategies.
Therapeutic uses of plant species for inflammation-related conditions in Limp...Premier Publishers
Impaired inflammatory response could result in undesirable effects as seen in chronic diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) and cancer. This study was based on an ethno-botanical survey of 6literature citations of medicinal plants used to treat inflammation-related conditions in Limpopo province of South Africa. Plant species belonging to the Fabaceae family are mostly used for these purposes, representing 16.1% of the recorded plants species. The root was the preferred plant part (50.9%) used for inflammation-related conditions, followed by the leaves (18.4%), stem bark (16.7%), whole plant (9.6%), the bulbs (3.5%) and the seed (0.9%) consecutively. The same plant species or a different part thereof is sometimes used to treat inflammation caused by different ailments. Traditional medicine continues to play a vital role in meeting the health care needs of people in under-resourced areas such as the Limpopo province. However, a curious finding in this review is the dearth of information on the traditional uses and exploitability of Harpagophytum procumbens. Extracts from H. procumbens are well known for their anti-inflammatory activities. Controlled harvesting of H. procumbens could potentially provide the much needed income for the people in the areas of the Limpopo province where this plant species is available.
Global veterinary and medical perspectives on one healthJess Vergis
This document discusses the concepts of One Health and the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. It outlines how increased human population, urbanization, agricultural intensification, and encroachment into wildlife habitats have contributed to the emergence of zoonotic diseases. Over 60% of infectious diseases are zoonotic, with 71.8% originating from wildlife. The document then examines the historical foundations of comparative medicine and the development of veterinary science and its role in public health. It discusses how the One Health approach aims to address modern problems through cross-sectoral collaboration between medical, veterinary, and environmental professionals.
Yaser Younes Salman Issa has extensive experience and qualifications in epidemiology, public health, and environmental health. He holds a PhD in International Health from the University of Oslo and has worked in various roles, including as the Head of Environmental Health Unit for the Hebron Public Health Directorate. Currently he works as an environmental health consultant and part-time lecturer at multiple universities. His research focuses on topics such as pesticide exposure, fecundability, and food and water safety in Palestine.
Applying participatory approach to study zoonoses in an Ecohealth framework: ...ILRI
Poster by Duong Nguyen Khang, Nguyen Ngoc Thuy, Nguyen Van Khanh, Le Hong Phong, Tran Cong Kha, Dang Trinh Minh Anh, Nguyen Quoc Huy, Van Cao, Lapar ML, Gilbert J and Mai Van Hiep presented at the 2012 Ecohealth conference held at Kunming, China on 15-18 October 2012.
Analysis of wastewater for use in agriculture a laboratory manual of parasito...Wal Elsis
This document provides a summary of a laboratory manual for analyzing wastewater samples. It describes a modified Bailenger method for counting intestinal nematode eggs in wastewater samples. The method uses zinc sulfate and ether or ethyl acetate to float eggs to the surface for counting under a microscope. It has advantages of being simple, inexpensive, and recovering a wide range of helminth eggs, though it does not work for all parasite eggs and recovery rates are unknown. The method allows estimating parasite egg counts needed to determine if wastewater meets WHO guidelines for safe agricultural reuse.
Assessment of Zooplankton Diversity in Kosavampatti Lake at Namakkal District...BRNSS Publication Hub
Kosavampatti Lake is a historical lake situated in Namakkal district. A lake usually helps in recharging groundwater, and the trees in and around the lake serve as a nesting place for birds. Zooplankton is the vital constituents of water flora which aids as the main component of the aquatic food chain. It sustains appropriate equilibrium between biotic and abiotic components of the water ecosystem. The present study aimed to deal with zooplankton diversity in Kosavampatti Lake. The investigation was carried out for 1 year, i.e., October 2017–September 2018. During the study period, the zooplankton population of Kosavampatti Lake water is characterized by five various classes, namely Protozoa, Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracods, and Rotifera, with 19 different species which were noted and documented in Kosavampatti Lake. The main classes of Rotifera are the highest groups among zooplankton and the density of zooplankton community was higher in summer and lesser in monsoon. The results of various kinds of diversity indices strongly indicate that Kosavampatti Lake is absolutely polluted in nature.
A Short Report on Status of Leprosy in India by Rahul Shukla in Advances in Complementary & Alternative Medicine
Hansen’s disease, known as leprosy in colloquial language has been able to maintain its prevalence in the Indian subcontinent due to the haggard socio-economic status, lack of awareness and multiple other predisposing factors. Leprosy has been found to suppress the immune system thereby accentuating the chance of secondary infections. Contrary to the long held prevalent notion that the disease is not very contagious but shows long term effects that may lead to permanent limb and nerve disfigurement. The chronic effects of the ailment also include loss of visual acuity along with deformed limbs. Despite the prevalence and emergence of substantial number of new cases of leprosy each year in most of the developed and developing nations, the disease has still not been identified as a major health problem. The major hurdle in tackling the disease is also stemmed from the under reporting of the ailment caused by the excommunication of the afflicted individuals. India accounts for a large chunk of the global burden of leprosy, contributing almost 3/5th of the newly documented cases per annum. Reemergence of leprosy has been evidenced due to development of resistance in the causative bacterial strain. Yet much has not been accomplished in developing therapeutic regimen to curb the rampage of this insidious enemy. The aim of this short communication aims at portraying the true scenario of leprosy and there by attract the attention of policy makers and implementers to take radical actions to eradicate the menace to public health.
A Study on the Epidemiological Aspects Among the Population Living in the Are...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Fluorides are cumulative toxins, even after boiling, food processing, filtration or digestion will not remove fluoride. The aim of the present study is to assess epidemiological profile of endemic fluorosis and the magnitude of the problem in terms of prevalence of various types of fluorosis. 102 households covering the 500 population residing in the endemic fluorotic area have been selected by systematic random technique at Anantapuram district. Each of the subject was studied, information regarding various epidemiological characteristics and examined to notice clinical features related to fluorosis. Out of 500 selected individuals, 453 (90.6%) members have fluorosis related clinical features. On assessing dietary habits it was significant (p≤0.04) among vegetarians (24%) and non vegetarians (76%). Prevalence of fluorosis was higher among those who consumed >5 liters of water (69.6%) than those who consumed <5 /><1.0mg/L) and consume a diet rich in calcium, iron, vitamin C &E and other antioxidants.
Studies on the intestinal helminths infestation among primary school children...Alexander Decker
This study examined 283 primary school children in Gwagwada, Nigeria for intestinal helminth infections. The overall prevalence of infection was 67.1%, with the most common helminths being Ascaris lumbricoides (30.7%), Taenia spp (23.0%), and Schistosoma mansoni (11.7%). There was no significant association between infection prevalence and sex. Prevalence decreased weakly with increasing class level but correlated more strongly negatively with age. Source of drinking water and contact with water bodies were associated with higher prevalence rates of certain helminths.
A Retrospective Disease Surveillance Based Approach in the Investigation and ...Stephen Olubulyera
A Retrospective Disease Surveillance Based Approach in the Investigation and Linkage of Human Brucellosis to Animal Sources: One Health Approach Complementary Strategy Applicable in Nomadic Pastoralism, a Case Study of Turkana County, Kenya.
Contributions of Animal Research to Public Health FINALEva Quintero
Animal research has contributed significantly to public health throughout history. Key developments include vaccines for polio and other diseases, antibiotics, and Louis Pasteur's rabies vaccine. Animal models are important because many animals, like mice and pigs, share anatomical and genetic similarities with humans, making them suitable for studying human diseases. New medical advancements continue to emerge from animal research, such as robotic surgery techniques developed using pig models. Overall, responsible animal research has improved human and animal health and led to many life-saving advances.
Presented by Hung Nguyen-Viet and Jakob Zinsstag at a technical workshop of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) regional initiative on One Health, Bangkok, Thailand, 11–13 October 2017.
1) Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a reemerging infectious disease in Arizona and Sonora transmitted by ticks that can cause serious complications and death if not properly diagnosed and treated with doxycycline within 5 days.
