The World Bank published this final report in 2009. The main aim of the Study is to develop global guidance for potential Bank interventions in the livestock market and slaughter sector.
Due to population growth, urbanization, and increased per capita demand for meat products, livestock and poultry production is projected to grow four times faster in developing countries than in high-income countries, with growth in pork and poultry more than twice the growth in the production of ruminate meat.
It is estimated that 800 million people worldwide still suffer chronic under-nutrition and hunger; thus, the growth in livestock and poultry production is expected to continue to escalate with a resulting increase in the quantity of livestock wastes generated.
Agricultural Integrated Survey (AGRIS): Rationale and MethodologyFAO
The document summarizes the Agricultural Integrated Survey (AGRIS) methodology proposed by FAO to address gaps in agricultural data needed for monitoring SDG indicators. AGRIS is a 10-year modular survey that generates representative estimates at the national, province and district levels. It collects core annual data on crop and livestock production as well as rotating thematic modules on topics like the economy, labor and the environment. The methodology outlines statistical units, sample design, data collection methods, topics covered in core and rotating modules, and an AGRIS toolkit with resources for implementation.
Conférence organisée par la Chambre d'Agriculture du Pays de la Loire, Allice, Bovins Croissance, l'Inra, l'Institut de l'Elevage, SNGTV, et les races Charolaise, Limousine et Blonde d'aquitaine ; avec le soutien de MSD Santé Animale.
Développer la médiation des collections numériquescspirin
Support de formation du jeudi 28 septembre 2023 intitulée "Développer la médiation des collections numériques" pour un groupe de 15 bibliothécaires pour le réseau des médiathèques du Pays de Meaux.
Agricultural Integrated Survey (AGRIS): Rationale and MethodologyFAO
The document summarizes the Agricultural Integrated Survey (AGRIS) methodology proposed by FAO to address gaps in agricultural data needed for monitoring SDG indicators. AGRIS is a 10-year modular survey that generates representative estimates at the national, province and district levels. It collects core annual data on crop and livestock production as well as rotating thematic modules on topics like the economy, labor and the environment. The methodology outlines statistical units, sample design, data collection methods, topics covered in core and rotating modules, and an AGRIS toolkit with resources for implementation.
Conférence organisée par la Chambre d'Agriculture du Pays de la Loire, Allice, Bovins Croissance, l'Inra, l'Institut de l'Elevage, SNGTV, et les races Charolaise, Limousine et Blonde d'aquitaine ; avec le soutien de MSD Santé Animale.
Développer la médiation des collections numériquescspirin
Support de formation du jeudi 28 septembre 2023 intitulée "Développer la médiation des collections numériques" pour un groupe de 15 bibliothécaires pour le réseau des médiathèques du Pays de Meaux.
Smarter production, nutrition, and waste management, as well as increased animal welfare and better education, have the potential to decrease the impact of livestock farming on our natural resources
Intérêts et précautions ?
Pourquoi réfléchir à utiliser plus de matières premières dans la ration de mes chèvres ? Est-ce judicieux dans le contexte de mon exploitation ? Comment raisonner le choix et l'incorporation des matières premières dans la ration ? Un temps d'échange autour de toutes les questions soulevées par l'alimentation des chèvres avec des fourrages et des concentrés "matières premières", autoproduits ou achetés.
A prototype of adopting the Internet Of Things (IoT) in Dairy Farms.
This prototype was prepared to practicing in PROTOTYPE CHALLENGE of course " TOUCH IOT WITH SAP LEONARDO"
The Idea and prototype prepared by:
Monzer Osama
IoT@MonzerOsama.com
05/07/2017
L’érosion de la consommation de la viande ovine et le vieillissement de la population consommatrice ont incité la filière ovine d’Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes à diversifier l’offre avec de nouveaux produits à base de viande hachée. Le projet PIVO, conduit avec deux coopératives intégrant des producteurs et des outils d’abattage et de transformation, vise à accompagner la filière dans le développement de ces nouveaux produits. Dans un premier temps, les freins à l’innovation ont été identifiés au travers d’enquêtes auprès des opérateurs d’aval et de la restauration hors domicile. La faisabilité technique d’une production de viande hachée ovine et de préparation à base de viande hachée ovine a été étudiée. Les recettes testées intégraient la variabilité de la matière première (différents types d’agneaux, brebis…) et l’ajout de divers ingrédients (épices, antioxydants…). Trois types de conditionnement de ces produits (congelé, sous vide, sous atmosphère modifiée) ont été testés. La qualité sanitaire, qui est un point crucial pour le développement de tels produits, a été évaluée sur toute la chaine : de la carcasse des animaux aux produits élaborés. Enfin, l’acceptabilité organoleptique par les consommateurs et la valorisation des qualités nutritionnelles des viandes hachées ovines ont également été analysées.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
SADP Livestock Report Findings, Davao City, June 10, 2009Elmer Esplana
Findings of the Livestock Report for the Strategic Agribusiness Development Plan for the Philippine Department of Agriculture. The presentation was done in Apo View Hotel, Davao City, June 10, 2009
Smarter production, nutrition, and waste management, as well as increased animal welfare and better education, have the potential to decrease the impact of livestock farming on our natural resources
Intérêts et précautions ?
Pourquoi réfléchir à utiliser plus de matières premières dans la ration de mes chèvres ? Est-ce judicieux dans le contexte de mon exploitation ? Comment raisonner le choix et l'incorporation des matières premières dans la ration ? Un temps d'échange autour de toutes les questions soulevées par l'alimentation des chèvres avec des fourrages et des concentrés "matières premières", autoproduits ou achetés.
A prototype of adopting the Internet Of Things (IoT) in Dairy Farms.
This prototype was prepared to practicing in PROTOTYPE CHALLENGE of course " TOUCH IOT WITH SAP LEONARDO"
The Idea and prototype prepared by:
Monzer Osama
IoT@MonzerOsama.com
05/07/2017
L’érosion de la consommation de la viande ovine et le vieillissement de la population consommatrice ont incité la filière ovine d’Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes à diversifier l’offre avec de nouveaux produits à base de viande hachée. Le projet PIVO, conduit avec deux coopératives intégrant des producteurs et des outils d’abattage et de transformation, vise à accompagner la filière dans le développement de ces nouveaux produits. Dans un premier temps, les freins à l’innovation ont été identifiés au travers d’enquêtes auprès des opérateurs d’aval et de la restauration hors domicile. La faisabilité technique d’une production de viande hachée ovine et de préparation à base de viande hachée ovine a été étudiée. Les recettes testées intégraient la variabilité de la matière première (différents types d’agneaux, brebis…) et l’ajout de divers ingrédients (épices, antioxydants…). Trois types de conditionnement de ces produits (congelé, sous vide, sous atmosphère modifiée) ont été testés. La qualité sanitaire, qui est un point crucial pour le développement de tels produits, a été évaluée sur toute la chaine : de la carcasse des animaux aux produits élaborés. Enfin, l’acceptabilité organoleptique par les consommateurs et la valorisation des qualités nutritionnelles des viandes hachées ovines ont également été analysées.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
SADP Livestock Report Findings, Davao City, June 10, 2009Elmer Esplana
Findings of the Livestock Report for the Strategic Agribusiness Development Plan for the Philippine Department of Agriculture. The presentation was done in Apo View Hotel, Davao City, June 10, 2009
Presanatation for Nisarg Waste Managementvikram vaidya
- The existing waste management system in India involves household waste being collected by municipal vehicles and dumped in open dumping grounds. This causes problems like no segregation, high transportation costs, pollution, and health hazards.
- Everyone has a responsibility in solid waste management, including individuals, families, sweepers, rag pickers, societies, and municipal corporations. Following the mantra of "I produce, I fix", waste generators should manage the waste they create.
- Governing bodies are taking steps to improve management through decentralization, segregation, and utilizing new technologies. The key is reducing waste at source to lower environmental impact.
The document provides information about modern slaughterhouses and the current status of slaughterhouses in India. Some key points:
- Slaughterhouses act as the starting point of the meat industry where livestock enter the food chain. Billions of animals are slaughtered annually worldwide for human consumption.
- Most slaughterhouses in India are over 50 years old and lack basic amenities. They produce significant waste and pollution.
- The project aims to develop a modern slaughterhouse in Trivandrum with advanced machinery to improve meat quality, environmental protection, and a zero waste concept through waste recycling.
- A suitable site for the slaughterhouse was identified using GIS technology, considering criteria like proximity to roads, distance from water
Dr. Abu Bakr El Tohami - Impact of Slaughter Houses Production and Waste Disp...Hudhaib Al-Allatti
This document presents information on the impact of improperly located slaughterhouses near residential areas in Omdurman Municipality, Sudan. Data was collected through questionnaires, photos, and site observations. Slaughterhouses can negatively impact the environment and public health through pollution from animal blood, waste, and body parts; unpleasant odors; increased disease vectors; and potential meat spoilage without cold storage. Recommendations are provided to address these issues, such as locating slaughterhouses away from populated areas, improving waste management, recycling waste products, and ensuring hygienic meat handling and storage.
Infrastructure req of modern slaughterhousePavan Kumar
1. The document discusses the infrastructural requirements for modern slaughterhouses, including considerations for site selection, size requirements based on daily throughput, and essential areas and facilities.
2. It provides guidelines for key areas of a slaughterhouse including the lairage, slaughter hall with stunning and bleeding sections, chill rooms, and effluent treatment.
3. The document emphasizes hygienic design principles for floors, drains, lighting and layout to ensure forward product flow and separation of clean and dirty operations.
This document provides an overview of natural gas liquefaction processes for a university semester project on simulating the C3MR natural gas liquefaction process. It begins with an introduction to liquefied natural gas and its advantages over vapor natural gas. It then discusses the history of LNG and summarizes several common industrial liquefaction processes, including cascade processes, mixed refrigerant processes, and specific processes like the C3MR, SMR, DMR, Linde and AP-X processes. The document also reviews gas purification processes and provides an outline for the modeling section of the semester project.
The document summarizes the structure and procedures for managing hospital waste. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of the waste management team. Proper personal protective equipment, training, and safety procedures are essential to protect workers handling hazardous medical waste. Legislation in India defines responsibilities and requires proper segregation, storage, transportation, and treatment of different categories of bio-medical waste within 48 hours. While problems still exist, improvements can be made through better waste reduction, segregation, handling, and regulatory compliance.
This document defines meat and poultry, and discusses their composition and structure. It explains that meat refers to animal muscle used for food, with the most common meats coming from cattle, pigs, sheep, and poultry dominated by chicken. Poultry refers to domesticated birds raised for meat, especially chicken but also including turkeys, ducks, and geese. The document then discusses meat consumption trends, livestock per capita consumption in the Philippines, and meat composition varying by species, breed, age, sex, and diet of the animal. It provides details on muscle, connective tissue, and fat structure in meat.
The document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste as waste generated during diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of humans or animals. It notes that biomedical waste includes infectious waste, pathological waste, sharps waste, pharmaceutical waste, genotoxic waste, chemical waste, and radioactive waste. The document also outlines the Ministry of Environment and Forest's classification of biomedical waste into 10 categories and the recommended treatment and disposal methods for each category. Key sources of biomedical waste are identified as hospitals, clinics, labs, and other healthcare facilities.
The document provides information on hospital waste management. It defines hospital waste and classifies it according to the WHO into 10 categories including general, pathological, sharps, infectious, chemical, radioactive, pharmaceutical, pressurized containers, genotoxic, and anatomical waste. It describes the sources of healthcare waste and the magnitude of the problem globally and in Nepal. The key aspects of healthcare waste management covered are segregation, collection, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal. Common treatment techniques discussed are incineration, chemical disinfection, thermal treatments, and land disposal. The document emphasizes the importance of proper waste management to prevent contamination and disease transmission.
This document provides an overview of red meat production and processing. It discusses:
1) Key aspects of livestock production including production parameters, quality considerations, and environmental issues.
2) Costs of livestock production focusing on pig and cattle production budgets.
3) Description of the red meat processing chain from slaughtering animals through primary and secondary processing to finished product distribution.
This report summarizes the current food system serving Bristol, England. It finds that while the South West region produces a significant amount of meat, dairy, and vegetables, the UK imports 40% of its total food needs, including 90% of fruits and 60% of vegetables. In Bristol, 70% of food shopping is done at one of 70 supermarket locations, primarily owned by four major companies, compared to previously using many independent grocers and markets. The report examines production, distribution, retail, processing, waste and community food activities to assess the resilience of Bristol's food system. It identifies strengths like local meat and dairy production but also vulnerabilities such as dependence on imports and the decline of wholesale and local markets.
Sustainable Agricultural Development for Food Security and Nutrition: What Ro...ILRI
The document discusses the key roles of livestock in global agriculture and food systems, and makes recommendations to support sustainable agricultural development. It finds that livestock accounts for 1/3 of global agricultural production value and is a major user of land and water resources. By 2050, meat and milk production are projected to significantly increase to meet rising global demand. The document recommends context-specific strategies to integrate livestock sustainably, strengthen policy coherence, promote gender equality, improve disease surveillance, support smallholder mixed farms and pastoralism, and address challenges in intensive systems. The overall goal is to ensure food security and nutrition through more resource efficient, resilient and socially equitable livestock practices.
Sustainable Agricultural Development for Food Security and Nutrition: What Ro...SIANI
A report by the CFS High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition. Presented by Delia Grace at the seminar "Antimicrobial resistance; linkages between humans, livestock and water in peri-urban areas" at the World Water Week, 29th August 2016.
Thughts on sustainable develop & cultureKoyu Furusawa
- Prof. Koyu Furusawa discusses environmental protection and sustainable development from a socio-cultural perspective based on Japanese values and practices.
- The concept of "Mottainai" emphasizes reducing waste and respecting resources. Traditional Japanese practices also incorporated recycling and respect for nature.