2) RMSF disproportionately impacts vulnerable groups like children, indigenous populations, migrants, and those in poverty who have less access to healthcare and live in environments conducive to tick habitat.
3) Public health interventions are needed to address both medical and socio-environmental factors contributing to RMSF in the region, including improving clinician awareness and diagnosis, reducing tick habitat in homes, and supporting at-risk communities.
Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistanceBhoj Raj Singh
Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have long been believed to fuel antimicrobial resistance (AMR), but new research shows that simply lowering consumption is not enough. Poor sanitation, corruption and low public health spending have a bigger role in pushing up drug-resistant infections in low- and middle-income countries, including India.
Animal disease ecology and transmission by Dr. C DomingoPerez Eric
The document discusses animal disease ecology and transmission. It defines key terms like infection, disease, ecology, and transmission. It then discusses how environmental conditions, animal hosts, vectors, and pathogens interact to lead to disease transmission. Specifically, it explores how factors like climate change, land use changes, intensive farming practices, and globalization can influence disease emergence and spread among animal populations.
This study analyzed geospatial and genotypic data on tuberculosis cases in New South Wales, Australia between 2009-2013. Spatial scan statistics identified four recurring tuberculosis hotspots within Sydney, where incidence rates were 2-10 times higher than the state average. Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates found a high level of genetic heterogeneity within the hotspots, suggesting these areas represent foci of imported rather than locally transmitted infections, even within this generally low-incidence setting. The findings provide insight to guide more targeted public health interventions.
Food safety risk misperception: Lessons learned and way forward ILRI
Poster by Tran Thi Tuyet Hanh, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Pham Duc Phuc, Dang Xuan Sinh, Fred Unger and Delia Grace presented at the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH) Vietnam partner day on sharing progress and planning ahead for collaborative research, Hanoi, Vietnam, 23 March 2018.
This study analyzed the correlation between tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections at the census tract level in Harris County, Texas from 2009-2010. The authors found that census tracts with higher percentages of poverty, Black residents, and foreign-born residents had above average rates of both HIV and TB. Logistic regression also showed these factors were associated with higher odds of co-infection of HIV/TB. The authors conclude targeted testing and education programs should focus on areas with these high-risk demographic characteristics.
Municipal Live markets, Slaughterhouses and Waste Systems in Developing Coun...Harm Kiezebrink
The World Bank published this final report in 2009. The main aim of the Study is to develop global guidance for potential Bank interventions in the livestock market and slaughter sector.
Due to population growth, urbanization, and increased per capita demand for meat products, livestock and poultry production is projected to grow four times faster in developing countries than in high-income countries, with growth in pork and poultry more than twice the growth in the production of ruminate meat.
It is estimated that 800 million people worldwide still suffer chronic under-nutrition and hunger; thus, the growth in livestock and poultry production is expected to continue to escalate with a resulting increase in the quantity of livestock wastes generated.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis among Students ...Premier Publishers
Despite efforts and interventions to control Soil-transmitted Helminths infections, World Health Organization estimated 70.0% school aged children worldwide at risk of infection with at least one Soil-transmitted Helminths species, with 22% occurring in Africa; Soil-transmitted Helminths infections therefore still remain prevalent especially in developing countries. An epidemiological study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of Soil-transmitted helminthiasis among Students of Government Day Secondary School Gidan Igwe Area, Sokoto State, Nigeria. A total of 90 faecal samples were collected and analyzed using wet preparation method to detect the ova of soil-transmitted helminths. Information on risk factors of STHs was obtained from the students through a structured questionnaire. Binary Logistic Regression was used to determine the risk factors of Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis in the study area. Out of the 90 faecal samples examined, 54(60.0%) were found to be infected with at least one species of STHs or the other. Species of STHs encountered during the study in order of occurrence were; Ascaris lumbricoides (35.56%), Trichuris trichiura (16.67%), and Hookworm (7.77%). Results of Binary Logistic Regression indicated being 11-16 years old, farming activity, using well as a source of drinking water, walking barefooted, and not washing hands before and after meals as the major risk factors for the spread of soil-transmitted helminthiasis among the students. Therefore, public health attention is highly needed to control soil-transmitted helminthiasis among the study subjects in the area.
Ocurrence of Toxocara canis in Students of Veterinary and Graphic Design in a...Rafael Heredia
This study examined the occurrence of Toxocara canis infection in veterinary and graphic design students in Mexico. Blood samples from 100 students in each program were tested for T. canis antibodies. The frequency of infection tended to be higher in veterinary students (13%) than graphic design students (7%), likely due to greater contact with infected animals. However, risk factors like dog ownership, handwashing habits, and eating street food were not statistically associated with T. canis infection in either student group. The study suggests veterinary students are at higher risk of T. canis infection due to their contact with potential sources of the parasite.
Access to Sanitation Facilities in a Predominantly Rural District in Ghana: S...Premier Publishers
Access to sanitation services is generally poor in developing countries including Ghana. Whereas works on the effect of sanitation on health have been interrogated, those on the relationship of socio-economic and demographic factors and access to sanitation services are limited. Besides, the issue of equity in access to sanitation services is least explored. The main objectives of this research were to explore the relationship between background characteristics of respondents and access to sanitation services and to examine whether there is equity in access to sanitation facilities in the Pru district of the Brong Ahafo region (Now Bono East Region) of Ghana. The integrated behavioural theory underpinned the study whilst the mixed methods approach was used as a research approach. A combination of simple random, systematic and accidental sample techniques was used to derive a sample of 380 based on the statistical table designed by Krejcie and Morgan (1970). Results show that, first and foremost, education and income levels had a positive effect on access to sanitation services. Secondly, women had better access to sanitation services than men largely due to the cultural factor of the recognition of the sacredness of the nude of women. Secondly, there is no equity in access to sanitation services since urban areas have better access than rural areas and the rich access safe sanitation services more. The propositions that there is inequity in access to sanitation services in the study area, and that the rich and affluent have better access to such services have been vindicated. Besides, the integrated behavioural theory has been justified.
This project report summarizes Rochan Banga's investigatory project on biological waste management. The report discusses the need for proper biological waste management in hospitals to prevent the spread of diseases and environmental pollution. It provides classifications of biomedical waste, sources of waste, and the problems caused by improper management. It also outlines the key steps in biological waste management processes, including collection, segregation, transportation, treatment, and disposal. Common treatment methods like incineration and autoclaving are also summarized.
This project report summarizes Rochan Banga's investigatory project on biological waste management. The report discusses the need for proper biological waste management in hospitals to prevent the spread of diseases and environmental pollution. It provides classifications of biomedical waste, sources of waste, and the problems caused by improper management. It also outlines the key steps in biological waste management processes, including collection, segregation, transportation, treatment, and disposal. Common treatment methods like incineration and autoclaving are also summarized.
Yaser Younes Salman Issa has extensive experience and qualifications in epidemiology, public health, and environmental health. He holds a PhD in International Health from the University of Oslo and has worked in various roles, including as the Head of Environmental Health Unit for the Hebron Public Health Directorate. Currently he works as an environmental health consultant and part-time lecturer at multiple universities. His research focuses on topics such as pesticide exposure, fecundability, and food and water safety in Palestine.
Applying participatory approach to study zoonoses in an Ecohealth framework: ...ILRI
Poster by Duong Nguyen Khang, Nguyen Ngoc Thuy, Nguyen Van Khanh, Le Hong Phong, Tran Cong Kha, Dang Trinh Minh Anh, Nguyen Quoc Huy, Van Cao, Lapar ML, Gilbert J and Mai Van Hiep presented at the 2012 Ecohealth conference held at Kunming, China on 15-18 October 2012.
Analysis of wastewater for use in agriculture a laboratory manual of parasito...Wal Elsis
This document provides a summary of a laboratory manual for analyzing wastewater samples. It describes a modified Bailenger method for counting intestinal nematode eggs in wastewater samples. The method uses zinc sulfate and ether or ethyl acetate to float eggs to the surface for counting under a microscope. It has advantages of being simple, inexpensive, and recovering a wide range of helminth eggs, though it does not work for all parasite eggs and recovery rates are unknown. The method allows estimating parasite egg counts needed to determine if wastewater meets WHO guidelines for safe agricultural reuse.
Assessment of Zooplankton Diversity in Kosavampatti Lake at Namakkal District...BRNSS Publication Hub
Kosavampatti Lake is a historical lake situated in Namakkal district. A lake usually helps in recharging groundwater, and the trees in and around the lake serve as a nesting place for birds. Zooplankton is the vital constituents of water flora which aids as the main component of the aquatic food chain. It sustains appropriate equilibrium between biotic and abiotic components of the water ecosystem. The present study aimed to deal with zooplankton diversity in Kosavampatti Lake. The investigation was carried out for 1 year, i.e., October 2017–September 2018. During the study period, the zooplankton population of Kosavampatti Lake water is characterized by five various classes, namely Protozoa, Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracods, and Rotifera, with 19 different species which were noted and documented in Kosavampatti Lake. The main classes of Rotifera are the highest groups among zooplankton and the density of zooplankton community was higher in summer and lesser in monsoon. The results of various kinds of diversity indices strongly indicate that Kosavampatti Lake is absolutely polluted in nature.
A Short Report on Status of Leprosy in India by Rahul Shukla in Advances in Complementary & Alternative Medicine
Hansen’s disease, known as leprosy in colloquial language has been able to maintain its prevalence in the Indian subcontinent due to the haggard socio-economic status, lack of awareness and multiple other predisposing factors. Leprosy has been found to suppress the immune system thereby accentuating the chance of secondary infections. Contrary to the long held prevalent notion that the disease is not very contagious but shows long term effects that may lead to permanent limb and nerve disfigurement. The chronic effects of the ailment also include loss of visual acuity along with deformed limbs. Despite the prevalence and emergence of substantial number of new cases of leprosy each year in most of the developed and developing nations, the disease has still not been identified as a major health problem. The major hurdle in tackling the disease is also stemmed from the under reporting of the ailment caused by the excommunication of the afflicted individuals. India accounts for a large chunk of the global burden of leprosy, contributing almost 3/5th of the newly documented cases per annum. Reemergence of leprosy has been evidenced due to development of resistance in the causative bacterial strain. Yet much has not been accomplished in developing therapeutic regimen to curb the rampage of this insidious enemy. The aim of this short communication aims at portraying the true scenario of leprosy and there by attract the attention of policy makers and implementers to take radical actions to eradicate the menace to public health.
A Study on the Epidemiological Aspects Among the Population Living in the Are...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Fluorides are cumulative toxins, even after boiling, food processing, filtration or digestion will not remove fluoride. The aim of the present study is to assess epidemiological profile of endemic fluorosis and the magnitude of the problem in terms of prevalence of various types of fluorosis. 102 households covering the 500 population residing in the endemic fluorotic area have been selected by systematic random technique at Anantapuram district. Each of the subject was studied, information regarding various epidemiological characteristics and examined to notice clinical features related to fluorosis. Out of 500 selected individuals, 453 (90.6%) members have fluorosis related clinical features. On assessing dietary habits it was significant (p≤0.04) among vegetarians (24%) and non vegetarians (76%). Prevalence of fluorosis was higher among those who consumed >5 liters of water (69.6%) than those who consumed <5 /><1.0mg/L) and consume a diet rich in calcium, iron, vitamin C &E and other antioxidants.
Studies on the intestinal helminths infestation among primary school children...Alexander Decker
This study examined 283 primary school children in Gwagwada, Nigeria for intestinal helminth infections. The overall prevalence of infection was 67.1%, with the most common helminths being Ascaris lumbricoides (30.7%), Taenia spp (23.0%), and Schistosoma mansoni (11.7%). There was no significant association between infection prevalence and sex. Prevalence decreased weakly with increasing class level but correlated more strongly negatively with age. Source of drinking water and contact with water bodies were associated with higher prevalence rates of certain helminths.
A Retrospective Disease Surveillance Based Approach in the Investigation and ...Stephen Olubulyera
A Retrospective Disease Surveillance Based Approach in the Investigation and Linkage of Human Brucellosis to Animal Sources: One Health Approach Complementary Strategy Applicable in Nomadic Pastoralism, a Case Study of Turkana County, Kenya.
Contributions of Animal Research to Public Health FINALEva Quintero
Animal research has contributed significantly to public health throughout history. Key developments include vaccines for polio and other diseases, antibiotics, and Louis Pasteur's rabies vaccine. Animal models are important because many animals, like mice and pigs, share anatomical and genetic similarities with humans, making them suitable for studying human diseases. New medical advancements continue to emerge from animal research, such as robotic surgery techniques developed using pig models. Overall, responsible animal research has improved human and animal health and led to many life-saving advances.
Presented by Hung Nguyen-Viet and Jakob Zinsstag at a technical workshop of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) regional initiative on One Health, Bangkok, Thailand, 11–13 October 2017.
1) Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a reemerging infectious disease in Arizona and Sonora transmitted by ticks that can cause serious complications and death if not properly diagnosed and treated with doxycycline within 5 days.
2) RMSF disproportionately impacts vulnerable groups like children, indigenous populations, migrants, and those in poverty who have less access to healthcare and live in environments conducive to tick habitat.
3) Public health interventions are needed to address both medical and socio-environmental factors contributing to RMSF in the region, including improving clinician awareness and diagnosis, reducing tick habitat in homes, and supporting at-risk communities.
Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistanceBhoj Raj Singh
Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have long been believed to fuel antimicrobial resistance (AMR), but new research shows that simply lowering consumption is not enough. Poor sanitation, corruption and low public health spending have a bigger role in pushing up drug-resistant infections in low- and middle-income countries, including India.
Animal disease ecology and transmission by Dr. C DomingoPerez Eric
The document discusses animal disease ecology and transmission. It defines key terms like infection, disease, ecology, and transmission. It then discusses how environmental conditions, animal hosts, vectors, and pathogens interact to lead to disease transmission. Specifically, it explores how factors like climate change, land use changes, intensive farming practices, and globalization can influence disease emergence and spread among animal populations.
This study analyzed geospatial and genotypic data on tuberculosis cases in New South Wales, Australia between 2009-2013. Spatial scan statistics identified four recurring tuberculosis hotspots within Sydney, where incidence rates were 2-10 times higher than the state average. Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates found a high level of genetic heterogeneity within the hotspots, suggesting these areas represent foci of imported rather than locally transmitted infections, even within this generally low-incidence setting. The findings provide insight to guide more targeted public health interventions.
Food safety risk misperception: Lessons learned and way forward ILRI
Poster by Tran Thi Tuyet Hanh, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Pham Duc Phuc, Dang Xuan Sinh, Fred Unger and Delia Grace presented at the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH) Vietnam partner day on sharing progress and planning ahead for collaborative research, Hanoi, Vietnam, 23 March 2018.
This study analyzed the correlation between tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections at the census tract level in Harris County, Texas from 2009-2010. The authors found that census tracts with higher percentages of poverty, Black residents, and foreign-born residents had above average rates of both HIV and TB. Logistic regression also showed these factors were associated with higher odds of co-infection of HIV/TB. The authors conclude targeted testing and education programs should focus on areas with these high-risk demographic characteristics.
Municipal Live markets, Slaughterhouses and Waste Systems in Developing Coun...Harm Kiezebrink
The World Bank published this final report in 2009. The main aim of the Study is to develop global guidance for potential Bank interventions in the livestock market and slaughter sector.
Due to population growth, urbanization, and increased per capita demand for meat products, livestock and poultry production is projected to grow four times faster in developing countries than in high-income countries, with growth in pork and poultry more than twice the growth in the production of ruminate meat.