- Sustainable development requires balancing economic, environmental, and social concerns. While modern practices often focus on growth and consumption, alternative models emphasize multi-functionality and gradual strengthening of relationships.
- Community-supported agriculture, farmers markets, and fair trade aim to connect consumers directly with producers in a cooperative model. Traditional Japanese and indigenous practices also demonstrate how human activities can harmonize with natural systems.
This document reviews food waste within global food supply chains and their potential to change by 2050. It discusses different definitions of food waste and finds that estimates of global food losses vary widely due to limited data collected across complex supply chains over different time periods. Most data on post-harvest losses in developing countries are over 30 years old, and there is a significant gap in understanding losses as economies like Brazil, Russia, India and China develop rapidly. Available evidence suggests losses are higher immediately after harvest in developing countries and for perishable foods globally. In affluent economies, consumer waste accounts for the greatest losses overall. Reducing waste represents an opportunity for improved efficiency and meeting future population demands, but behavioral changes to lower consumer waste may be
Attitudes toward service innovations in red meat industry and its consumption...Alexander Decker
The document discusses attitudes toward innovation in Nigeria's red meat industry and its effects on consumers. It finds that while Nigeria has a large population and meat consumption, its meat industry faces issues like poor sanitation and lack of quality control. A survey of 250 meat consumers found that innovative improvements to meat handling would significantly enhance quality and reduce current problems. The document recommends the meat industry commit to supplying safe, quality-assured products to better serve consumers.
Assessment of Microbial Activity on Meat Sold At Selected Abattoir, Markets a...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
The document summarizes a study on the prevalence and distribution of bovine cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Ghimbi municipal abattoir, Ethiopia from October 2008 to February 2009. The following key points are made:
- The overall prevalence of cysticercosis was found to be 4.5% (18/400 cattle). The highest prevalence was from Ghimbi at 3.5% and the lowest was from Haru at 0%.
- The cysts were mostly found distributed in the heart (44.4%), triceps muscle (38.9%), and masseter muscle (22.2%).
- The prevalence varied between the origin of the animals, being
This document discusses the complex relationships between livestock, people, livelihoods, and diseases. It provides background on GALVmed, an organization that supports animal health solutions for poor livestock keepers. Livestock are crucial for the livelihoods of 1 billion people in Africa and Asia. However, animal diseases pose a major threat. The document outlines key health issues from intensive production systems for dairy cows and poultry. It also discusses the role of zoonotic diseases in impacting poor communities and the increasing issues of lifestyle diseases from diets high in animal products. The conclusion calls for a One Health approach through multidisciplinary collaboration to achieve optimal health for people, animals and the environment.
The smallholder pig value chains development in Uganda (SPVCD) project: Where...ILRI
Presented by Danilo Pezo, Michel Dione and Emily Ouma at the Planning workshop on 'assessing the impact of African Swine Fever in smallholder pig systems and the feasibility of potential interventions, Kampala, Uganda, 13 May 2013
This document provides a review of beef cattle production systems, marketing, and constraints in Ethiopia. It discusses the following key points:
1. The main beef cattle production systems in Ethiopia are traditional extensive systems, by-product based feedlot systems, and the Hararghe intensive fattening system.
2. Beef cattle are typically marketed through traditional routes, passing from primary to secondary to tertiary markets. Livestock also experience cross-border exports.
3. The major constraints to beef cattle production in Ethiopia include feed shortages, diseases/parasites, drought, lack of grazing land, poor market access, insufficient veterinary and extension services, and inadequate infrastructure.
Why is it so difficult to improve animal welfare in developing countries?Harm Kiezebrink
In 2009 the results of the Word Bank global study of Livestock markets, Slaughter houses and related waste management systems were presented. A monumental study that clearly explains the difficulties Africa and Asia are facing, regarding their meat production.
During the presentation of the report, the project manager Sandra Cointreau explained that the main course of dead (60%) of children under 12 in developing countries is food safety related. This changed my view on welfare, disease control and food safety completely.
Waste management, food safety and animal welfare are tightly connected to each other and cannot be optimized without a total improvement of all related issues. Compared to food production in development countries, there is obviously a long way to go. We started in the beginning of the 20th century with what we expect developing countries have to improve in one or two decades:
1. Improvements of the physical slaughter infrastructure processes
2. Improvement of food safety within the food production infrastructure
3. Improvement of the Governmental control infrastructure
4. Improvement of the Veterinary service infrastructure
5. Improvement of the Human Health infrastructure
6. Improvement on Occupational Health & Safety, child labor and human rights
The list is much longer, but the conclusion is that you can only start to improve issues like animal welfare, food safety and waste management after generally improving the living conditions of the people in developing countries.
This report was the final work of Sandra before she retired and out of respect for all the work she did, I would encourage you all to share the information with me.
This document provides an overview of ILRI and the livestock sector. It discusses:
(1) Facts about the growing livestock sector in developing countries, including rising meat consumption and economic opportunities;
(2) ILRI's mission, strategic objectives, and critical success factors to improve food security and reduce poverty through research on livestock;
(3) ILRI's role in the CGIAR Consortium's Livestock and Fish portfolio focusing on sustainable intensification, value chains, and policies; and
(4) Characteristics of ILRI including its integrated research teams, bioscience facilities, staff and resources.
Engaging Developing Regions for Effective Global One Health implementation - ...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
3rd GRF One Health Summit 2015
Plenary IV: Engaging Developing Regions for Effective Global One Health implementation - The ICOPHAI approach
Michael BISESI, PhD, REHS, CIH, Senior Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, Director of the Center for Public Health Practice, Interim Chair of Environmental Health Sciences, and tenured Associate Professor of Environmental Health Sciences in the College of Public Health at The Ohio State University, USA
Presentation Title: One Health Approach to Solve Complex Problems and Improve Livelihoods at the Human-Livestock-Wildlife Interface
Rudovick KAZWALA, BVSc, MVM, PhD, Professor of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, Acting Dean of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania
Presentation Title: The Environmental Component of the One Health Approach: An Expanded Paradigm
Mateus MATIUZZI, DVM, PhD, Associate Professor of Bacteriology and Dean of Graduate Programs at the University of Sao Francisco Valley (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Brazil
Presentation Title: Brazilian Experience in One Health: ICOPHAI - One Health for Sustainable Development
Peter COWEN, DVM, MPVM, PhD, Associate Professor in the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine’s department of Population Health and Pathobiology, USA (tbc)
Presentation Title: Key Elements for Starting Up One Health Surveillance and Response Systems: What ICOPHAI Brings to the Table
Wondwossen GEBREYES, DVM, PhD, DACVPM. Professor of Molecular Epidemiology, Director of Global Health Programs at The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Chair of the Ohio State Global One Health Task Force, USA
Presentation Title: ICOPHAI: Engaging Health sciences and beyond for effective and sustainable Global One Health Implementation
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...PriyankaKilaniya
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Similar to Municipal Live markets, Slaughterhouses and Waste Systems in Developing Countries, final report feb 2009 (20)
Low Atmospheric Pressure Stunning is not a humane alternative to Carbon Dioxi...Harm Kiezebrink
I would like express gratitude to the HSA for their 20 years of tireless advocacy for improving pigs' welfare. Their efforts have empowered those seeking alternatives to carbon dioxide stunning. Over nearly 30 years, I've worked on animal welfare friendly stunning applications, particularly regarding stunning/slaughtering using nitrogen foam, and I believe I've found the definitive answer.
The industry originally adopted large-scale carbon dioxide stunning to optimize food production, reduce costs, and lower meat prices, which is only feasible with parallel processing (simultaneously stunning groups of pigs) rather than serial processing (stunning each pig individually). Electrocution is not viable for large-scale operations due to this need for parallel processing. Therefore, a replacement gas that lacks carbon dioxide's detrimental properties is needed, but only a few gases are suitable.
Additionally, the application of an alternative gas must adhere to several fundamental principles:
a) Applicability of the methods for stunning and killing pigs, including their scalability for large-scale application.
b) Description of the technical.
c) Animal welfare consequences associated with specific techniques, including welfare hazards (ABMs), animal-based indicators (ABIs), preventive and corrective measures, and the sufficiency of scientific literature in describing these consequences.
d) Applicability under field conditions.
Introducing a novel application for large-scale pig slaughter is complex and time-consuming before it can be expected, especially given the substantial economic and financial impact for the industry. However, there is hope on the horizon.
The alternative gas is nitrogen, and the application is based on using high-expansion foam filled with 100% nitrogen, applied in a closed container. Within a minute, all air is displaced by the foam, after which the container is sealed, and the foam is broken down with a powerful nitrogen pulse. This ensures that the foam does not affect the stunning process; the entire process can be visually and electronically monitored, and the residual oxygen level in the container is consistently below 2%. The container dimensions are identical to the gondolas used in the globally implemented carbon dioxide gondola system.
The integration of nitrogen foam technology into European regulation EU1099/2009 is nearing completion. All scientific and technical procedures have been submitted to the EU Commission, with finalization awaiting the presentation of EFSA's scientific opinion to the Commission and subsequent approval for inclusion. This final phase is anticipated to occur during the general meeting slated for June 2024.
This marks the first step toward replacing carbon dioxide in 25 years. Fingers crossed for the EU Commission's decision in June 2024!
Harm Kiezebrink
Independent Expert
Preventief ruimen bij vogelgriep in pluimveedichte gebieden en mogelijkheden ...Harm Kiezebrink
New Risk assessment model
The applications designed for farrow-to-weaner pig farms rely on a novel risk assessment model. This model, developed from a recent study, indicates that the likelihood of an undetected infection on nearby farms notably diminishes 7 to 14 days following the identification of the source farm.
This risk assessment model is based a Dutch study that is published by T.J. Hagenaars et al on June 30, 2023: “Preventief ruimen bij vogelgriep in pluimveedichte gebieden en mogelijkheden voor aanvullende bemonstering” (Preventive culling in areas densely populated with poultry, and possibilities for additional sampling).
According to this premise, instead of the standard depopulation approach of euthanizing pigs on-site, pigs beyond the immediate vicinity of infected farms are slaughtered.
Animal Health Canada is currently evaluating new strategies and technologies for managing large-scale emergency situations involving pigs. I have been actively involved in developing strategies and procedures aimed at implementing strict control measures for pig euthanasia during emergencies, with a focus on substantially reducing costs by avoiding unnecessary culling and destruction of healthy animals.
Opting for slaughtering over on-farm euthanasia not only reduces the operational burden on farms but also repurposes the pigs as a valuable protein source rather than considering them as animal waste. This approach assists in crisis management during widespread outbreaks, significantly reduces expenses, and simultaneously mitigates risks.
While this approach is influenced by the new EU regulations implemented since May 2022, it can be adapted for implementation within the context of any EU Member state, as well as in the USA and Canada.
Managing large-scale outbreaks at Farrow-to-Weaner FarmsHarm Kiezebrink
In the face of large-scale outbreaks of swine Influenza A Virus (swIAV), there's a call for exploring various strategies conducive to managing emergencies in field conditions.
Through subdivision, a customized approach can be embraced to enhance operational efficiency and effectiveness while mitigating the impact on individual farms. This tactic maximizes emergency deployment capacity and streamlines standard procedures. Moreover, leveraging the existing capacity of farming aids in alleviating scrutiny on animal welfare standards, presenting a notable advantage.
Nitrogen filled high expansion foam in open ContainersHarm Kiezebrink
On March 31, 2023 the US National Pork Board validated a study by Todd Williams, of Pipestone Veterinary Services, based on the use of high expansion nitrogen foam for the large-scale depopulation of all classes of swine, utilizing Livetec Systems Nitrogen Foam Delivery System (NFDS).
The high expansion foam produced by the Livetec Systems NFDS surrounds the animal in large bubbles filled with nitrogen with a base expansion ration of between 300 and 350 to 1, as mentioned on the information provided by the producer of the firefighting foam.
The Livetec technology, based on using Compressed Air Foam (CAF) filled with nitrogen instead of air for depopulating pigs, emerges within a critical landscape. The complexities of implementing effective emergency depopulation strategies for livestock, particularly swine, present multifaceted challenges. Livetec's approach relies on high expansion firefighting foam, aiming to euthanize pigs by submerging them in foam.
The Livetec system's claims about the effectiveness of nitrogen-filled high expansion foam for depopulating market pigs lack substantial evidence upon analysis. The discrepancy between the actual foam produced during field trials and the promised high expansion foam, coupled with the absence of concrete proof supporting the method's efficacy, discredits the technology's claims.
World bank evaluating the economic consequences of avian influenzaHarm Kiezebrink
Pandemics cause very serious loss of life, restrictions of freedom and serious economic damage. Potential pandemics all are related to our dealing with animals, both wild and domesticated.
In this Word Bank study of 2006, the effects of a severe HPAI pandemic (with a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus crossing the species barrier and infecting humans) predicted economic losses from 2-10% of the world economy.
The economic impact of the present COVID-19 crisis, caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus spreading from wild animals to humans, probably will reach the upper limits of this prediction even if the losses of life might be near the lower limits mentioned in the report (1,4 millions rather than 71 millions).
A common observation is that governments were late to react on the COVID-19 outbreak.
Pandemics are rare, so due to cost-benefit considerations emergency preparations do usually not get beyond an advisory (paperwork) phase. When an emergency eventually arises, the response is too late, too little, and with disastrous effects on animal and/or human welfare that could have been avoided. Relatively small, short-term financial savings result in big, long-term losses.
Protection against outbreaks cannot be achieved by political decisions during a crisis. Our dealing with animals, especially in animal production, must be inherently safe so that animal health and public health are protected.
This is recognized in the One Health strategy that has been adopted internationally.
An outbreak of animal disease occurs should be contained at a very early stage. This can only be realized if all farms have their own emergency plans, with equipment to deal with contagious diseases already present at the farm.