It is estimated that 800 million people worldwide still suffer chronic under-nutrition and hunger; thus, the growth in livestock and poultry production is expected to continue to escalate with a resulting increase in the quantity of livestock wastes generated.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis among Students ...Premier Publishers
Despite efforts and interventions to control Soil-transmitted Helminths infections, World Health Organization estimated 70.0% school aged children worldwide at risk of infection with at least one Soil-transmitted Helminths species, with 22% occurring in Africa; Soil-transmitted Helminths infections therefore still remain prevalent especially in developing countries. An epidemiological study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of Soil-transmitted helminthiasis among Students of Government Day Secondary School Gidan Igwe Area, Sokoto State, Nigeria. A total of 90 faecal samples were collected and analyzed using wet preparation method to detect the ova of soil-transmitted helminths. Information on risk factors of STHs was obtained from the students through a structured questionnaire. Binary Logistic Regression was used to determine the risk factors of Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis in the study area. Out of the 90 faecal samples examined, 54(60.0%) were found to be infected with at least one species of STHs or the other. Species of STHs encountered during the study in order of occurrence were; Ascaris lumbricoides (35.56%), Trichuris trichiura (16.67%), and Hookworm (7.77%). Results of Binary Logistic Regression indicated being 11-16 years old, farming activity, using well as a source of drinking water, walking barefooted, and not washing hands before and after meals as the major risk factors for the spread of soil-transmitted helminthiasis among the students. Therefore, public health attention is highly needed to control soil-transmitted helminthiasis among the study subjects in the area.
Ocurrence of Toxocara canis in Students of Veterinary and Graphic Design in a...Rafael Heredia
This study examined the occurrence of Toxocara canis infection in veterinary and graphic design students in Mexico. Blood samples from 100 students in each program were tested for T. canis antibodies. The frequency of infection tended to be higher in veterinary students (13%) than graphic design students (7%), likely due to greater contact with infected animals. However, risk factors like dog ownership, handwashing habits, and eating street food were not statistically associated with T. canis infection in either student group. The study suggests veterinary students are at higher risk of T. canis infection due to their contact with potential sources of the parasite.
Access to Sanitation Facilities in a Predominantly Rural District in Ghana: S...Premier Publishers
Access to sanitation services is generally poor in developing countries including Ghana. Whereas works on the effect of sanitation on health have been interrogated, those on the relationship of socio-economic and demographic factors and access to sanitation services are limited. Besides, the issue of equity in access to sanitation services is least explored. The main objectives of this research were to explore the relationship between background characteristics of respondents and access to sanitation services and to examine whether there is equity in access to sanitation facilities in the Pru district of the Brong Ahafo region (Now Bono East Region) of Ghana. The integrated behavioural theory underpinned the study whilst the mixed methods approach was used as a research approach. A combination of simple random, systematic and accidental sample techniques was used to derive a sample of 380 based on the statistical table designed by Krejcie and Morgan (1970). Results show that, first and foremost, education and income levels had a positive effect on access to sanitation services. Secondly, women had better access to sanitation services than men largely due to the cultural factor of the recognition of the sacredness of the nude of women. Secondly, there is no equity in access to sanitation services since urban areas have better access than rural areas and the rich access safe sanitation services more. The propositions that there is inequity in access to sanitation services in the study area, and that the rich and affluent have better access to such services have been vindicated. Besides, the integrated behavioural theory has been justified.
This project report summarizes Rochan Banga's investigatory project on biological waste management. The report discusses the need for proper biological waste management in hospitals to prevent the spread of diseases and environmental pollution. It provides classifications of biomedical waste, sources of waste, and the problems caused by improper management. It also outlines the key steps in biological waste management processes, including collection, segregation, transportation, treatment, and disposal. Common treatment methods like incineration and autoclaving are also summarized.
This project report summarizes Rochan Banga's investigatory project on biological waste management. The report discusses the need for proper biological waste management in hospitals to prevent the spread of diseases and environmental pollution. It provides classifications of biomedical waste, sources of waste, and the problems caused by improper management. It also outlines the key steps in biological waste management processes, including collection, segregation, transportation, treatment, and disposal. Common treatment methods like incineration and autoclaving are also summarized.
Evaluation of factors that influence Reoccurrence of Cholera epidemics in Bwe...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Cholera is an acute enteric infection characterised by sudden onset of profuse, painless watery diarrhoea and vomiting. Transmission of the disease is by faecal-oral route and from man to man via faecal contaminated water, ingestion of contaminated foods and drinks, and bottle feeding in infants. Globally, an estimated 1.4 to 4.3 million cholera cases and 28,000 to 142,000 cholera related deaths occur every year and the highest deaths rates occur in developing countries. The aim of this study was to explore the factors influencing reoccurrence of cholera outbreaks in Bwera hospital-Kasese district, Uganda. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional where quantitative strategy was applied on health workers and households within Bwera hospital. The study targeted 73 respondents; random sampling procedure was used. Three broad themes were based on to obtain results namely; sources of water for home use, environmental sanitation and the role of climate change. It emerged that water was mainly collected from unprotected sources using rudimentary methods and it was made safe by boiling. Hand washing was seen as a common practice done though occasionally. Generally solid wastes were poorly managed including human waste and reinforcing reforestation was seen as a remedy to avert effects of climate change. The commonest source of water for home consumption was from open water surfaces mainly rivers/streams. Boiling was seen as one of the commonest methods of making water safe for home consumption but the numbers of house hold that boils water are very few thereby making them prone to infection. Washing hands was the commonest practice especially before eating but still some children do ignore washing of their hands before eating if their caretakers are not around them; however, it was not consistently after visiting latrine. Poor waste disposal was seen present in the communities whereby bushes and river banks were seen as places where human waste is deposited.
Keywords: Cholera, Deaths, Households, Bwera hospital, contaminated Water.
Sanitation is paramount to human life because it contributes to safety from communicable and non-communicable diseases as well as playing important roles in human socio- economic development and sustenance of cultural values. The aim of this paper is to monitor and evaluate environmental sanitation services in Owerri West Local Government Area. Survey method was largely used in this study with questionnaire administered on 384 of which 25 respondents each were selected from 16 small villages out of 8 major communities in Owerri West Local Government Area (LGA). The result shows that 51.3% practice monthly environmental sanitation and only 33.3% of the wastes are removed from the generation point. The common refuse disposal method is the use of sanitary bin (35.3%), open dumping (20.8%) and burning (23.3%) while about 37% are dumped around surrounding bushes. This study revealed that the general environmental sanitation in Owerri West LGA is good (71.3%). Presence of Environmental Health Officer (EHO) for policy implementation (p<0.005), Frequency of EHO visit (p<0.005), level of hygiene education (p<0.005) and availability of environmental sanitation policy (p=0.008) was significantly related to the method of waste disposal adopted and Presence of Environmental Health Officer for policy implementation (EHO) (p=0.034), Frequency of EHO visit (p<0.005), level of hygiene education (p<0.005) and availability of environmental sanitation policies (p=0.001) as well as frequency of waste removal from generation point. Basic efforts that lead to good health and longevity include taking sensible actions and precautions based on sound health information. Environmental sanitation education is needed to educate and recondition the minds and attitudes of citizens in Owerri West LGA and beyond in consonance with the norms of their environment.
The document discusses the management of biomedical waste from hospitals. It notes that hospital waste is classified as 85% non-hazardous and 15% hazardous, with the hazardous waste further divided into infectious (10%) and toxic (5%). The key aspects of management include proper segregation of waste based on category at the point of generation, use of colored containers, treatment and disposal options according to waste type, and compliance with the Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998 which regulate waste disposal. Improper management can pose health risks like infections to patients, staff and the public.
This document discusses clinical waste management. It provides definitions of clinical waste and its components. Clinical waste includes human tissues, sharps, medicines, and other waste from healthcare facilities that poses health and safety risks. The document discusses the sources and classification of clinical waste. It also outlines the risks of improper handling, including potential exposure to pathogens. Methods of treatment and disposal are also examined.
Abstract— This is a review paper which is prepared from the surveys of hospitals and research studies. Hospital waste management in the world is a strict discipline and does occupy a serious place in the management of health care sector. The management of hospital remaining requires its removal and disposal from the health care establishments as hygienically and economically as possible by methods that all stages minimizes the risk to public health and to environment. Health care waste can be dangerous, if not done properly. Poor management of healthcare waste exposes health labors, waste handlers, and the community to the toxic effects of wastes generated from health activity. The disposal of these wastes could also lead to environmental problems. This article intends to describe various health care wastes and its controlling, as creating good practices for proper handling and disposal of health care waste is an important part of the health care delivery system. The aim of this paper is to highlight the present condition of medical waste and a review on scientific method of hospital waste management.
This study examined hospital waste management practices at primary health care centers in Fagge Local
Government Area, Kano State, Nigeria. A survey of 132 health professionals found that while sharps waste was
mostly segregated, other wastes were not. Waste was primarily collected by hand and transported within facilities
by wheelbarrow or off-site by cart, with no labeling of infectious materials. Waste was stored openly for 12 hours
without treatment before final disposal, mostly by landfilling, posing health risks. The study revealed deficiencies
in waste segregation, collection, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal practices that could endanger staff,
patients and the community if not addressed.
This document discusses various types of bio-medical waste, their effects, and proper management. It outlines 5 main types of bio-medical waste (A-E) based on their risk level and appropriate disposal method. Type A waste does not require special treatment, while Types B-D pose increasing infection risks and must be disposed of carefully. Type E includes hazardous chemicals. The document also discusses the health hazards of improper sharps disposal, medical waste incineration, plastic and mercury use in healthcare, and glutaraldehyde/Cidex and radioactive waste. Key impacts include infection, toxic emissions, and accumulation of heavy metals in the environment and food chain. Proper segregation, treatment and disposal of each waste type is
The document discusses bio-medical waste management. It begins by introducing the types of hazardous materials generated in hospitals, including infected materials, cytotoxic drugs, and radioactive substances. It then describes the nature and quantities of hospital waste, classifying it as hazardous (15%) and non-hazardous (85%). Hazardous waste is further divided into infectious (10%) and toxic (5%) categories. The document outlines the health hazards of improper management, principles of infection control, and the Bio-Medical Waste Rules for treatment and disposal of different categories of waste.
This document discusses zoonotic and vector borne diseases. It begins with an introduction to zoonotic diseases, which are diseases that can spread between animals and humans. These diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites or fungi. The document then discusses the main mechanisms of infection such as direct contact, indirect contact, vector-borne transmission, foodborne transmission, and waterborne transmission. It identifies populations that are at high risk of zoonotic diseases such as children, elderly adults, immunocompromised individuals, and pregnant women. The document also examines the environmental and anthropogenic factors that contribute to the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases. Finally, it provides examples of major zoonotic diseases and discusses Malaysia's mult
1) The study investigated the effects of rifampicin, an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis, on kidney biomarkers and histopathology in albino rats.
2) Rats were given rifampicin at different doses for varying time periods, then kidney biomarkers like urea and creatinine were measured from blood samples.
3) Results showed that urea and creatinine levels increased over time with higher doses of rifampicin, indicating potential kidney damage. Histological examination also revealed inflammation of the glomeruli in kidneys of rats that received the highest dose for longest time period.
The Parity Rate of Indoor-Resting Adult Female Anopheles and Culex Mosquitoes...IJEAB
This study examined the parity rates of indoor-resting Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes collected from female hostels at Nnamdi Azikiwe University in Nigeria. A total of 516 mosquitoes from 4 species were collected over 3 weeks. Culex quinquefasciatus was the most common species comprising 61.43% of the total, followed by Anopheles gambiae at 30.04%. The majority of mosquitoes collected were fed (42.05%) or gravid (15.12%). Parity rates were highest in C. quinquefasciatus (53.2%) and lowest in C. annulioris (0.5%). The high proportion of fed
Ensuring a clean and healthy environment through effective environmental management will provide significant benefits to human health and society. Poor air quality, chemical exposure, water pollution, ecosystem degradation, climate change, and ozone depletion all pose threats to human well-being. Reducing air pollution, practicing sound chemical and waste management, improving access to clean water, sustainably managing land and forests, addressing climate change, and protecting the ozone layer can help prevent millions of deaths and illnesses annually related to environmental hazards. Integrated solutions across sectors will be needed to protect human health and promote sustainable development.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Simon Ndungu Nyokabi at the Euroleague for Life Sciences Scientific Student Conference 2014 on bio-security risks, perceptions, and control of zoonotic diseases along meat and milk value chains. The presentation discusses the importance of zoonotic diseases, defines biosecurity, outlines the livestock value chain, presents a case study of Bura sub-county in Kenya, and considers future trends and implications. Key findings from the case study include poor sanitation, lack of biosecurity measures, high disease prevalence, and low knowledge of transmission risks. Recommendations include improved surveillance, climate change adaptation, and a one health approach to control zoonotic diseases.
Eric Benjamin submitted his final project on malaria in Nigeria to Walden University. The 3 sentence summary is:
The project focused on malaria in Nigeria, where it is a major public health problem, with an estimated 100 million cases and 300,000 deaths per year. Malaria disproportionately affects children under 5 and the poor, and factors like poverty, lack of education, and cultural beliefs contribute to the high burden. Nigeria has implemented strategies like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying, as well as policies to improve prevention, treatment, and the public health system's response to malaria.
A study on clinical presentation and various risk factors associated with pht...IjcmsdrJournal
Background: Tuberculosis is one of the most ancient infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The population most affected is the young and economically productive one. The social factors include poor quality of life, poor housing, overcrowding, population explosion, under nutrition, lack of education, and last but not the least lack of awareness of cause of illness.
Aims and Objectives:
1. To study the clinical presentation of tuberculosis in patients.
2. To study various risk factors of tuberculosis.
Material and Methods: This study was conducted at selected designated microscopic centre (DMCs) Kanpur Nagar district has a population of 45.73lakh ( Census 2011).All the patients who were registered in the selected DMCs in the last one month of the year 2016 ( between April and May) were taken into consideration for the present study. Data was collected on predesigned and pretested questionnaire using direct personal interview method of patients at DMCs on the DOTS days of the week i.e Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Informed consent of the study subjects was taken before interview. A total of 105 registered patients were interviewed personally and also the treatment card of patients was obtained from their respective DMCs.
Results: Out of 105 cases of tuberculosis which reported at DMCs maximum no. of patients belongs to age group between 21-40 yrs of age group (58%). Majority of cases were married (65.7%) cases. (62%) cases were Hindu by religion and (58%) belongs to other backward caste. In the study we found majority of patient was illiterate (34.3%). Most common clinical presentation was cough, fever and cough with expectoration, anorexia was reported in (61.9 %) of cases (77%) were cigarette/bidi smokers, 60% were tobacco chewer. Diabetes was reported in (12.4%) cases and (3.8%) cases were HIV positive.
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A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
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[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
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Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challenges
Solid waste management in a leprosarium in southwestern nigeria
1. Civil and Environmental Research
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol.3, No.10, 2013
www.iiste.org
Solid Waste Management in a Leprosarium in Southwestern
Nigeria
1.
2.
3.
Johnson R. Oluremi1*, Akinwale O. Coker2, M. K. C. Sridhar3, and Rebecca A. Olaoye 1
Civil Engineering Department, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M. B. 4000, Ogbomoso.
Oyo State. Nigeria.
Civil Engineering Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan. Oyo State. Nigeria.
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine,
University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria,
*E-mail of the Correspondence Author: shalomrothy2010@yahoo.com
Abstract
Waste from healthcare institutions generally ought to be treated and disposed hygienically. However, the type of
institution normally determines the material component and the nature of the waste generated whether it is
hazardous or non-hazardous, infectious or non-infectious waste. Also health status of an individual or
community is a function of standard of living, medical services available, social amenities and hygienic
environment normally determined through impact assessment. These have been examined in relation to the
leprosarium in Ogbomosho, Southwestern Nigeria.