Gas alternatives to carbon dioxide for euthanasia a piglet perspectiveHarm Kiezebrink
The use of nitrous oxide as an anesthetic/euthanasia agent may prove to be affordable, feasible and more humane than other alternatives.
The neonatal stage is a critical time in the life of a pig, when they are prone to become sick or weak. This is the stage at which most euthanasia procedures are required if the pig is judged unable to recover. Any euthanasia method should be humane, practical, economical and socially acceptable to be universally accepted.
They found that nitrous oxide in oxygen appeared to be less aversive than nitrous oxide, nitrogen, or argon all combined with low (30%) concentrations of carbon dioxide or 90% carbon dioxide by itself.
This study is the first to investigate the use of nitrous oxide at sufficiently high concentrations to cause anesthesia. Nitrous oxide, commonly referred to as laughing gas, has been widely used in human surgery and dental offices for its pain-relieving, sedative and anxiolytic effects. It is cheap, non-flammable, non-explosive, legally accessible and not classified as a drug in the U.S., and already commonly used in the food industry as a propellant for food products.
Development of its use into an automated procedure will allow producers to implement it with little effort. Thus its use as an anesthetic/euthanasia agent may prove to be affordable, feasible and more humane than other alternatives.
Anoxia: High expansion foam
The Anoxia method is unique for creating an environment without oxygen under atmospheric circumstances. High expansion foam is produced by mixing nitrogen and a mixture of water and specially developed high expansion detergent, with an expansion rate upto 1:1000, meaning that 1 litre of water/foam agent mix expands up to 1 m3 foam. Due to the specially designed foam generator, the high expansion foam bubbles are filled with a > 99% concentration of nitrogen. The oxygen level surrounding the animal drops from 21% in atmospheric air to < 1 % once the animal is submerged in the foam.
Anoxia: convulsions, but no stress or pain
The animals need a constant supply of oxygen to the brain. Applying Anoxia foam, the oxygen is replaced by nitrogen. As a result the nitrogen level is raised to > 99% and the oxygen level is lowered to < 1%. Considering the natural reaction to sudden lack of oxygen the animal is rendering quickly into unconsciousness. As a consequence, behavioral indicators like loss of posture and convulsions will appear. With this in mind, unconscious animals are insensitive to perceive unpleasant sensations like pain.
Anoxia: How Anoxia foam is created
A mixture of 97% water and 3% high expansion foam agent is sprayed into the Anoxia foam generator, creating a thin film on the outlet of the generator. At the same time, nitrogen is added with overpressure into the foam generator. The nitrogen expands when it exits the generator, creating robust high expansion foam. The high expansion foam bubbles are filled with > 99% nitrogen.
Anoxia: Single foam generator systems
In practice, one Anoxia foam generator creates a volume of up to 750 liter of high expansion foam per minute. This volume is more than sufficient to fill a wheelie-bin container within 30 seconds. The most common container volumes are: M size - 240 liter; L size - 340 liter; and XL size - 370 liter. The choice of the volume of the container depends of the size of the animal and/or the number of animals that need to be stunned/killed. A lid with a chiffon that seals the container. As soon as the foam exits the chiffon, the gas supply is stopped and the chiffon is closed. The nitrogen gas concentration in the container remains at 99%.
Although commonly used in other settings, defining animal welfare as part of a corporate CSR setting is not new.
There are many ways to define CSR. What they have in common is that CSR describes how companies manage their business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. The phenomenon CSR is a value concept that is susceptible to particular ideological and emotional interpretations. Different organizations have framed different definitions - although there is considerable common ground between them.
Some important national players of the food chain at different steps (mainly food retailers and food services) have included animal welfare in their CSR.
The Anoxia technique is developed as alternative for existing animal stunning methods that are based on the use of CO2, electrocution, neck dislocation, captive-bolt, as well as killing methods like de-bleeding and maceration.
In the past 10 years, Wageningen University and University of Glasgow conducted several studies that proved that the technique could be applied successfully for culling poultry (Proof of Principle Anoxia Technique). This was the start of the development of several applications based on the Anoxia principle, using high expansion foam filled with >99% Nitrogen that are now introduced for:
1. Stunning and killing of sick and cripple killing piglets less than 5 kg
2. Stunning and killing of sick or cripple poultry (especially poultry > 3kg) who need to be killed on the farm by the staff for welfare purposes (avoiding unnecessary stress or pain)
3. Stunning and killing poultry that arrives on the slaughterhouse but that are unfit to be slaughtered (due to injuries occurred during transportation – providing signs of possible illness etc.)
4. Stunning and killing of male pullets at the hatchery
5. Stunning and killing of half-hatched chickens and embryos in partly-hatched eggs, before destruction
6. Stunning and killing parent stock poultry
7. Killing of animals that has been stunned (captive bolt – blow-on-the-head method, etc.) replacing killing by de-bleeding
8. Culling of ex-layers
9. Culling of poultry for disease control purposes
Last November we started the launch of the commercialization of the Anoxia applications in Holland, Germany and Sweden, focusing on the areas where a solution is most needed: piglets (< 5kg) and poultry (> 3kg) on farms.
Since November 2016, the introduction of these applications took place in Holland, Germany, Sweden and Denmark
World Health Organization director- general Margaret Chan Fung Fu-chun warns bird flu H7N9 is particularly worrying as it could be a flu pandemic strain. This is because H7N9 is unique as it does not make chickens sick but is deadly in humans. Sick birds could usually provide early warning for imminent outbreaks, Chan told The Standard. This comes as Macau reported its first human case of H7N9 yesterday. "The biggest challenge for the world is the next influenza pandemic," Chan said.
Laves presentation practical experiences in the culling of poultry in germanyHarm Kiezebrink
This presentation, based on the practical experiences in culling poultry in Germany, gives an overview of the culling techniques currently in use in Germany. It is presented by dr. Ursula Gerdes, dr. Josef Diekmann and ing. Rainer Thomes.
LAVES is the Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, located in Oldenburg, Germany. With around 900 employees they are entrusted with tasks in the areas of food and utensil inspection, feed inspection, meat hygiene, veterinary drug monitoring, eradication of animal diseases, disposal of animal by-products, animal welfare, ecological farming, market surveillance and technical process monitoring.
Berg et al. 2014 killing of spent laying hens using co2 in poultry barnsHarm Kiezebrink
September 2015: In Sweden, spent laying hens are killed either by traditional slaughter; on-farm with CO2 in a mobile container combined with a grinder; or with CO2 stable gassing inside the barn. The number of hens killed using the latter method has increased. During these killings a veterinarian is required to be present and report to the Swedish Board of Agriculture.
Data were registered during four commercial killings and extracted from all official veterinary reports at CO2 whole-house killings in 2008–2010. On-farm monitoring showed that temperature decreased greatly and with high variability. The time until birds became unconscious after coming into contact with the gas, based on time until loss of balance, was 3–5 min.
Veterinary reports show that 1.5 million laying hens were killed, in 150 separate instances. The most common non-compliance with legislation was failure to notify the regional animal welfare authorities prior to the killings. Six out of 150 killings were defined as animal welfare failures, eg delivery of insufficient CO2 or failure to seal buildings to achieve adequate gas concentration.
Eleven were either potentially or completely unacceptable from the perspective of animal welfare. We conclude that, on the whole, the CO2 whole-house gas killing of spent hens was carried out in accordance with the appropriate legislation. Death was achieved reliably.
However, there remain several risks to animal welfare and increased knowledge would appear vital in order to limit mistakes related to miscalculations of house volume, improper sealing or premature ventilation turn-off.
The latest outbreak of High Pathogen Avian Influenza in the USA and Canada in the spring of this year and the inability to avoid animal welfare catastrophes ultimately proves that new emergency response strategies are needed. Strategies that are based on taking away the source of infection instead of killing as many animals as possible within 24 hours, regardless the consequences.
The statement that “It’s possible that human infections with these viruses may occur” and that “these viruses have not spread easily to other people” is confusing. Humans can become infected without showing clinical signs. They can become the major carrier of the infection.
Especially during depopulation activities, viruses easily transmit through responders. Tasks like taking layers out of their cages and transport the birds manually through the narrow walkways between the cages, and disposal of infected animals are specific risks that need to be avoided. Simply switching of the electricity so that sick birds don’t have to be handled is not the solution.
Although humans are supposed to be less susceptible, they can become carrier of the virus. Only the highest level of biosecurity could prevent the transmission through the humans and materials that have been in direct contact with infected animals and materials.
Simply switching of the electricity so that sick birds don’t have to be handled is not the solution. Avoid killing animals is always the better option and in Germany, the discussion on the strategy based on neutralizing risks and is in the making. Avoiding situations demands a proactive role of the poultry industry.
Ventilation Shutdown: who takes the responsibility to flip the switch?Harm Kiezebrink
On September 18, 2015 the USA Government and the American egg producers announced that they would accept the Ventilation shutdown method as a method of mass destruction of poultry when other options, notably water-based foam and CO2, are not available for culling at the farm within 24-36 hours. This is actually the case on all caged layer farms in the USA, in particular in Iowa.
The Ventilation shutdown method consists of stopping ventilation, cutting off drinking water supply, and turning on heaters to raise the temperature in the poultry house to a level between 38 Celsius and 50 Celsius. Birds die of heat stress and by lack of oxygen in a process that easily takes over after a period of at least 3 days. Ventilation shutdown is a killing method without prior stunning of the birds, and as such is contrary to all international Animal Welfare standards.
Animal welfare specialists in disease control strongly oppose this introduction of the cruelest method of killing poultry that lost their economic value. The Humane Society (HSUS) described it as the “inhumane mass baking of live chickens”. With adequate preparation the alternative methods, like the water-based Anoxia foam method, can be available at each farm for immediate use in case of an outbreak. The ban of the Ventilation shutdown method should therefore be maintained and the Anoxia method should be further developed so that is suitable for application to caged layers and turkeys. In Germany, such a system is currently under development and will become commercially available soon.
The poultry industry in the USA ignores this development and asks for a formal approval of the Ventilation Shutdown method. Speaking on August 19, 2015, during the United Egg Producers (UEP) national briefing webinar, UEP President Chad Gregory explained that much research is being done concerning the feasibility of such a depopulation program.
“The government, the producers, the states and UEP, we all recognize that depopulation is going to have to happen faster and ideally within 24 hours.”
Quick depopulation of affected flocks is important, Gregory said, because the sooner a flock is depopulated, the risk of the virus going into fans and out into the atmosphere becomes smaller. Gregory said ventilation shutdown – if approved – would probably only be used in a worst-case scenario or when all other euthanasia options have been exhausted. Gregory did not elaborate on how to adequately prevent outbreaks and how to promote more animal-friendly methods.
In order to become one step ahead of an outbreak of high pathogen diseases like the current H5N2, the veterinary authorities need to stop the outbreak immediately after the first signals occur. Strict and thorough biosecurity measures are the most fundamental feature to protect poultry flocks on farms.
Without functional culling techniques, the options to effectively and efficiently cull in average more than 925,000 chickens per farm (in Iowa, USA) are limited: either by macerating the chickens alive – or by ventilation shut-down (closing down all ventilation, placing heaters inside the house, and heat the entire house to a temperature higher than 600 C).
Although both methods cause death of the birds, it has not been proven to be effective nor efficient. The primary goal to slowdown outbreaks and bring it to a complete stop but macerating live birds and killing them by heat stress and lack of oxygen would be against all International Animal Welfare standards.
Animal welfare specialists in disease control strongly oppose against the introduction of these most cruel methods of killing poultry and argue that the ban on these methods should be maintained and alternative methods need to be considered.
FLI Seminar on different response strategies: Stamping out or NeutralizationHarm Kiezebrink
During this spring, American poultry producers are losing birds by the millions, due to the High Pathogenic Avian Influenza outbreaks on factory farms. USDA APHIS applied the stamping out strategy in an attempt to prevent the flu from spreading.
With stamping out as the highest priority of the response strategy, large numbers of responders are involved. With in average almost 1 million caged layers per farm in Iowa, there is hardly any room for a proper bio security training for these responders. And existing culling techniques had insufficient capacity, the authorities had to decide to apply drastic techniques like macerating live birds in order to take away the source of virus reproduction.
This strategy didn't work; on the contrary. Instead of slowing down the spreading of the virus, the outbreaks continue to reoccur and have caused death and destruction in 15 USA states, killing almost 50 million birds on mote than 220infected commercial poultry farms, all within a very small time frame.
The question is whether the priority of the response strategy should be on neutralizing the transmission routes instead of on stamping out infections after they occur. All indicators currently point out into the direction that the industry should prioritize on environmental drivers: the connection between outbreaks and wild ducks; wind-mediated transmission; pre-contact probability; on-farm bio security; transmission via rodents etc.
Once the contribution of each transmission route has been determined, a revolutionary new response strategy can be developed based on the principle of neutralizing transmission routes. Neutralizing risks means that fully new techniques need to be developed, based on culling the animals without human – to – animal contact; integrating detergent application into the culling operations; combining culling & disposal into one activity.
This new response strategy will be the main subject of the FLI Animal Welfare and Disease Control Seminar, organized at September 23, 2015 in Celle, Germany
Dossier transmission: Transmission of Avian Influenza Virus to DogsHarm Kiezebrink
This document reports on the transmission of an avian influenza virus (H3N2) to dogs in South Korea. Several dogs exhibited severe respiratory disease and three genetically similar canine influenza virus strains were isolated. Experimental infection of beagles demonstrated that the virus could be transmitted between dogs and cause clinical signs like fever and lung lesions. The canine respiratory tract was found to contain receptors for binding avian influenza viruses, suggesting potential for direct transmission from poultry. This provides evidence that dogs may play a role in interspecies transmission of influenza viruses.
Spatio temporal dynamics of global H5N1 outbreaks match bird migration patternsHarm Kiezebrink
This document analyzes the spatiotemporal patterns of H5N1 avian influenza outbreaks globally between 2003 and 2006. It identifies three phases of the H5N1 epidemic and uses space-time cluster analysis to detect six disease cluster patterns along major bird migration flyways. The matching of outbreak clusters with wild bird migration patterns suggests wild birds may play an important role in long-distance spread of H5N1. Short-distance spread is also potentially linked to wild birds spreading the virus at sites where they overwinter or migrate through.
Spatial, temporal and genetic dynamics of H5N1 in chinaHarm Kiezebrink
The spatial spread of H5N1 avian influenza, significant ongoing mutations, and long-term persistence of the virus in some geographic regions has had an enormous impact on the poultry industry and presents a serious threat to human health.
This study revealed two different transmission modes of H5N1 viruses in China, and indicated a significant role of poultry in virus dissemination. Furthermore, selective pressure posed by vaccination was found in virus evolution in the country.
Phylogenetic analysis, geospatial techniques, and time series models were applied to investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of H5N1 outbreaks in China and the effect of vaccination on virus evolution.
Results showed obvious spatial and temporal clusters of H5N1 outbreaks on different scales, which may have been associated with poultry and wild-bird transmission modes of H5N1 viruses. Lead–lag relationships were found among poultry and wild-bird outbreaks and human cases. Human cases were preceded by poultry outbreaks, and wild-bird outbreaks were led by human cases.
Each clade has gained its own unique spatiotemporal and genetic dominance. Genetic diversity of the H5N1 virus decreased significantly between 1996 and 2011; presumably under strong selective pressure of vaccination. Mean evolutionary rates of H5N1 virus increased after vaccination was adopted in China.
Different environmental drivers of H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birdsHarm Kiezebrink
Different environmental drivers operate on HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe. The probability of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry increases in areas with a higher human population density and a shorter distance to lakes or wetlands.
This reflects areas where the location of farms or trade areas and habitats for wild birds overlap. In wild birds, HPAI H5N1 outbreaks mostly occurred in areas with increased NDVI and lower elevations, which are typically areas where food and shelter for wild birds are available. The association with migratory flyways has also been found in the intra-continental spread of the low pathogenic avian influenza virus in North American wild birds. These different environmental drivers suggest that different spread mechanisms operate.
Disease might spread to poultry via both poultry and wild birds, through direct (via other birds) or indirect (e.g. via contaminated environment) infection. Outbreaks in wild birds are mainly caused by transmission via wild birds alone, through sharing foraging areas or shelters. These findings are in contrast with a previous study, which did not find environmental differences between disease outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Municipal Live markets, Slaughterhouses and Waste Systems in Developing Countries, final report feb 2009
1. WORLD BANK STUDY - CONTRACT 7142400
GLOBAL STUDY OF
LIVESTOCK MARKETS, SLAUGHTERHOUSES
AND
RELATED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
FINAL REPORT
February 2009
in association with
2. Nippon Koei in association with Global Study of Livestock Markets, Slaughterhouses
ProAnd Associates Australia and Related Waste Management Systems
Final Report
WORLD BANK STUDY - CONTRACT 7142400
GLOBAL STUDY OF
LIVESTOCK MARKETS, SLAUGHTERHOUSES
AND
RELATED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
FINAL REPORT
February 2009
3. Nippon Koei in association with Global Study of Livestock Markets, Slaughterhouses
ProAnd Associates Australia and Related Waste Management Systems
Final Report ES - 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. Introduction
(a) Background
Solid waste management, and to a lesser extent wastewater management, has been given a relatively high
priority in developing countries over the past 15-20 years, often with great success. However, one particular
area of neglect has been wastes generated by urban livestock markets, slaughterhouses, and related
facilities. In developing countries these are typically municipal facilities that are often old, in poor condition,
and operating well beyond their original design capacity. If not appropriately treated and disposed, wastes
from such facilities pose a high risk to public health and the environment.
Due to population growth, urbanization, and increased per capita demand for meat products, livestock and
poultry production is projected to grow four times faster in developing countries than in high-income
countries, with growth in pork and poultry more than twice the growth in the production of ruminate meat.
Figure 1 shows the historical and projected meat production in developed and developing countries for the
period 1980 to 2030. Between 1980 and 2004 the consumption of meat and poultry in developing countries
increased three-fold, see Figure 2. Nevertheless, it is estimated that 800 million people worldwide still suffer
chronic under-nutrition and hunger; thus, the growth in livestock and poultry production is expected to
continue to escalate with a resulting increase in the quantity of livestock wastes generated.
Approximately 675 million rural poor are sustained by livestock-related income or ownership; however,
large-scale production is now responsible for most of the growth in livestock and poultry production and
rural small holders have seen little benefit. Large-scale intensive livestock production is growing at six-times
the annual growth of grazing production and the majority of this growth is around urban areas, where
demand is greatest and infrastructure and resources are available for the distribution of animal products and
by-products.
In addition to the settlement of large-scale livestock production close to urban areas, there is often extensive
informal rearing of domestic animals and birds in peri-urban households and urban slums. This situation is
unregulated and a potential source of disease and its spread. It is estimated that more than 60% of all
human infectious diseases originate from animal sources and, in the past two decades, 75% of all emerging
human diseases originated from livestock (Cointreau, 2007). Recent diseases that have been widely
reported include SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), avian influenza, encephalopathy from mad
cow disease, West Nile, Lyme disease, and Ebola. There is a growing recognition that animal health is very
closely linked to human health and, as yet, these emerging diseases remain incurable. Exposure to livestock
and particularly livestock wastes, therefore, provides conditions for emerging diseases and the vectors
Figure 2 – World Meat Consumption
(Source FAO)
Figure 1 – World Meat Production
(Source FAO)
4. Nippon Koei in association with Global Study of Livestock Markets, Slaughterhouses
ProAnd Associates Australia and Related Waste Management Systems
Final Report ES - 2
needed for the transmission of disease. In addition the globalization of trade and ease of travel only
exacerbate this situation. This paper describes the main fieldwork findings with respect to urban livestock
and slaughter wastes and their potential implications on public health and the environment. Proposed
outline solutions are also discussed.
(b) The Study
The study is was undertaken for the World Bank, through a Japan country-tied fund, to identify what
livestock and slaughter wastes are generated in developing countries and how they are treated and/or
disposed. The main aim of the Study is to develop global guidance for potential Bank interventions in the
livestock market and slaughter sector. The main objectives of the Study are to:
Gather data on livestock markets, municipal slaughter facilities (abattoirs), meat processing, and
related systems of waste management;
Examine the prevalence, handling, treatment, disposal, and recycling of wastes;
Collect and examine available data on related bio-security and food safety issues;
Identify and report on the problems and needs of the facilities; and
Identify appropriate technical options to develop guidance for use by municipalities.
The main issues pertinent to the Study comprise the following:
Waste generation, treatment, and disposal.
Physical infrastructure.
Animal welfare.
Cultural and religious issues.
Disease and disease control.
Animal feeds and use of antibiotics.
Of particular interest, is the re-use and recycling of animal wastes; a business that can often be as large as
the slaughter business itself, and yet is unregulated in developing countries.
(c) Data Collection
Whilst much data is available for the livestock sector in general, few data have been recorded about the
livestock and slaughter wastes generated, nor the methods for treatment and disposal of such wastes. This
lack of published data has made the collection of new primary data essential and a main task of the Study.
As such, the Study included country reconnaissance visits to five developing countries to collect data first
hand from actual facilities in order to bridge this huge knowledge gap. The countries were selected from five
of the World Bank’s six geographical regions and one major city was selected in each for the collection of
primary data. Selection criteria for the reconnaissance visits included, amongst other items, the following:
Two countries to be Muslim or have a large Muslim population.
Both middle and low-income countries are to be represented.
Each selected city must be the capital or another large city.
Whilst this methodology does not provide a fully representative profile for each country, let alone a profile
of each region, it does provide sufficient opportunity to identify and highlight the main practices and areas
of concern in developing countries within a fixed study budget.
The country reconnaissance visits included meetings with national government agencies (for agriculture,
animal production, animal health, public health, and the environment) and local authorities responsible for
municipal facilities and services. The main focus for data collection, however, was on field visits to facilities
where the wastes are generated, treated, and/or disposed. Such facilities comprised livestock markets,
slaughterhouses, meat processing plants, and waste treatment and disposal facilities. To complete the
picture, visits to public markets, supermarkets, and retail butchers where also undertaken. Due to the
5. Nippon Koei in association with Global Study of Livestock Markets, Slaughterhouses
ProAnd Associates Australia and Related Waste Management Systems
Final Report ES - 3
sensitive nature of the report material the countries and locations visited must remain confidential, as
requested by the World Bank.
2. Livestock and Slaughter Wastes
The definition of livestock and slaughter wastes can vary based on the perspective of the industry in
question, the country involved, and local cultural and religious practices. For example, the slaughter and
meat processing industries utilize many parts of the animal, not just the meat, and as such all parts of the
animal that can be used are considered by-products and not wastes. In fact, within this industry, the
processing and sale of these “by-products” are essential for commercial viability and reducing the quantity
of waste for final disposal. Animal products, therefore, only become a waste if they have no commercial
value or incur a cost to the business; hence, it is difficult to establish an exact definition.
For the purposes of this Study, however, a simpler waste management perspective has been employed, with
livestock and slaughter wastes being defined as any product that is not the meat tissue. Thus bones, hides,
hooves, horns, and the multitude of offal products are also considered as wastes, even though they are
often consumed, re-used, or recycled in various ways. Based on this definition of slaughter waste typically
accounts for 45 to 60% of an animal’s weight, as illustrated in Table 1 for each of the main species farmed
for consumption.
Table 1 – Typical Quantity of Waste per Species
(Source: ProAnd Associates Australia Pty Ltd)
* Estimated because normally sold as a carcass (bone-in).
3. Main Fieldwork Findings
(a) General
The following general observations were made which can have a significant impact on the quantity of waste
generated and how it is disposed; these are common to all of the developing countries visited:
There is a general consumer preference for ‘fresh’ meat (i.e. no refrigeration or cold-chain)
purchased at local markets or butcher shops each morning. The practice of buying freshly
slaughtered meat and edible offal for cooking and consumption the same day currently negates the
need for refrigeration.
In contrast to high-income countries, edible offal products are in high demand, whether as
expensive delicacies or simply as a source of low-cost protein for those that cannot afford meat
products.
There is generally a high incidence of informal slaughter; either at household level (mainly poultry
and small-stock) or illegally by local retail butchers (small-stock and large ruminants). This presents
a significant problem for the local authorities with respect to the control of waste, public health, and
disease. It also reduces the income of the municipal slaughter facilities.
Poultry suppliers have been most successful at intensification of slaughter and processing activities
and the establishment of modern slaughter facilities. However, live poultry is still preferred in most
developing countries, whether slaughtered at the public market or at household level.
(b) Waste Management
The main findings relating to the management of livestock and slaughter wastes are:
The high incidence of informal and illegal slaughtering results in many livestock and slaughter
Species Weight (kg) Carcass
(%)
Meat (%) Waste (kg)
Cattle 350 55 40 210.0
Pig 70 72 55 31.5
Sheep/Goat 30 47 40* 18.0
Poultry 2 66 56* 0.88
6. Nippon Koei in association with Global Study of Livestock Markets, Slaughterhouses
ProAnd Associates Australia and Related Waste Management Systems
Final Report ES - 4
wastes products being dumped illegally or disposed with municipal wastes resulting in public health
risks and increasing the number of scavenging animals.
The proportion of wastes re-used or recycled is generally high because almost every item has a
financial value, due to low processing costs and low-incomes. This means that little waste is actually
disposed to the formal waste management sector. Processing and treatment of these wastes,
however, is a major concern with respect to public health, environmental pollution, and occupational
health and safety; see Photos 1 and 2.
There is little, if any, treatment of wastewater or contaminated stormwater runoff at livestock
markets or slaughterhouses. Liquid wastes are typically discharged untreated to drains and local
watercourses irrespective of other water users downstream, often affecting the urban poor who may
use the water for bathing, washing clothes, cooking, and even drinking.
Although blood is potentially a valuable commodity produced during the slaughter process, there is
often no market demand or cultural/religious beliefs may prevent its collection. In other
circumstances, however, poor slaughtering facilities and lack of process control prevent the effective
collection of blood. Therefore, blood is often wasted to drains and local watercourses contaminating
them with high organic load and providing a vector for disease, see Photo 3.
Photo 1 – Processing of cattle slaughter
wastes on the floor of a slaughter facility.
Photo 2 – Processing of goat heads and feet
in very poor and unsanitary working
Photo 4 – Emergency slaughter waste
dumped in the road outside the
Photo 3 – Blood, unborn calves, and other
slaughter wastes discharging to the public
7. Nippon Koei in association with Global Study of Livestock Markets, Slaughterhouses
ProAnd Associates Australia and Related Waste Management Systems
Final Report ES - 5
Unwanted animal wastes are often disposed at municipal disposal sites. These sites are typically
open dumpsites with few facilities, where municipal staff, waste-pickers, and scavenging animals are
in abundance and are directly exposed to animal wastes, see Photos 4 and 5. The sites have no
facilities for hazardous or special wastes and present significant disease risks. In some cases
unwanted animal wastes are dumped in the street, see Photo 6.
Large quantities of animal manure and poultry litter are used as fertilizer without any composting
process, providing potential routes for disease spread through crops.
Biogas production and composting are not commonplace in urban areas because there is generally
no local demand for the gas and space for composting is very limited. Also, the supply of biogas and
compost products to rural customers from the city is not financially viable due to high transport
costs.
(c) Conditions at Municipal Livestock Markets and Slaughterhouses
The main findings at municipal facilities are as follows:
Most municipal slaughterhouses and many urban livestock markets are located in densely populated
urban areas, creating nuisance in terms of traffic congestion, odours, and pollution (noise, air, and
water). Slaughterhouses typically operate during the night and noise can be a significant problem.