The leprosarium under study consists of a clinic and three camps located at about 1000m from the clinic. The
leprosarium housed 30 patients, while the camps served as home for about 140 people under rehabilitation
together including their children. As one of the health institutions, it is apparent that the waste generated is
heterogeneous mixture of both general municipal waste and bio-medical waste. The percentage of biomedical
waste which is hazardous in nature is low about 1.0% with average generation rate of 0.13kg/day while that of
non-hazardous, non-infectious general waste is 0.288kg/person/day. The average waste generation rate in term of
mass is determined to be between 0.084 – 0.095kg/person/day which reveals the poor status and rural nature of
these leper settlements. The waste components consist of bandages and swabs, paper, nylon and plastic, domestic
waste, animal waste (mostly goat manure), wood ash and yard trimmings which are being disposed on open
dump sites and sometimes by open burning which are unhygienic causing health hazards. Accumulation of these
waste components without proper disposal initiates its putrefaction which produces offensive odour. In addition,
absence of adequate sanitary facilities has promoted open defecation which is a source of infectious, diseases.
As an economical, appropriate and useful method of waste disposal, composting was proposed since it is found
relevant and acceptable for the leprosarium and the settlements around as the waste generated is predominantly
biodegradable and decomposable materials.
Key words: Solid waste, bio-medical waste, characterization, waste disposal, composting
1.
Introduction
Solid waste is of two types: hazardous and non-hazardous both of which are generated from every facet of
human activities. Mishandling and mismanagement of solid waste generated from every activity pose varieties of
environmental and health hazards to the handlers and the general public. The transmission of diseases like
leptospirosis, plague, flea-borne typhus, rat bite fever and salmonellosis are highly promoted by rats breeding
around refuse dump sites (Cairncross and Feachem, 1983). Putrefied, toxic and soluble hazardous substances
loaded with pathogens are mostly washed by rain out of piles of solid waste into surface water thereby polluting
it.
Any open dump site for degradable refuse always generates offensive odour due to putrefaction and present
unaesthetic sight to every onlooker. Open burning as primitive mode of waste disposal poses risk of cancers and
fire outbreaks. Where the refuse contains biomedical waste as mix, there is high risk for scavengers visiting the
dump site contacting infections like hepatitis, tetanus, etc through sharps injuries and contact. According to Pruss
et al, (1999), the percentage risks of infections after exposure to biomedical waste are as follows: Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): 0.3%, Viral Hepatitis B: 3% and Viral Hepatitis C: 3 - 5%.
Leprosy which was once thought to be hereditary has been identified as chronic and contagious disease caused
by Mycobacterium leprae and transmitted by respiratory droplets when in contact with untreated persons. It was
discovered by Dr Armauer Hansen and this makes leprosy to be alternatively known as Hansen’s disease
(Davison and Aladjemoff, 1963).
Cases of leprosy have reduced in the recent years due to prevailing efforts of World Health Organisation (WHO)
in providing free Multidrug Therapy (MDT) medicines. Consequently, the number of global leprosy patients has
reduced from 805,000 to 286,000 within the range of year 1995 to 2000 (WHO, 2006). This is so because the
introduction of MDT shortens the duration of leprosy treatment from over five years to just 12months in the case
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of Multi-bacillary (MB). As at the end of 2006 only six countries in the world (Brazil, Democratic Republic of
the Congo, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nepal and United Republic of Tanzania) are yet to reach the elimination
goal (Fine, 2006). In Nigeria according to Annual Report of Federal Ministry of Health (2009), the
implementation of MDT has resulted in a rapid drawdown of the number of registered leprosy cases from nearly
200,000 cases at the end of year 1989 to 6,906 at the beginning of 2008. As a result, the rates of prevalence and
case detection remained below 0.5 per 10,000, at both national and zonal levels and so Nigeria is still statistically
categorised as low endemic for leprosy. However, there have been reports of the outbreak of leprosy again
towards the end of 2008. A total of 4,899 new leprosy cases were detected in 2008 of which 87.7% were
classified as the infectious MB cases, and 44.2% were females. The proportion of children was 10.8%. This
made Nigeria to have grade 2 (GD2) disability rate of 14% at the end of 2008 as compared to the target of 5%
stipulated by WHO and therefore shows that the disability rate of new cases was high and their detection
occurred relatively late (Federal Ministry of Health, 2009). Most of the new occurrences detections are prevalent
in the northern part of the country. Recently, two hundred and fifty four (254) leprosy cases have been found in
Kebbi State in the first quarter of this year (www.nigeriannewspapersworld.com/2012/05/)
Leprosy patients are normally isolated from the community into special hospitals or colonies commonly known
as Leprosaria due to its contagious nature. Although effective awareness has made many countries to change
their orientation of abstinence and isolation policies, cured patients still choose to remain in the leprosarium
because of the deep-seated stigma in the society (Coker et al, 2008)
Generally, hospital is one of the complex institutions which are frequented by people from every walk of life in
the society without any distinction between age, sex, race and religion. All of them, patients and staff, produce
waste which is increasing in its amount and type due to advances in scientific knowledge and is creating its
impact (Rao and Garg, 1994). The clinic waste, in addition to the risk for patients and personnel who handle
these wastes poses a threat to public health and environment (Singh and Sarma, 1996).
In Nigeria as well as other Africa countries, the prevalence of residual leprosy is of concern because, although
most of the public and private colonies present are well equipped, poor maintenance and inadequate funding
have rendered them abandoned and deteriorated with improper management of the solid waste being generated
every day. Both Federal and the State Ministries of Health in any of the states where leprosarium is present in
Nigeria could outline the waste management practices being practised (Coker et al, 2008).
1.1
Definition and Classification of Biomedical Waste
Biomedical Waste consists of all waste generated from healthcare facilities such as hospitals, clinics, veterinary
hospitals, maternity centres, pharmaceutical stores and manufacturing companies, pathological laboratories,
blood banks post-mortem homes etc. It consists of used gauze, cotton wool, bandage, hypodermic syringe,
needles, scalpels and blades, discarded blood, fluid and blood transfusion bags, laboratory samples, amputated
parts of human body, anatomical waste, left-over drugs and expired drugs, placentas, human remains etc. All
these wastes are either infectious or potentially infectious. General refuse from hospitals is similar to generic
wastes from residences and institutions and includes disposable linens, paper, flowers, food, cans, nappies and
plastic cups (UNILAB, 2001). Also according to Medical Waste Management Act of California Department of
Public Health (2007), Biomedical waste is defined as bio-hazardous waste or sharps waste and any waste
generated or produced as a result of the diagnosis, treatment, immunization of human beings/animals, research
pertaining to diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human being/animals, production/testing of biological, or
the accumulation of properly contained home-generated sharps waste.
1.2
Disposal Methods of General Solid Waste (GSW)
The hazardous and infectious nature of biomedical waste makes its safe and environmentally friendly disposal is
imperative. Since it is difficult to find a common denominator for defining hospital waste based on the
estimation of the risks associated with it, it proves easier to find a common standpoint with respect to the waste
disposal routes employed outside the hospitals (Lamidi, 2005). After treatment of the Biomedical waste, it
becomes non infectious or non hazardous
In the hierarchy of Integrated Solid Waste Management, the various disposal methods available are:
a.
Incineration without energy recovery
b.
Incineration with energy recovery
c.
Landfilling
d.
Composting
The selection of disposal method fit for use among the available ones is a function of the following factors:
i)
The material composition of the waste collected
ii)
The water content of the waste
iii)
The hazardousness of the waste and the presence of the pathogenic organisms
iv)
Possibility of complete destruction of pathogens.
v)
Highly reduced environmental impact
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Therefore, this study seeks to characterize and quantify solid wastes generated in a leper colony, examine current
management practices used for segregating, handling, treating and/or disposing solid wastes and propose a
sustainable management strategy.
2.
Methodology
2.1
Study location
This study was carried out in a Missionary operated leper colony in Oyo State of the South Western region of
Nigeria between August to November 2006 after obtaining ethical consent of t its management. The colony was
established in 1930 and consists of Healthcare centre or Leprosarium and three camps denoted as Camp 1, Camp
2 and Camp 3 respectively. The leprosarium has different units which include: Wards – Male ward and Female
ward, Recreation unit, Rehabilitation centre/workshop, Laboratory, Kitchen, Store, Laundry unit, Consulting
room, Milling unit, and Doctor’s quarters. The colony is being managed under the employment of eight staffs:
one doctor, one matron, three nurses and three waste handlers.
Each camp varied in size, population and site location but are all situated in the same colony. Camp 1 is made of
four (4) dilapidated mud houses of a single room which can only accommodate two persons. This camp has both
old men and women rehabilitated patients. Camp 2 consists of three blocks of houses with five (5) rooms per
block and detached bathroom and pit toilet. Each room lodged a working class rehabilitated patient and his/her
family. This camp occupied twenty rehabilitated patients as at the time of visitation. Camp 3, the most populated
of them, has a set of four (4) blocks with five (5) rooms each, a set of two blocks with eight (8) rooms each and a
block with four (4) rooms.
2.2
Material Sampling
Out of all the camps, Camp3 was used together with leprosarium as a case study in collecting solid waste being
generated in the colony since it is the largest camp among the three camps present in the colony and it composes
of all the age limits interested in the study, that is children, young and old people unlike Camp1 which comprises
of old people alone and camp 2 which consists of predominantly younger people. This will ensure heterogeneous
mixture of the solid waste generated. Sample collection was carried out using waste basket placed in each block
present in the camp and the wastes generated were collected at the end of each day. Sorting method was used as
a mean of sourcing and analysing the waste components under adequate protection to avoid contamination and
infection.
2.3
Data collection
Physical observations with a checklist, interviewer administered questionnaire surveys and waste sampling and
analysis were made during the site visitation to the colony. For both primary and secondary data collection on
the type and nature of solid waste generated, quantities of solid waste generated, collection, disposal and
management of solid waste, excreta disposal, number of people in each room per camp and periods of both
public and personal environmental sanitation and other relevant areas requiring engineering management
activities.
Oral interviews and assistance were provided for some of the lepers who cannot legibly fill in the information as
required in the questionnaire to obtained vital information regarding general assessment of their up-keeping and
environment.
The structured Questionnaires consisted of categories I - IV. Category I and Category II were administered to the
Doctors and Nursing Staff to derive information on population of the patients, degree of their diseases,
disposition to their condition, type of treatment being given, types of waste normally generated, degree of their
contagiousness and mode of disposal. Category III was given to the members of the Board of Management of the
leprosarium to have information on the assessment of the facilities, up-keeping of environment, degree of
medical service being rendered and readiness for provision of needed waste disposal facilities. Category IV was
administered to the waste handlers and some of the lepers to obtain information on the disposition of people in
the environs present waste disposal system and management available and the problems confronting them.
Visual observation was used to ascertain the correctness of the data obtained. The data were analysed manually.
3.
Results
3.1
Population of Patients admitted to Leprosy
As at the time of visitation to the leprosarium, there are seven patients on admission as in-patients, but this
normally varies as sometimes there may be admission of old patients due to recurrence as well as patients on
transfer from other district or town as a result of being out of management. Apart from the admitted in-patients,
there were about 132 cured patients residing in the colony under rehabilitation process; these ones have been
cured of the diseases though some of them may visit the clinic occasionally as out-patients for treatment of
ailments such as malaria, cough etc.
Figure 1 shows the variation of the population of admitted infected patients from year 2000 till 2006 when this
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research was carried out. From the figure, it is apparent that there is no decrease in the population of the
leprosarium as the graph is sinusoidal. This population figure is as a result of limited number of patients being
rehabilitated. If there is no adequate strategic housing and sewage management plans to alleviate the spread of
leprosy, it is possible that unaffected children, relatives or guardians may be exposed to infection through
improper ventilation (Coker et al., 2011).
25
Population
20
MALE
15
FEMALE
10
TOTAL
5
0
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Year
Figure 1 Variation in Population of Leprosarium over Five Years
3.2
General Assessment of Leprosarium
The general assessment of the leprosarium as shown in Table 2 with regards to waste management and facilities
shows lack of waste management culture and the assessment is very poor. This might be due to lack of solid
waste disposal facilities like lavatories, incinerator etc., and inadequate management of the available facilities
coupled with lack of funding. This indicates their vulnerability to various infective diseases. This present state of
the leprosarium may also promote the easy spreading of leprosy if good medical attention is not given.
Table 2 Environmental, Structural and Health Assessment of Leprosarium
Facilities
Leprosarium
Camp 1
Camp 2
24-25
24-25
40-45
Total Number
of people+
Present Number
1-5
1-2
1-4
of people per
room or Ward
(including
children)
Concrete Block
Mud walled Single
Concrete block
Housing
Ward*
Apartment***
Single Apartment**
Ventilation
Excretal disposal
Solid
waste
disposal
Medical service
Rehabilitation
programme
Water Supply
Camp 3
70-75
1-3
Cross*
Pit Toilet
Pit Open Dump***
Single (Small)***
None
Open Dump***
Single (Small)**
None
Open Dump***
Concrete block
Single
Apartment**
Single (Small)**
None
Open Dump***
Out and In Patient
Treatment**
Obsolete
Availability ***
Well**
Borehole**
Out Patient
Treatment**
Obsolete
Availability***
Well***
Borehole**
Out Patient
Treatment**
Obsolete
Availability***
Well***
Borehole**
Out Patient
Treatment**
Obsolete
Availability***
Well***
Borehole**
+
Assuming a maximum of two people per room, excluding children.
Degree of Usefulness
* = Adequate in serviceability
** = Average in serviceability
*** = Inadequate in serviceability
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3.3
General Waste from the Colony
Solid waste from both the leprosarium and leper settlement generally is a heterogeneous mixture of both non
nonhazardous general waste and hazardous bio medical waste which are normally collected together without
bio-medical
segregation. The non-hazardous is a general waste from agricultural and household activities like farming,
hazardous
cooking and serving of food and the hazardous wastes from the clinic centre located within the leprosarium.
The characterization of the waste for both leprosarium and the camps is shown in the Table 3, which shows that
leprosarium
the waste consists of the following material composition: swabs and absorbents from the clinic, domestic waste,
animal waste, wood ash, nylon and plastic, paper, and yard trimmings.
Table 3a
a
Characterization of Waste from Leprosarium and the Camps
Weekly Waste Generated (kg)
Leprosarium
Camp1
Camp2
Camp3
Paper
Waste Components
0.37
0.08
0.10
0.19
Bandages and Absorbent
0.46
0.12
0.13
0.22
Nylon and Plastics
0.55
0.15
0.14
0.26
Yard Trimmings
6.73
1.74
1.52
1.48
Domestics Waste
9.90
2.62
2.82
4.47
Wood Ash
15.60
4.18
4.49
6.93
Animal Waste (Goats)
17.10
5.32
5.58
6.20
Total Weekly Waste Generated (kg/day)
50.72
14.23
14.78
19.74
Table 3b
Waste Generation Rate of Leprosar
Leprosarium and Camps
Waste Generated (kg/day)
Waste Components
Leprosarium
Camp1
Camp2
Camp3
Paper
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.03
Bandages and Absorbents
0.07
0.02
0.02
0.03
Nylon and Plastics
0.08
0.02
0.02
0.04
Yard Trimmings
0.96
0.25
0.22
0.21
Domestics Waste
1.41
0.37
0.40
0.64
Wood Ash
2.23
0.60
0.64
0.99
Animal Waste (Goats)
2.44
0.76
0.80
0.89
Total Daily Waste Generated (kg/day)
7.25
2.03
2.11
2.82
Paper
1%
Bandage
and
Absorbent
1%
Leprosarium
Animal
Waste
34%
Nylon and
Plastics
1% Yard
Trimming
13%
Domestics
Waste
19%
%
Wood Ash
31%
Figure 2: Mass Percentages of Waste Material Components from Leprosarium (%)
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The percentage of biomedical waste which is mainly absorbents and swabs is approximately 1.0% (see figure 2)
with average daily generation rate of 0.13kg/day which is too low comparing to biomedical waste generation rate
of township hospitals. The remaining 99% is a general non-hazardous or domestic waste with waste generation
rate of 14.21kg/day minus the generation rate of biomedical waste consisting of both combustible and
decomposable waste materials. The average waste generation rate in term of mass for this colony is between
0.084 – 0.094kg/person/day. Absorbents and swabs generated as biomedical waste is shown in plate 1.