Vehicular access at most livestock markets and slaughterhouses is very poor, with little or no parking
and limited loading / unloading space. This creates severe congestion in some cases, stressing
livestock further.
Security of sites, particularly slaughterhouses, can be wholly inadequate allowing access to many
non-facility personnel, stray animals, and even children who are directly exposed to animal wastes
and provide uncontrolled vectors for livestock related diseases. The private sector is generally much
stricter.
Physical infrastructure at urban markets and slaughterhouse is typically old and in need of urgent
rehabilitation. Infrastructure and equipment at municipal slaughterhouses, in particular, are very
poor and in many cases new facilities may be the only option for medium to long-term solutions, see
Photos 7 and 8.
Hygiene and sanitation facilities are poor or non-existent at livestock markets and slaughterhouses
and open defecation is practiced in and around these facilities by staff of the facilities, visitors, and
the general public.
Utility services are inadequate and, as such, water supply and lighting are poor; hot water is rarely
provided and slaughter utensils are not properly cleaned and sterilized.
Photo 5 – Putrefying slaughter waste
disposed at a municipal dumpsite amidst
Photo 6 – Cattle scavenging amongst
municipal solid waste and animal wastes at
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Occupational health and safety is given a low priority and at slaughterhouses, in particular, safety
equipment and protective clothing are inadequate and in most cases non-existent. Given the poor
conditions at these facilities and the current working practices, it is believed that minor accidents and
possibly more serious accidents occur on a regular basis.
There is little or no formal training of workers or professional staff at slaughter facilities; so existing,
and often inappropriate, working practices remain unchanged.
Slaughter facilities and working procedures are often poor and obsolete; although the workers
themselves are often highly-skilled.
Process control at slaughterhouses is inadequate, with most municipal facilities operating on a batch
slaughter system with many activities taking place at the same location with no proper separation of
clean and dirty areas; hence contamination of carcasses is commonplace, see Photos 9 and 10.
Ante and post mortem inspections by veterinary staff or trained meat inspectors are typically
non-existent and, where inspection is carried out, it is inadequate and hampered by poor lighting
conditions. This creates a significant food safety risk, as meat from diseased animals can easily be
distributed for human consumption.
Municipal slaughter facilities are typically old and operating significantly over capacity, with little if
any space for upgrading or expansion. Reduction of the thriving informal sector in some countries is
unlikely to materialize without significant changes and new facilities to provide the additional
capacity needed.
Photo 7 – Front of a pig slaughterhouse
showing poor physical infrastructure.
Photo 8 – Rear of the same pig
slaughterhouse.
Photo 10 – Batch slaughter of cattle with
other animals in close proximity
Photo 9 – Overcrowded goat slaughterhouse
during slaughtering (batch slaughter)
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Slaughterhouses often only work one-shift to satisfy the market demand for “fresh” un-refrigerated
meat each morning. Many facilities operate only 5-days per week to suit local religious and cultural
practices.
Slaughter waste material is most often sold to third parties for processing or rendering; although in
some countries the edible offal accompanies the carcass from the slaughterhouse to the
owner/butcher.
Handling and transport of edible and inedible offal products are generally poor and contamination of
edible material is normal.
(d) Animal Welfare
Typical findings from the reconnaissance visits include the following:
Animal welfare at all facilities requires significant improvement, with major changes to transport,
treatment, and facilities needed.
Livestock are often not watered, even on long journeys, arriving at markets and slaughterhouses
dehydrated, in poor physical condition, and severely stressed. A high proportion of “downers”
(collapsed animals) were observed at some livestock markets and slaughterhouses, see Photos 11
and 12.
Loading and unloading facilities at markets are often poor or non-existent and thus livestock can be
injured easily as they are man-handled off trucks.
Livestock are often tied and left without food and water at markets; and control by herders is usually
with sticks with which they hit or sometimes beat the animals.
Livestock are often already severely stressed as they make there way to slaughter. This is
exacerbated by entrances to slaughter areas that are dark, narrow, slippery, and often up inclines.
It is not natural for animals to enter such spaces; therefore, it is not unusual for the animals to be
forced in and often animals panic and become injured in the process.
Stunning and slaughter practices vary, but all are inadequate in terms of animal welfare and worker
safety. Where stunning is used, the methods employed, for cattle in particular, often only paralyze
the animal, rather than rendering it unconscious. This leaves the animal in serious pain and distress
until the slaughter cut is made, which is often not carried out immediately.
In the majority of slaughterhouses visited, batch slaughtering is practiced and animals are in close
proximity to others being slaughtered and in distress; from stunning through to decapitation,
skinning, and evisceration. This practice can be extremely stressful to the animals.
Photo 11 – Animal collapsed after unloading,
severely stressed and dehydrated.
Photo 12 – Emaciated animal, unable to
walk, for emergency slaughter.
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(e) Cultural and Religious Issues
Observations during the reconnaissance visits included the following:
Differing interpretations were seen between Muslim countries with respect to the handling and
physical condition of animals for slaughter.
Interpretations of halal slaughter practices differed, of which some are detrimental to animal
welfare.
In some Muslim countries blood is collected, yet in others it is disposed to the drainage system.
Some countries operate slaughterhouses everyday whilst others operate only five days per week,
mainly for religious reasons.
Home slaughter is normal practice in some countries and is almost universal for certain holidays,
festivals, and other special occasions.
(f) Related Issues
The Study has identified several areas which can have a significant impact on livestock wastes but are
beyond the main scope of the Study; these include:
Disease and Disease Control: Lack of planning, coordination, and regulation by governments is
evident, leaving developing countries in a poor position to cope if a major disease outbreak occurs.
As a result, the disposal of diseased animal carcasses during disease outbreaks is a very significant
waste management issue, posing very serious public health and disease spread.
Animal Feeds and Antibiotic Use: More intensive farming of animals is evident and as such the use
of animal feeds and supplements is increasing. A significant area of concern, however, is the
increasing and unregulated use of growth promoters and the non-therapeutic use of antibiotics in
animal production. Residuals contained in livestock wastes are therefore becoming a significant area
of concern.
Institutional Issues: Although legislation is often in place, poor regulation, enforcement, and
corruption are commonplace resulting in an extensive informal / illegal slaughtering sector (up to
80% in one country visited).
4. Development of Solutions
To improve the existing livestock and slaughter waste situation in developing countries there are a number
of key areas that need to be addressed. These will require improvement and often significant changes, not
only to physical infrastructure for waste management facilities but also to working practices, facility
management, regulations, and enforcement. It is important, therefore, to adopt a holistic approach to
solving current animal waste related problems and to consider cost effective and appropriate technologies
and practices that will be sustainable into the future.
Core areas that the Study addresses with respect to improving the environment and public health are:
Waste management;
Physical infrastructure and processes;
Animal welfare; and
Cultural and religious practices.
Other related, but non-core study areas, such as disease control; legislation, regulation, and enforcement;
and capacity building and institutional strengthening, where significant deficiencies have been identified by
the Study, will require additional funding and studies to identify appropriate solutions and interventions.
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(a) Waste Management
Due to the potential risks associated with livestock and slaughter wastes, appropriate handling, treatment,
and disposal are essential; not dissimilar to the disposal of hospital pathogenic waste, which can be very
costly. In contrast to hospital wastes, market and slaughter wastes are generated in much greater volumes
and economically viable methods must be considered for the disposal of diseased animals, pathogenic
material, and other unwanted animal wastes, all of which pose serious public health concerns. In
high-income countries, there are numerous categories of animal wastes that must be disposed according to
their disease risk. Some high-risk wastes infected with BSE will require high-temperature incineration, whilst
other low-risk materials can be rendered to produce animal feeds and pet food. All of this, however, requires
strict regulation, effective veterinary inspection, high capital and operational expenditure, and the
availability of technology and capability; none of which are readily available in developing countries.
For developing countries, with limited capacity and funds, it is important to consider local conditions very
carefully and identify key areas for specific and targeted improvements aimed at minimizing the quantities
of waste generated that require collection and off-site disposal. Waste minimization and management
solutions being considered include:
Livestock Markets
Improve facilities for the collection of animal waste (dung) and reducing pollution of local
watercourses through the provision of appropriate hard-standing areas and drainage.
Encourage waste collection and re-use, e.g. dung cakes for fuel, composting, and fertilizer.
Slaughterhouses
Encourage the collection and processing of blood, to remove it from waste systems.
Improve collection facilities for animal wastes, in particular for blood and stomach contents.
Improve storage areas for solid wastes.
Improve wastewater collection systems and introduce appropriate treatment technologies that are
not dependent on chemicals and expensive electro-mechanical equipment.
Formalize and regulate the slaughter waste re-use and recycling sector to improve occupational
health and safety, public health, and minimize waste quantities for disposal.
Provide simple education and awareness training for all related industries with respect to waste,
disease, and disease risks.
Waste Collection and Disposal
Improve solid waste disposal facilities with separate areas for livestock/slaughter wastes.
Formalize existing waste picking activities at disposal sites and improve site fencing/security.
Encourage the use of composting techniques for livestock and slaughter wastes.
(b) Physical Infrastructure and processes
Conditions at municipal livestock markets and slaughterhouses in developing countries can vary
considerably but, in general, physical infrastructure is old and in need of urgent rehabilitation and in many
cases replacement. This is particularly the case with municipal slaughterhouses where lack of investment
over the past 25-30 years coupled with high population growth over the same period has resulted in facilities
that are obsolete and unable to process the number of animals demanded by the market. Dense
urbanization around many livestock markets and slaughterhouses now prevents their expansion /
improvement and focuses the community on their activities. Private slaughter facilities, on the other hand,
are generally located outside urban areas and are often modern and hygienic. These typically service export
or niche markets, however, as they are unable to compete on price for the mass market.
12. Nippon Koei in association with Global Study of Livestock Markets, Slaughterhouses
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Solutions currently being considered for physical infrastructure and process improvements include:
Livestock Markets
Improve drainage and provide catch-pits or interceptors for collecting solid material.
Provide appropriate water and sanitation facilities, including health awareness training.
Slaughterhouses
Improve physical infrastructure, utility services, and provide appropriate levels of equipment and
training to allow more new and more hygienic conditions to be maintained.
Provide areas for the essential separation of “clean” and “dirty” processes.
Provide new and/or improved areas for the re-use and recycling of slaughter wastes.
(c) Animal Welfare
The welfare of animals is a very important issue and everything possible should be done to ensure that
animals are handled, transported, protected from the elements, and watered from farm until slaughter.
Good animal welfare is rewarded with healthy animals, less disease, and ultimately better quality meat. Poor
animal welfare, on the other hand, results in the opposite as is primarily the case in developing countries,
though some fare better than others. Although little published data is currently available, recent evidence
suggests that, in addition to poor quality meat, diseased animals stressed prior to and during slaughter
produce pathogen levels at least 10 times the normal level and possibly more. This is a significant issue for
disease control and public health, especially in developing countries where many diseases are endemic and
occupational health and safety and control of wastes in slaughterhouses is very poor.
Improvements currently being considered for animal welfare include:
Improve animal welfare through education and training coupled with physical infrastructure
improvements to reduce stress on livestock.
Improve pre-slaughter stunning and slaughter practices.
Strengthen veterinary services/meat inspection and introduce more widespread use of ante and post
mortem inspection at slaughterhouses.
(d) Cultural and Religious Practices
Cultural and religious practices vary from country to country and can have a significant effect on issues such
as animal welfare, stunning and slaughtering, and animal wastes. Some proposals include:
Improve animal welfare and slaughter practices through education and training.
Reduce and eventually eradicate informal slaughtering through public awareness campaigns,
improved legislation, and strengthening inspection and regulation.
Improve efficiency of existing slaughterhouses by extending operating hours and introducing
refrigeration. Requires a change in perception of what is considered “fresh meat” through public
awareness campaigns.
5. Conclusions
The overriding conclusion from the Study is that livestock and slaughter wastes represent a very significant
risk to public health and the environment. The current situation in developing countries provides ideal
conditions for the emergence of new diseases, particularly those that can be transmitted from animals to
humans. The increased movement of people and animals, through the globalization of trade and travel, also
provides an ideal vector for the rapid spread of disease, as we have seen in recent years with SARS and avian
influenza.
The livestock and slaughter waste sectors area are multi-faceted and cannot be considered simply as a
waste problem in isolation. Other factors such as animal welfare, veterinary services, physical infrastructure,
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hygiene and sanitation, cultural and religious practices, regulation, and institutional capacity need to be
carefully considered. The re-use and recycling of slaughter wastes, in particular, is a very important area
where interventions may prove to be useful in controlling and reducing waste quantities and for bringing it
into the formal sector. However, the businesses in this sector are very cost sensitive and too much
interference could render them unviable, with the resulting social and environmental consequences.
The complex relationship between all of the issues mentioned above requires a holistic approach that
addresses the waste management problems through a combination of improvements, rather than
interventions targeting specific areas in isolation.
6. Recommendations for Further Study / Action
With respect to infrastructure improvements, another World Bank study has recently commenced a review
of the existing infrastructure conditions based on the findings and data gathered during this study, entitled
“Global Study on Reconstruction of Public Live Market, Slaughter and Meat Processing Facilities, including
Related Cost Recovery and Economic Instruments” also funded through a JCTF grant. Recommendations on
appropriate improvements to facilities and cost estimates for case study countries will be developed that can
be applied on a global scale to plan and implement appropriate interventions. This is the next step on the
way to potential implementation of improvements to livestock markets, slaughterhouses, and related
facilities.
In the meantime, however, worldwide awareness needs to be spread, particularly with international funding
/ financing agencies and most importantly with developing country members, through dissemination of
appropriate knowledge, tools, and materials to the appropriate government departments in each of the
member countries that could promote the implementation of initiatives at national and municipal level.
The World Bank is already embarking on a number of international workshops to raise awareness of this very
important issue, with the aim of forming a global alliance of institutions; as the present study has shown,
meaningful improvements will only be achieved when all the many issues and fields are addressed
holistically, both in terms of technical approach and common budgets. Several institutions have been
involved in separate aspects of study identified within the present report (for example animal welfare,
disease) and many already have some excellent results, guidelines and so forth. However, taken
independently they lack the punch, gravitas, and foresight to address all issues for the common good. The
joining of forces between these agencies and institutions will be beneficial to all ends.
The alliance outlined above would be of particular benefit in dealing with the softer issues such as
operational procedures and management, institutional reorganisation, and economic instruments.
Facility, municipality and government-level recommendations have been provided throughout the report,
and are summarised above, and these considerations should be adopted during future upgrade works.
Below is a summary of areas requiring further study, potentially as distinct project preparation studies or
pilot projects.
The following further investigations, studies, and pilot projects are recommended in order to determine
appropriate follow-on actions and fill some of the gaps in knowledge that have been identified by this study:
Government structures with respect to enhancement of services and collaboration in the areas of
animal welfare, veterinary services, public health, food safety, and disease control.
Veterinary practices and meat inspection services appropriate for developing countries, including
training materials.
Animal welfare appropriate to developing countries, including training materials.
Stunning and slaughter practices appropriate for developing countries, including training materials
and home slaughter.
Financial management of municipal livestock markets and slaughterhouses; how to improve
financial sustainability and the role of the private sector.
The informal sector and its complex interactions with the formal sector, cultural issues, and
government policy.
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Professionalisation of the sector, and in particular the workers; through the creation of associations
using an adaptation of the SWM model already developed by the World Bank.
Public awareness programmes covering such issues as food hygiene and safety, animal welfare, safe
and humane slaughter. Some of these could be accommodated with or linked to existing water,
sanitation, and waste initiatives and could even be introduced at junior school level.
Pilot projects for rehabilitation / reconstruction of livestock markets, slaughterhouses, and related
infrastructure and services specifically for developing countries. This should include the
development of generic plans and designs (or design parameters) for small, medium, and large
municipal facilities, which can be applied to suit the varying local conditions in developing countries.
Safe disposal methods for livestock and slaughter wastes in developing countries.
The use of antimicrobials and feed additives in developing countries, including the prevalence and
use of illegal or unregulated substances.
The impact of livestock wastes discharged to aquaculture and its relevance to human and animal
health, food safety, and disease control.
Investigations into opportunities and constraints related to Carbon finance.
Study of existing information gaps, such as:
o Facility finances.
o Actual prevalence of disease.
o Livestock market management issues.
o Basic working guidelines
Development of model tender documents for encouragement of private sector involvement.
Promotion of the public good issues associated with good practice within the slaughter industry.
Development of a website devoted to the Global Alliance For Humane Sustainability.
15. Nippon Koei in association with Global Study of Livestock Markets, Slaughterhouses
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GLOBAL STUDY OF
LIVESTOCK MARKETS, SLAUGHTERHOUSES
AND RELATED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
FINAL REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................1
1.1 Study Rationale and Objectives..............................................................................................1
1.2 Purpose of this Report ..........................................................................................................2
1.3 Background to the Study.......................................................................................................2
1.3.1 Overview .....................................................................................................................2
1.3.2 Human Diseases and Animal Sources .............................................................................4
1.3.3 Livestock Markets .........................................................................................................5
1.3.4 Slaughter Facilities........................................................................................................5
1.3.5 Livestock and Slaughter Wastes .....................................................................................6
1.4 Main Study Issues ................................................................................................................6
1.4.1 Waste Generation and Management...............................................................................6
1.4.2 Animal Welfare.............................................................................................................6
1.4.3 Epidemiology and Disease Control..................................................................................7
1.4.4 Facility Infrastructure....................................................................................................9
1.4.5 Animal Feeds and Use of Antibiotics ...............................................................................9
1.4.6 Cultural and Religious Issues .........................................................................................9
1.4.7 Environmental Issues..................................................................................................11
1.4.8 Institutional Issues .....................................................................................................12
1.5 Stakeholders ......................................................................................................................12
2. Livestock and Slaughter Wastes......................................................................13
2.1 Definitions .........................................................................................................................13
2.2 Waste Products ..................................................................................................................13
3. Methodology for Data Collection .....................................................................17
3.1 Country and City Selection ..................................................................................................17
3.2 Survey Instruments ............................................................................................................17
3.3 The Study Team.................................................................................................................18
3.4 Country Reconnaissance Visits.............................................................................................19
3.5 Facilities Surveyed ..............................................................................................................22
3.6 Collection of Additional Data on Infrastructure ......................................................................22
3.7 Difficulties Experienced During Country Reconnaissance Visits................................................22
4. Brief Country Overviews..................................................................................24
4.1 Low-Income Country 1 (East Asia and Pacific).......................................................................24
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4.2 Low-Income Country 2 (South Asia).....................................................................................24
4.3 Low-Income Country 3 (Africa)............................................................................................24
4.4 Middle-Income Country 1 (Middle East and North Africa)........................................................25
4.5 Middle Income Country 2 (Latin America and Caribbean) .......................................................25
4.6 Summary of Main Fieldwork Findings....................................................................................25
5. Waste Management .........................................................................................26
5.1 General .............................................................................................................................26
5.2 Overview of Municipal Solid Waste Management ...................................................................26
5.2.1 Low-Income Country 1 (East Asia and Pacific)...............................................................26
5.2.2 Low-Income Country 2 (South Asia) .............................................................................27
5.2.3 Low-Income Country 3 (Africa) ....................................................................................30
5.2.4 Middle-Income Country 1 (Middle East and North Africa)................................................33
5.2.5 Middle-Income Country 2 (Latin America and Caribbean) ...............................................35
5.3 Overview of Municipal Wastewater Management ...................................................................37
5.4 Overview of Wastes from the Livestock and Slaughter Sector .................................................39
5.4.1 Low-Income Country 1 (East Asia and Pacific)...............................................................39
5.4.2 Low-Income Country 2 (South Asia) .............................................................................41
5.4.3 Low-Income Country 3 (Africa) ....................................................................................44
5.4.4 Middle-Income Country 1 (Middle East and North Africa)................................................45
5.4.5 Middle-Income Country 2 (Latin America and Caribbean) ...............................................46
5.5 Wastes by Facility Type.......................................................................................................47
5.5.1 Livestock Market Wastes .............................................................................................47
5.5.2 Slaughterhouse Wastes...............................................................................................52
5.5.3 Meat Processing Wastes..............................................................................................65
5.5.4 Public Market Wastes..................................................................................................65
5.5.5 Retail Sector Wastes ...................................................................................................67
5.6 Estimate of Slaughter Waste Quantities ................................................................................68
5.7 Summary and Discussion of Issues.......................................................................................70
6. Infrastructure and Services.............................................................................73
6.1 Introduction to Issues.........................................................................................................73
6.2 General Findings.................................................................................................................73
6.3 Livestock Markets ...............................................................................................................74
6.3.1 Location and Access....................................................................................................74
6.3.2 Infrastructure and Services..........................................................................................77
6.4 Slaughterhouses.................................................................................................................86
6.4.1 Location and Access....................................................................................................86
6.4.2 Infrastructure and Services..........................................................................................91
6.5 Public Markets.................................................................................................................. 115
6.6 Analysis of Infrastructure Issues ........................................................................................117
7. Operational Issues at Facilities .....................................................................119
7.1 Livestock Markets .............................................................................................................120
7.1.1 General....................................................................................................................120
7.1.2 Hygiene and Sanitation .............................................................................................121
7.1.3 Occupational Health and Safety .................................................................................122
7.1.4 Disease Risks ...........................................................................................................123
7.2 Slaughterhouses...............................................................................................................124
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7.2.1 Overview of Slaughter Operations ..............................................................................124
7.2.2 Roles and Relationships.............................................................................................125
7.2.3 Hygiene and Sanitation .............................................................................................127
7.2.4 Process Control ........................................................................................................130
7.2.5 Fifth-Quarter Processing............................................................................................132
7.2.6 Occupational Health and Safety .................................................................................133
7.2.7 Disease Risks ...........................................................................................................133
7.3 Meat Processing Facilities ..................................................................................................135
7.3.1 Hygiene and Sanitation .............................................................................................135
7.3.2 Disease Risks ...........................................................................................................136
7.4 Public Markets.................................................................................................................. 136
7.4.1 General....................................................................................................................136
7.4.2 Hygiene, Sanitation, and Safety .................................................................................137
7.4.3 Disease Risks ...........................................................................................................137
7.5 Retail Sector .................................................................................................................... 138
7.5.1 General....................................................................................................................138
7.5.2 Hygiene, Sanitation, and Safety .................................................................................138
7.5.3 Disease Risks ...........................................................................................................139
7.6 Informal Sector ................................................................................................................139
7.6.1 General....................................................................................................................139
7.6.2 Hygiene, Sanitation, and Safety .................................................................................140
7.6.3 Disease Risks ...........................................................................................................141
7.7 Summary and Analysis of Operational Issues ......................................................................141
8. Animal Welfare and Transportation...............................................................145
8.1 Background...................................................................................................................... 145
8.2 Transportation .................................................................................................................147
8.3 Livestock Markets .............................................................................................................152
8.4 Slaughterhouses...............................................................................................................156
8.4.1 General....................................................................................................................156
8.4.2 Summary .................................................................................................................160
8.5 Public Markets.................................................................................................................. 162
8.6 Retail Butchers................................................................................................................. 163
8.7 Informal Sector ................................................................................................................163
8.8 Sugggested Actions for Animal Welfare Improvement..........................................................164
9. Epidemiology, Disease Control and Public Health.........................................166
9.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 166
9.2 Overview of Epidemiology and Relevant Techniques............................................................169
9.2.1 General....................................................................................................................169
9.2.2 Understanding Disease Causes and Transmission ........................................................170
9.2.3 Investigating Causes of Disease.................................................................................171
9.2.4 Measuring Disease Levels..........................................................................................171
9.2.5 Disease Monitoring and Surveillance...........................................................................171
9.2.6 Evaluating Costs of Disease and Disease Control .........................................................171
9.2.7 Developing Control Strategies....................................................................................172
9.2.8 Monitoring Efficiency of Control Strategies. .................................................................172
9.3 Disease Control Mechanisms..............................................................................................172
9.3.1 Fundamental Principles of Disease Control ..................................................................172
9.3.2 Limiting Disease Spread ............................................................................................173
9.3.3 Endemic Disease Control and Outbreak Prevention ......................................................174
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9.3.4 Waste Management ..................................................................................................175
9.3.5 Interactive Control Mechanisms .................................................................................176
9.4 Diseases Identified, Their Importance, and Global Distribution .............................................176
9.5 Effectiveness of Disease Control, Monitoring, and Surveillance Techniques ............................177
9.5.1 General....................................................................................................................177
9.5.2 Disease Identification and Reporting ..........................................................................177
9.5.3 On-Farm Activities ....................................................................................................181
9.5.4 Market Activities .......................................................................................................182
9.5.5 Market Hygiene ........................................................................................................183
9.5.6 Slaughterhouse Activities...........................................................................................183
9.5.7 Public Markets..........................................................................................................185