4. Discussion
There is sporadic increment in the population of the patients admitted into the leprosarium as seen in Figure 1.
This might be due to the admission of new patients into the clinic or relapse of the infection in the old patient
which may necessitate admission. However, there may be increase in the number of patients in the camp as a
result of congestion and poor ventilation the patients and their relatives who are taking care of them are being
subjected to. Also, the level of treatment given to them is not as adequate as compared to leprosaria in developed
countries due to lack of funding and government intervention. Plate 2 is one of the dilapidated buildings in the
colony.
The amount of biomedical waste generated was low. This really corresponds to the following though they are
often interwoven:
(i)
the population of admitted patients in the leprosarium,
(ii)
the nature of prescribed drugs and
(iii)
the functional status of the hospital in rendering its medical services.
Plate 1: Absorbent and Swab as Bio-medical Waste from Leprosarium
Plate 2: Pit Latrine in the camps provided for the patients
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Intravenous drugs are really prescribed for them due to the callousness of their skin, instead orally administered
are mostly common in their drug while the swab and cotton wool are being used in cleaning their opened wound.
The analysis of the whole waste from the camps shows that it a general municipal waste which when segregated
consists of paper, nylon and plastic, domestic waste or vegetable remains, wood ash, animal or goat manure, rag
and yard trimming. There is no presence of any biomedical waste such as bandage in the collection. This might
result from the fact that rehabilitated patients quickly resort to the leprosarium once there is breaking out of fresh
wounds and they do not return to the camp until the wounds are completely healed up. In addition, it is only the
rehabilitated patients that are allowed to live in the camps; no patient with leprosy wounds is allowed as outpatient. The proportion of each of the components is a direct or indirect relation of the numerical population and
area size o the camps. It is a direct relation in the sense that the larger the population of the camp the more waste
generated; however, where the percentage of elderly people highly exceed the children and young people then
less waste will be generated and this an indirect proportion. The major vegetative component of the leprosarium
is grass; this makes yard trimmings to be the major component of their solid waste. The segregation of the whole
from the camps shows that the wastes consist of mainly garbage and refuse which are heterogeneous mixtures of
both combustible and non-combustible waste. The combustible part is mainly nylon and plastic and if this is
properly segregated, the remaining part of the waste is a good composting material as it contains wood ash, yard
trimming animal remains and other decomposable material. These waste materials are mainly dumped at
designated spots as open dump sites. One of these is shown in Plate 3.
In conjunction with this, most of the residents in the colony are defecating in the open bush near the colony as a
result of absence of good or functional latrine which as well suitable for the lepers. The available toilet is pit
latrine which facilitates easy breeding of mosquitoes and houseflies and hence easy spreading of diseases such as
malaria, dysentery and cholera since they are diseases vectors. Similarly, open bush defecation promotes
offensive odour round about the whole environment and as well serves as breeding place for black rat and other
diseases causing organisms. The pit toilet, though available, is not sufficient for the whole population of the
colony. This has generated worry and anxiety on the imminent of outbreak of cholera and other diseases which
may result from open defecation.
As at the time of this work, there was no treatment of waste before disposal and the current waste disposal
practices used are open dumping and open burning. The practice of waste disposal without treatment is very
dangerous to the waste handlers and the patients alike since they have first contact with the waste which contains
medical wastes however small it is. The combustible materials are burnt inside a pit of about one metre deep
shown in plate 4 near the male ward with open fires, which definitely affects the patient health and as well
contribute environmental air pollution.
The waste had the mean moisture content of 45.9% which is low as a result of high content of dry waste material
it contained, for example wood ash [13.3%] and yard trimmings [30.8%], in addition, the study was done during
the dry season.
Plate 3: Open Dump Site in the Colony
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Plate 4: Dump Pit for open burning of waste in the leprosarium
5. Conclusion
It is apparent that irrespective of the amount of waste generated from the leprosarium, it is usually mixture of
both biomedical waste and general municipal waste which need segregation no matter how small the quantity
biomedical waste is, and proper handling and disposal to curtail the hazardousness and infectiousness of this
waste. However, these procedures are completely absence which makes the residents, waste handlers and even
the staff of leprosarium (Medical doctors, Nurses, etc.) vulnerable to infections if care is not taken.
Also various diseases and infections cannot but occur where mishandling and mismanagement of waste
generated is prevailing, environmental sanitation is lacking and indiscriminate disposal of excreta is rampant as
it is case of the case study. The residents are living below standard as most of the amenities needed for their
sustainability are not available.
As a result of these, the waste handlers as well as the residents in the colony should be educated on the risk and
need to sort and segregate the waste before disposal. They should be informed of the proper method of disposing
waste from medical institution such as leprosarium. This is the social function of the management concerned for
this leprosarium.
Nigeria Government at federal, state and local levels should intervene in the management of both private and
public leprosarium and develop appropriate and workable policies on solid waste and medical waste
management with the intent of achieving World Health Organisation policy of eliminating leprosy and
integrating intensive care for those already affected. In the same vein, both National and International
Organisations should rise up to assist this set of people in the community in building social amenities which are
necessary for them to feel that they are really living and not abandoned part of the community.
Acknowledgements
The authors appreciated the consent of the Baptist Medical Centre, Ogbomoso, Oyo State. Nigeria.
(Now BOWEN University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria) in permitting us to carry out this research
work during the period of its execution.
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UNILABS (2001), Environmental Characterisation and Estimation of Dioxin and Furan Emissions from Waste
Incineration Facilities Prepared for Environment, Australia.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2006, Report of the Global Forum on Elimination of Leprosy as a Public
Health Problem (Geneva: Switzerland), 31 pp.
Johnson R. Oluremi, is currently an academic staff of Civil Engineering Department, Ladoke Akintola
University, Ogbomoso where he bagged Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering in 2000. He got Master of
Science in Civil Engineering from University of Ibadan in 2007 and he is currently on his PhD Programme in the
Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. He is a Corporate Member of
Nigerian Society of Engineers and COREN Registered Engineer. His field of interest revolves around
Geotechnical and Environmental Engineering with main emphasis on waste reuse, liner materials improvement
and remediation of contaminated soil and environment.
Akinwale O. Coker, is an academic staff and professor of Civil Engineering in Civil Engineering Department,
University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. He obtained his Bachelor of Engineering from University of Ife now
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife, Nigeria. His MSc and PhD degrees were from University of Ibadan
respectively. He is a Corporate Member of Nigerian Society of Engineers and COREN Registered Engineer. He
is into Water resources and Environmental Engineering with interest in water resources, wastewater and solid
waste management.
M. K. C. Sridhar. is an academic staff and a renowned professor of Environmental Health in the Department of
Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan,
Nigeria. He got his PhD in 1971 from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. His field of interest is in
health management and environmental technology with interest in health improvement by wastewater and solid
waste management, renewable energy production and industrial health management.
Rebecca A. Olaoye, is an academic staff in Department of Civil Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University
(LAUTECH), Ogbomoso, Nigeria. She bagged her Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering from
LAUTECH, Ogbomoso and Master of Science in Civil Engineering from University of Ibadan in 2007. She is
undergoing her PhD programme in Civil Engineering at University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She is a Corporate
Member of Nigerian Society of Engineers and Registered Engineer with COREN and her field of research
interest revolves around Water and Environmental Engineering.
106
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