9.5.8 Retail Outlets ...........................................................................................................185
9.5.9 Supermarkets...........................................................................................................186
9.5.10 Informal Sector ........................................................................................................186
9.5.11 Waste Management ..................................................................................................187
9.6 Public Health Issues..........................................................................................................188
9.7 Summary......................................................................................................................... 189
10. Environmental Issues ....................................................................................191
10.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 191
10.2 In-Country Status and Observations...................................................................................191
10.2.1 Background..............................................................................................................191
10.2.2 Solid Wastes ............................................................................................................192
10.2.3 Liquid Wastes...........................................................................................................194
10.3 Summary of Impacts and Issues........................................................................................195
10.3.1 Solid Wastes ............................................................................................................195
10.3.2 Liquid Wastes...........................................................................................................196
10.3.3 Impact of Religious Considerations.............................................................................196
10.3.4 Potential solutions ....................................................................................................197
10.3.5 The Environmental trade-off ......................................................................................198
11. Feed Additives and Anti-Microbials ...............................................................199
11.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 199
11.2 Agents of Concern ............................................................................................................199
11.3 Accidental Contamination ..................................................................................................201
11.4 Mechanisms for Control.....................................................................................................201
11.5 Regional Observations ......................................................................................................201
12. Technical Options...........................................................................................203
12.1 General ........................................................................................................................... 203
12.2 Overview of Livestock Markets in High-Income Countries .....................................................203
12.3 Overview of Meat Plant Waste Management in High-Income Countries..................................204
12.3.1 Legislation ...............................................................................................................204
12.3.2 Waste Products, Treatment, and Disposal ...................................................................205
12.3.3 Seldom Used Technologies ........................................................................................222
12.4 Technical Options for Developing countries.........................................................................222
12.4.1 Overview .................................................................................................................222
12.4.2 Waste Treatment and Disposal ..................................................................................224
12.4.3 Technical Options by Facility Type..............................................................................226
12.5 Planning and Implementation ............................................................................................230
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13. Institutional Issues and Financial & Economic Situation..............................233
13.1 Institutional Issues ...........................................................................................................233
13.1.1 Government Issues...................................................................................................233
13.1.2 Animal Health...........................................................................................................234
13.1.3 Devolution ...............................................................................................................234
13.1.4 Local Government Issues...........................................................................................235
13.1.5 Informal Slaughter....................................................................................................235
13.2 Finance and Economics.....................................................................................................235
13.2.1 Background..............................................................................................................235
13.2.2 The Economics of Meat Quality and Disease................................................................236
13.2.3 Municipal Livestock Market and Slaughter Fees ...........................................................236
13.2.4 Meat and Offal Prices................................................................................................237
13.2.5 Financial and Economic Analyses................................................................................238
13.2.6 Economic Instruments and Benefitting from the Solid Waste Management Experience....238
14. Conclusions and Recommendations ..............................................................242
14.1 Conclusions...................................................................................................................... 242
14.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................247
14.2.1 General Recommendations ........................................................................................247
14.2.2 Recommendations for Further Study / Action ..............................................................252
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List of Tables
Table 2.1 – Typical Wastes Generated by the Livestock Markets.....................................................13
Table 2.2 – Typical Wastes Generated by Slaughterhouses ............................................................14
Table 3.1 – Schedule of Country Visits .........................................................................................19
Table 3.2 – Fieldwork Responsibility Matrix...................................................................................20
Table 5.1 – Poultry Slaughter Wastes (Low-Income Country 1) ......................................................52
Table 5.2 – Pig Slaughter Wastes (Low-Income Country 1)............................................................53
Table 5.3 – Cattle Slaughter Wastes (Low-Income Country 1)........................................................53
Table 5.4 – Poultry Slaughter Wastes (Low-Income Country 2) ......................................................54
Table 5.5 – Ruminant Slaughter Wastes (Low-Income Country 2)...................................................54
Table 5.6 – Ruminant Slaughter Wastes (Low-Income Country 3)...................................................55
Table 5.7 – Pig Slaughter Wastes (Low-Income Country 3)............................................................56
Table 5.8 – Breakdown of Waste Products as Percentage of Live Weight - Poultry ...........................69
Table 5.9 – Breakdown of Waste Products as Percentage of Live Weight – Sheep and Goats ............69
Table 5.10 – Breakdown of Waste Products as Percentage of Live Weight– Cattle .............................70
Table 5.11 – Breakdown of Waste Products as Percentage of Live Weight - Pigs................................70
Table 5.12 – Present Slaughter and Livestock Waste Related CDM Projects.......................................71
Table 7.1 – Number of Facilities Visited by Country .....................................................................119
Table 7.2 - Estimated Size of Informal Slaughter Sector..............................................................140
Table 8.1 – Level of Welfare Score............................................................................................. 146
Table 8.2 – Transportation Techniques ......................................................................................148
Table 8.3 – General Animal Handling Techniques........................................................................148
Table 8.4 – Transportation Problems Identified...........................................................................151
Table 8.5 – Market Techniques and Facilities ..............................................................................153
Table 8.6 – Market Problems Identified ......................................................................................155
Table 8.7 – Slaughterhouse Design and Facilities ........................................................................157
Table 8.8 – Slaughterhouse Practices Affecting Welfare of Poultry ................................................157
Table 8.9 – Slaughterhouse Practices Affecting Welfare of Pigs ....................................................158
Table 8.10 – Slaughterhouse Practices Affecting Welfare of Cattle..................................................159
Table 8.11 – Slaughterhouse Practices Affecting Welfare of Sheep and Goats..................................160
Table 8.12 – Suggested Actions to Enable Improvements in Animal Welfare....................................165
Table 9.1 – Criteria for Diseases to be included in OIE List for a given country ..............................167
Table 9.2 – OIE List of Diseases ................................................................................................ 168
Table 9.3 – Confirmed and Suspected Cases of Livestock Diseases of the Different Regions............178
Table 9.4 – Summary of Hygiene and Disease Control Efficiency ..................................................189
Table 12.1 - Indicative Blood Protein Meal Revenue .....................................................................206
Table 12.2 – Composting Cost Examples for Three Operators in Michigan, USA (US units)................210
Table 12.3 – Typical High-Income and Developing Country Disposal Routes....................................211
Table 12.4 – Alternative Processes for Rendering Certain Waste Products .......................................212
Table 12.5 – Typical Business Structures for Rendering in High-Income Countries ...........................214
Table 12.6 – Indicative Capital Costs for Rendering Plants in High-Income Countries .......................214
Table 12.7 – Indicative Rendered Product Revenue.......................................................................215
Table 12.8 – Common Wastewater Treatment Systems .................................................................219
Table 12.9 – Indicative Australian Water/Wastewater Costs...........................................................220
21. Nippon Koei in association with Global Study of Livestock Markets, Slaughterhouses
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Table 12.10 – Indicative Wastewater Costs ....................................................................................220
Table 12.11 – Summary of Most Used Technologies in High-Income Countries..................................221
Table 12.12 – Improvements for Livestock Markets ........................................................................227
Table 12.13 – Improvements for Slaughterhouses ..........................................................................228
Table 12.14 – Categories for Selection of Slaughterhouses Upgrading ..............................................231
Table 13.1 – Comparison of Typical Municipal Market and Slaughter Fees.......................................237
Table 13.2 – Initial Observations of Costs Items, Actions, and Potential Benefits .............................239
22. Nippon Koei in association with Global Study of Livestock Markets, Slaughterhouses
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Final Report (viii)
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 – World Meat Production 1980 – 2030...............................................................................3
Figure 1.2 – World Meat Consumption 1980 – 2030 ...........................................................................3
Figure 2.1 – Diagram of Typical Slaughterhouse Inputs, Processes, and Outputs in High-Income
Countries ...................................................................................................................16
Figure 3.1 – Study Organisation Chart.............................................................................................18
Figure 5.1 – Small Quantities of Animal Wastes Collected by MSWM Company at Pig
Slaughterhouse...........................................................................................................27
Figure 5.2 – Solid Waste Strewn Across a Large Urban Area (Dairy Cattle Colony) adjacent to
Municipal Waste Collection Vehicles..............................................................................27
Figure 5.3 – Cattle Bathing in Waste Contaminated Water Amongst Piles of Solid Waste .....................28
Figure 5.4 – Collection of Cattle Manure for Distribution to Local Farms .............................................28
Figure 5.5 – Typical Photos at Main City Dumpsite Showing Scavenging and Animal Wastes ................29
Figure 5.6 – Municipal and Animal Wastes Only a Few Hundred Metres from the Main City
Dumpsite ...................................................................................................................29
Figure 5.7 – Modern Composting Plant Adjacent to the Main City Dumpsite........................................30
Figure 5.8 – Waste-Pickers Scavenging for Metal Products at Dumpsite..............................................31
Figure 5.9 – Waste-Pickers Scavenging ‘Fresh’ Waste at the Dumpsite (left) and One Picker
Carrying a Scavenged Carcass Leg (right) .....................................................................31
Figure 5.10 – Poisoned Stray Dogs Outside the Main Livestock Market Destined for Disposal at the
Dumpsite ...................................................................................................................32
Figure 5.11 – Slaughter Waste from Main Slaughterhouse Arriving at the Dumpsite ..............................32
Figure 5.12 – Cattle Grazing amongst slaughter waste at Dumpsite (left) and Leachate Running
into the Road Below the Dumpsite (right) .....................................................................34
Figure 5.13 – First Completed Cell (left) and the Future MRF (right) at New Sanitary Landfill.................34
Figure 5.14 – Sheep and Goats Scavenging Food from Illegally Dumped MSW......................................35
Figure 5.15 – Operational Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant .......................................................38
Figure 5.16 – Crude Screening of Wastewater from Private Slaughterhouse .........................................38
Figure 5.17 – Evidence of Open Defecation at Drainage Canal Adjacent to Slaughterhouse....................41
Figure 5.18 – On-Site Facility for Open Defecation at a Slaughterhouse (left) and the Channel to
which it Discharges (right)...........................................................................................41
Figure 5.19 – Cattle Truck Wastes Dumped adjacent to the Local River ...............................................42
Figure 5.20 – Fifth-Quarter Wastes Being Collected from the Slaughterhouse Drain ..............................42
Figure 5.21 – Collection of Blood from Open Drains at the Cattle Slaughterhouse .................................43
Figure 5.23 – Recycled Slaughter Products at a Slaughterhouse ..........................................................47
Figure 5.24 – Disposal of Poultry Wastes to Fish Ponds, Either Directly (left) or Via Market Drainage
(right)........................................................................................................................48
Figure 5.25 – Removal of dead birds (left) and animal wastes in truck (right).......................................48
Figure 5.26 – Drainage channel upstream (left) and alongside (right) Urban Poultry Market ..................49
Figure 5.27 – Manure and Bedding Waste .........................................................................................49
Figure 5.28 – Emergency Slaughter Waste in the Street Outside the Slaughterhouse ............................50
Figure 5.29 – Typical Informal Market for Sheep and Goats ................................................................50
Figure 5.30 – Litter and Animal and Human Wastes at Livestock Markets.............................................51
Figure 5.31 – Slaughter Waste Piled Outside Local Slaughterhouses ....................................................57
Figure 5.32 – Poor SWM Practices at Local Slaughterhouse.................................................................58
Figure 5.33 – Stockpiled Hides and the Incinerator ............................................................................59
23. Nippon Koei in association with Global Study of Livestock Markets, Slaughterhouses
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Figure 5.34 – White Offal Collection (left) and Incinerator (right) ........................................................60
Figure 5.35 – Slaughter Waste Storage cage (left) and Liquid Waste Screening (right) at a
Processing Facility.......................................................................................................61
Figure 5.36 – Ruminant Waste at a Dumpsite (left), Rendering at a Slaughterhouse (centre) and
Dogs Scavenging by the outlet from a Slaughterhouse (right).........................................62
Figure 5.37 – Collection of Feathers after Slaughter (left), and Storage of Chicken Viscera Prior to
Collection (right).........................................................................................................64
Figure 5.38 – Informal Sheep Slaughter, Municipality-Provided Drums, River Disposal, and Dogs
Scavenging (left) and a Hydatid Cyst Found on the Ground (right) ..................................64
Figure 5.39 – Slaughtering of Poultry at Public Market (left) and Adjacent Fish Ponds Where Waste
is Discharged..............................................................................................................66
Figure 5.40 – Blood from Retail Market Seeps Under Other Stalls (left), Market Waste Collection
Point at a Fifth-Quarter Market (centre), and the Interior of the Central Market (right)
.................................................................................................................................66
Table 5.8 – Breakdown of Waste Products as Percentage of Live Weight - Poultry .............................69
Table 5.9 – Breakdown of Waste Products as Percentage of Live Weight – Sheep and Goats ..............69
Table 5.10 – Breakdown of Waste Products as Percentage of Live Weight– Cattle ...............................70
Table 5.11 – Breakdown of Waste Products as Percentage of Live Weight - Pigs..................................70
Table 5.12 – Present Slaughter and Livestock Waste Related CDM Projects.........................................71
Figure 6.1 – Narrow Access Road to and through the Poultry Market .................................................74
Figure 6.2 – Poor Quality and Congested Access Road to the Main Cattle Market ................................75
Figure 6.3 – Location of the Poultry Market in Car Park of Market Building .........................................75
Figure 6.4 – Access to the Main Market (top left) and to Three Peri-Urban Markets.............................76
Figure 6.5 – Control Check Point at the Poultry Market and Spraying of Arriving Poultry ......................77
Figure 6.6 – Typical Structures at the Poultry Market........................................................................78
Figure 6.7 – Main Ruminant Market on Old Dumpsite .......................................................................79
Figure 6.8 – Poultry Market and Market Building (slaughtering).........................................................79
Figure 6.9 – Electrical Installation at the Main Poultry Market............................................................80
Figure 6.10 – Main Livestock Market.................................................................................................81
Figure 6.11 – Peri-Urban Livestock Market 1......................................................................................81
Figure 6.12 – Peri-Urban Livestock Market 2......................................................................................81
Figure 6.13 – Peri-Urban Livestock Market 3.....................................................................................82
Figure 6.14 – Outlet for Drainage at Main Market (left) and Covered Drain at One Peri-Urban
Market (right).............................................................................................................82
Figure 6.15 – Outlet for Drainage at Peri-Urban Market (left) and Area Reserved for a Retention
Pond at Another (right) ...............................................................................................83
Figure 6.16 – Examples of Livestock Market Layouts from Middle Income Country 1 .............................83
Figure 6.17 – Very Basic Infrastructure Typical of Livestock Markets in Middle Income Country 1...........84
Figure 6.18 – Differing standards of infrastructure and layout observed in Middle Income Country 2
.................................................................................................................................85
Figure 6.19 – Typical Access Roads to a Pig Slaughterhouse...............................................................86
Figure 6.20 – Cattle Slaughterhouse Location (left) and Narrow Access for Cattle from the Street
(right)........................................................................................................................87
Figure 6.21 – Poor Condition of Road and Congestion at the Main Ruminant Slaughterhouse.................88
Figure 6.22 – Access Roads to the Two Small Ruminant Slaughterhouses ............................................88
Figure 6.23 – Poor Access to the Poultry Slaughter ............................................................................89
Figure 6.24 – Excellent Access Arrangement at Private Facilities..........................................................90
24. Nippon Koei in association with Global Study of Livestock Markets, Slaughterhouses
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Figure 6.25 – Security Measures (or Lack Thereof) at the Facilities......................................................91
Figure 6.26 – Fifth-Quarter Processing in Front of Slaughter Units and Typical Unit Layout....................92
Figure 6.27 – Processing Units at the Larger Pig Slaughterhouse and Typical Unit Layout......................92
Figure 6.28 – Processing Units at Urban Poultry Slaughterhouse / Market ............................................92
Figure 6.29 – Modern Poultry Slaughter Line .....................................................................................93
Figure 6.30 – Cattle Slaughterhouse Processing Area (left) and Holding Area (right) .............................93
Figure 6.31 – Modern Private Pig Slaughter Facilities (left) and Evisceration Room (right)......................94
Figure 6.32 – Typical Buildings at Smaller Pig Slaughterhouse.............................................................94
Figure 6.33 – Typical Building at Large Pig Slaughterhouse (left) and Fifth-Quarter Processing Area
(right)........................................................................................................................94
Figure 6.34 – Main Cattle Slaughterhouse (Exterior and Interior).........................................................96
Figure 6.35 – Main Sheep and Goat Slaughterhouse (Empty and During Operation)..............................96
Figure 6.36 – Older Local Slaughterhouse for Cattle (left) and Sheep/Goats (right)...............................97
Figure 6.37 – Newer Local Slaughterhouse for Cattle (left) and Sheep/Goats (right) .............................97
Figure 6.38 – Main Poultry Slaughter / Market - Slaughtering and Processing at Rear............................98
Figure 6.39 – Main Poultry Slaughter / Market - Typical unit (left) and Retail at the Front (right) ...........98
Figure 6.40 – Roof and Floor in Poor Condition at Older Local Slaughterhouse......................................99
Figure 6.41 – Yards, Lairage, and Abattoir Building at Peri-Urban Municipal Slaughterhouse ................ 101
Figure 6.42 – Main Municipal Slaughterhouse Facilities 1 ..................................................................102
Figure 6.43 – Main Municipal Slaughterhouse Facilities 2 ..................................................................103
Figure 6.44 – Private Ruminant Slaughterhouse...............................................................................104
Figure 6.45 – Rear Access Road at the Main Municipal Slaughterhouse ..............................................105
Figure 6.46 – Small Municipal Slaughterhouse Site and Discharge to Local Creek................................ 106
Figure 6.47 – Electric Saws Used at the Main Slaughterhouse, in the European Hall (left) and the
Non-religious Hall (right) ...........................................................................................106
Figure 6.48 – Typical Motorised Lifting Equipment at Main Slaughterhouse Non-Religious Hall (left)
and the Small Municipal Slaughterhouse (right) ...........................................................107
Figure 6.49 – Simple Interior Layouts at Local Slaughterhouses in Middle-Income Country 1 ............... 108
Figure 6.50 – Municipal Slaughterhouse Site Layout in Middle-Income Country 1................................108
Figure 6.51 – Layout Plan for Modern Slaughterhouse in City 2 of Middle-Income Country 1................ 109
Figure 6.52 – Older Local Slaughterhouse (left) and City 2 Slaughterhouse (right) ..............................109
Figure 6.53 – The City 1 Municipal Slaughterhouse Internal Infrastructure ......................................... 110
Figure 6.54 – The City 2 Municipal Slaughterhouse External Infrastructure......................................... 110
Figure 6.55 – Slaughter Equipment in City 1 (left) and City 2 (right) Slaughterhouses .........................111
Figure 6.56 – Layouts of Small Chicken Slaughterhouses ..................................................................112
Figure 6.57 – Typical Slaughterhouse Drainage ...............................................................................113
Figure 6.58 – Slaughterhouse Interior (left) and Construction of New Wing (right)..............................114
Figure 6.59 – Exterior and Interior of a Municipal Slaughterhouse .....................................................114
Figure 6.60 – Cattle Lairage at a Modern Private Facility and at a Municipal Facility ............................115
Figure 6.61 – Typical Buildings Public Market 1 (East Asia and Pacific)............................................... 116
Figure 6.62 – Typical Buildings at Public Market 2 (East Asia and Pacific)...........................................116
Figure 6.63 – Typical Stalls at Public Markets (Middle East and North Africa)......................................117
Figure 7.1 - Drainage Conditions at African Livestock Markets.........................................................122
Figure 7.2 – Example Pathway and Relationships ...........................................................................125
25. Nippon Koei in association with Global Study of Livestock Markets, Slaughterhouses
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Figure 7.3 – Poor Hygiene Conditions: Municipal Abattoirs in Africa and North Africa following
Wash-down Operations .............................................................................................128
Figure 7.4 – Dressing Operations on Slaughterhouse Floor in Africa and MENA.................................129
Figure 7.5 – Hygiene and Cleanliness Levels at a Municipal Facility (left) and at a Modern Private
Facility (right) in the LAC region.................................................................................130
Figure 7.6 – Inadequate Poultry Slaughter and Processing Facilities.................................................131
Figure 7.7 – Slaughter Waste Adjacent to On-Floor Fifth-Quarter Preparation and in Public Area
Adjacent to Slaughterhouses in MENA Region..............................................................134
Figure 7.8 – High Standards at Low Volume Red Meat Processing Facilities in the LAC and MENA
Regions ...................................................................................................................135
Figure 7.9 – Informal Small-Stock Markets in Africa........................................................................140
Figure 7.10 – Informal Slaughter Carried Out by Youths in North Africa ............................................. 141
Figure 8.1 - Transport of Cattle in South Asia................................................................................149
Figure 8.2 - Transport of Poultry and Goats in South Asia...............................................................149
Figure 8.3 - Typical Transport for Poultry in South-East Asia...........................................................149
Figure 8.4 - Typical Livestock Transport in Africa...........................................................................150
Figure 8.5 - Loading / Unloading Facilities at a Livestock Market in Africa ........................................ 150
Figure 8.6 - Head-Leg Hobble (left) & Hobbled Chickens & Turkeys (right) ......................................150
Figure 8.7 - Sheep Lifted by One Leg (Left) and Manhandling Cattle (Right) ....................................152
Figure 8.8 - Unloading of Cattle at a Market in South Asia..............................................................152
Figure 8.9 - Results of Ill-Fitting Harness (left) and Poor Condition in Harness (right) .......................152
Figure 8.10 - Livestock handling at a Livestock Market in North Africa...............................................153
Figure 8.11 - Chickens Stacked in Cages Next to the Transport Vehicle (left) and the Unloading of
Cattle at a Market (right) in South America .................................................................154
Figure 8.13 - Head Tether, Horn Damage (left) and Poor Handling of Goat kids (right).......................154
Figure 8.14 – Slaughter Case Study A ............................................................................................. 161
Figure 8.15 – Slaughter Case Study B ............................................................................................. 162
Figure 10.1 – Wastes at a Cattle Market in South Asia......................................................................192
Figure 10.2 – Wastes Collected for Disposal at Smaller Slaughterhouses ............................................193
Figure 10.3 – Poor Solid Waste Management Leading to Environmental and Public health Concerns.
...............................................................................................................................193
Figure 10.4 – Failure to Treat Liquid Wastes Prior to Discharge Causing Environmental Impacts and
Additional Cleanup Work ...........................................................................................194
Figure 12.1 – Rendered Co-Product Price Trends (in AU$/tonne).......................................................207
Figure 12.2 - Processing/Disposal Options for Rendering Raw Material ..............................................213
Figure 12.3 – Impact on Rendering Sector of BSE Category 1 and 2 Wastes....................................... 213
Figure 12.4 – Rendering Plant Operating Costs in High-Income Countries (AU$).................................215
Figure 12.5 – Overall Logic Decision Tree........................................................................................ 217
Figure 12.6 – Appropriate Disposal Route Decision Tree ...................................................................218
Figure 12.7 – Flowchart for Selection of Upgrading Category ............................................................232
26. Nippon Koei in association with Global Study of Livestock Markets, Slaughterhouses
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ACRONYMS
AFD Agence France de Developpement
ASPCA American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
BCCDC British Columbia Centre for Disease Control
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
BSE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
CBPP Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CJD Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CWF Compassion in World Farming
DEFRA Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMS Environmental Management System
EU European Union
FMD Foot and Mouth Disease
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GPS Global Positioning System
HACCP Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points
HGPs Hormonal Growth Promotants
HPAI Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
HSA Humane Slaughter Association
IFC International Finance Corporation
JCTF Japan Country-Tied Fund
KfW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau
LAC Latin America & Caribbean
MENA Middle East & North Africa
MM Metropolitan Municipality
MRF Materials Recovery Facility
MRL Maximum Residue Level
MSW Municipal Solid Waste
NEC National Environmental Council
NVS National Veterinary Service
OIE World Organisation for Animal Health
PVS Performance of Veterinary Services
SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SOP Standard Operating Procedures
SRM Specific Risk Material
SWM Solid Waste Management
TOR Terms of Reference
TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy
WASA Water and Sewerage Authority
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GLOBAL STUDY OF
LIVESTOCK MARKETS, SLAUGHTERHOUSES
AND RELATED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
FINAL REPORT
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 STUDY RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES
In June 2007, Nippon Koei Co. Ltd. was contracted to undertake a study for the World Bank entitled
“Livestock and Slaughter Waste Management”, under a Japan Country-Tied Fund (JCTF) grant, hereinafter
referred to as “the Study”. The purpose of the Study was to investigate the prevailing conditions with
respect to livestock and slaughter wastes in developing countries (both low and middle-income countries).
Five member countries were selected for the Study; one in each of the World Bank’s geographical regions,
excepting the Europe and Central Asia region.
To provide additional expertise in the livestock and meat processing sector, the services of ProAnd
Associates Australia Pty. Ltd. were engaged as a sub-consultant in accordance with the terms of the JCTF
grant.
The principal rationale for the Study is the World Bank’s recognition that the private investment and
cooperation that was expected to have developed in the livestock and slaughter sector over the past 25
years has not taken place, following the World Bank’s departure from the sector some at that time. As a
result many developing countries have grossly outdated, decrepit and overloaded facilities, which have seen
little investment or improvement over this period. This has created far-reaching impacts in terms of waste
management, public health, animal welfare, and disease. The present study has the overall aim, therefore,
of providing a snapshot of the magnitude of the problems, and setting in motion the steps necessary to
address the issues on the ground.
Based on the Terms of Reference (TOR) the primary objectives of the Study are to:
Gather data on livestock markets, municipal slaughter facilities (abattoirs), meat processing, and
related systems of waste management;
Examine the prevalence, handling, treatment, disposal, and recycling of wastes;
Collect and examine available data on related bio-security and food safety issues;
Identify and report on the problems and needs of the facilities; and
Identify appropriate technical options to develop guidance for municipalities.
The main focus of the Study was originally waste management and all work pertaining to slaughtering or
livestock issues was to be related to the safe management of wastes only. However, as identified during the
course of the Study and as described in this report, the issues involving livestock and slaughter wastes are
more complex and multi-faceted and often cannot easily be delineated. A major concern of the Study was
also the protection of human health, particularly in relation to the recycling of wastes for animal feeds.
In addition, the Study was to focus on the assessment of options for municipal facilities only. During the
study, however, it was found that the private slaughter sector had a significant presence in some countries
and, as such, the impact of this could not be ignored. Furthermore, the informal sector was considered
potentially too large and elusive to be covered within the scope of the Study and thus was generally
excluded. It is appreciated, however, that there are often close links between the informal sector and
municipal facilities and thus the Study addressed those situations where waste is re-used / recycled; such as
where waste recyclers obtain their materials from municipal facilities and the informal disposal of animal
hides.
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Outputs from the Study also included the collection of professional-grade raw video footage, where possible,
from each of the countries visited. This footage, for a proposed Bank video production, includes interviews
with stakeholders and footage of facilities and associated operations. Hand-held video footage and
extensive photography taken by the Study Team would provide raw data for an additional study entitled
“Global Study on Reconstruction of Public Live Market, Slaughter and Meat Processing Facilities, including
Related Cost Recovery and Economic Instruments” also through a JCTF grant.
1.2 PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT
The purpose of this report is to present the findings of the Study and provide a basis for the selection of
appropriate technical options for the treatment and disposal of livestock and slaughterhouse wastes in
developing countries. The report is based primarily on the findings of the Study Team during its visits to the
five selected member countries, as contained in the Interim Report (January 2008); however a certain
amount of discussion is contained herein, backed up where possible by citations from published literature.
The report is arranged as follows:
Chapter 1 – Introduction
Chapter 2 – Livestock and Slaughter Wastes
Chapter 3 – Methodology for Data Collection
Chapter 4 – Brief Country Overviews
Chapter 5 – Waste Management
Chapter 6 – Infrastructure and Services
Chapter 7 – Operational Issues at Facilities
Chapter 8 – Animal Welfare and Transportation
Chapter 9 – Epidemiology, Disease Control and Public Health
Chapter 10 – Environmental Issues
Chapter 11 – Feed Additives and Anti-Microbials
Chapter 12 – Technical Options
Chapter 13 – Institutional Issues and Financial & Economic Situation
Chapter 14 – Conclusions and Recommendations
Given the large amount of data collected during the field visits, and the study as a whole, and to maintain
clarity and ease of reference the report has been compiled using figures, tables, bullet points, and
photographs as much as possible.
Whilst this report cannot provide solutions to specific site or country conditions, its purpose is to provide a
summary of issues and findings, and more importantly direction on the most appropriate courses of action
in the selection of technical options and their implementation.
1.3 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
1.3.1 Overview
Solid waste management, and to a lesser extent wastewater management, has been given a relatively high
priority in developing countries over the past 15-20 years, often with great success. However, one particular
area of neglect has been wastes generated by urban livestock markets, slaughterhouses, and related
facilities. In developing countries these are typically municipal facilities that are often old, in poor condition,
and operating well beyond their original design capacity. If not appropriately treated and disposed, wastes
from such facilities pose a high risk to public health and the environment.
Due to population growth, urbanization, and increased per capita demand for meat products, livestock and
poultry production is projected to grow four times faster in developing countries than in high-income
countries, with growth in pork and poultry more than twice the growth in the production of ruminate meat.
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Figure 1.1 overleaf shows the historical and projected meat production in developed and developing
countries for the period 1980 to 2030. Between 1980 and 2004 the consumption of meat and poultry in
developing countries increased three-fold, see Figure 1.2 below. Nevertheless, it is estimated that 800
million people worldwide still suffer chronic under-nutrition and hunger; thus, the growth in livestock and
poultry production is expected to continue to escalate with a resulting increase in the quantity of livestock
wastes generated.
Figure 1.1 – World Meat Production 1980 – 2030
Figure 1.2 – World Meat Consumption 1980 – 2030