Soil pollution occurs through various sources including industrial waste, urban waste, agricultural practices, radioactive pollutants, and biological agents. Industrial waste is a major cause of soil pollution due to pollutants from industries like mills, factories, and mines. Urban waste, including garbage and sewage, also pollutes soil. Agricultural chemicals like fertilizers and pesticides introduced in large quantities can pollute soils over time. Radioactive fallout from nuclear activities introduces radioactive materials into soils. Biological agents from human, animal, and bird excreta can spread infectious diseases in soil. Polluted soil can then negatively impact human health through contaminated food and water supplies.

1. Types, effects
and sources of
soil pollution

2.  Soil pollution is defined as, “contamination of soil by
human and natural activities which may cause
harmful effect on living organisms”. Composition of
soil is listed below:
 COMPONENT %
 Organic mineral matter 45
 Organic matter 05
 Soil water 25
 Soil air 25

3. TYPES OF SOIL POLLUTION
 Soil pollution mainly occurs due to the following:
 Industrial wastes
 Urban wastes
 Agricultural practices
 Radioactive pollutants
 Biological agents

4. INDUSTRIAL WASTES
 Disposal of Industrial wastes is the major problem
for soil pollution
 Is the waste produced by industrial activity which
includes any material that is rendered useless
during a manufacturing process such as that
of factories, industries, mills, and mining operations.
It has existed since the start of the Industrial
Revolution.

6. SOURCES INDUSTRIAL POLLUTANTS
 Industrial pollutants are mainly discharged from
various origins such as pulp and paper mills,
chemical fertilizers, oil refineries, sugar factories,
tanneries, textiles, steel, distilleries, fertilizers,
pesticides, coal and mineral mining industries,
drugs, glass, cement, petroleum and engineering
industries etc.

7. EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTANTS
 These pollutants affect and alter the chemical and
biological properties of soil. As a result, hazardous
chemicals can enter into human food chain from the
soil or water, disturb the biochemical process and
finally lead to serious effects on living organisms.

8.  Urban wastes comprise of both commercial and
domestic wastes consisting of dried sludge and
sewage.
 Commonly known as trash or garbage in
the United States and
as refuse or rubbish in Britain, is a waste
type consisting of everyday items that are
discarded by the public. "Garbage" can also refer
specifically to food waste, as in a garbage disposal;
the two are sometimes collected separately.

9.  All the urban solid wastes are commonly referred to as
refuse. Constituents of urban refuse: This refuse consists
of garbage and rubbish materials like plastics, glasses,
metallic cans, fibres, paper, rubbers, street sweepings,
fuel residues, leaves, containers, abandoned vehicles
and other discarded manufactured products.
 Urban domestic wastes though disposed off separately
from industrial wastes, can still be dangerous. This
happens because they are not easily degraded.

11.  Waste can be classified in several ways but the following
list represents a typical classification:
 Biodegradable waste: food and kitchen waste, green
waste, paper (most can be recycled although some
difficult to compost plant material may be excluded)
 Recyclable materials: paper, cardboard, glass, bottles, jar
s, tin cans, aluminum cans, aluminum foil, metals,
certain plastics, fabrics, clothes, tires, batteries, etc.
 Inert waste: construction and demolition
waste, dirt, rocks, debris
 Electrical and electronic waste (WEEE) - electrical
appliances, light bulbs, washing
machines, TVs, computers, screens, mobile
phones, alarm clocks, watches, etc.

12.  Waste clothing, Tetra Packs, waste plastics such as
toys
 Hazardous waste including
most paints, chemicals, tires, batteries, light bulbs,
electrical appliances, fluorescent lamps, aerosol
spray cans, and fertilizers
 Toxic waste including pesticides, herbicides,
and fungicides
 Biomedical waste, expired pharmaceutical drugs, etc.

13.  Modern agricultural practices pollute the soil to a large
extent. With the advancing agro-technology, huge
quantities of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and
weedicides are added to increase the crop yield. Apart
from these farm wastes, manure, slurry, debris, soil
erosion containing mostly inorganic chemicals are
reported to cause soil pollution

15.  Radioactive substances resulting from explosions
of nuclear testing laboratories and industries giving
rise to nuclear dust radioactive wastes, penetrate
the soil and accumulate giving rise to land/soil
pollution.
 The radioactive pollution is defined as the physical
pollution of air, water and the other radioactive
materials. The ability of certain materials to emit the
proton, gamma rays and electrons by their nuclei is
known as the radioactivity.

16.  1. Radio nuclides of Radium, Thorium, Uranium, isotopes
of Potassium (K-40) and Carbon (C-14) are commonly
found in soil, rock, water and air.
 2. Explosion of hydrogen weapons and cosmic radiations
include neutron, proton reactions by which Nitrogen (N-
15) produces C-14. This C-14 participates in Carbon
metabolism of plants which is then into animals and
human beings.
Examples

17.  3. Radioactive waste contains several radio nuclides
such as Strontium90, Iodine- 129, Cesium-137 and
isotopes of Iron which are most injurious. Strontium get
deposited in bones and tissues instead of calcium.
 4. Nuclear reactors produce waste containing
Ruthenium-106, Iodine-131, Barium- 140, Cesium-144
and Lanthanum-140 along with primary nuclides Sr-90
with a half life 28 years and Cs-137 with a half life 30
years. Rain water carries Sr-90 and Cs-137 to be
deposited on the soil where they are held firmly with the
soil particles by electrostatic forces. All the radio nuclides
deposited on the soil emit gamma radiations.
Examples

19. The following list of radioactive pollution could give an insight
into what usually causes these radioactive bio hazards.
 Dumping of solid and liquid radioactive wastes.
 Pollution due to underwater nuclear weapon testing and explosions.
 Radioactive pollution caused due to water streams and other water
run offs from nuclear testing sites.
 The atmospheric radioactive fallout mainly due to cosmic particle
shower or due to entry of extra-terrestrial materials from deep space.
 Radioactive pollution that are caused due to the accidents in deep
sea weapon testing, nuclear tipped weapon loss, radioactive
emission from thermos-electrical generators, falling satellites with
radioactive materials on board, and finally aircrafts and ships
carrying nuclear materials.

20.  The sources of radioactive pollution could either be natural
or man-made.
 The cosmic rays which reach our planet from outer space
carry lot of intense limits of rays which usually are radiating
in nature and cause pollution
 The quantity of cosmic rays depends on the altitude as well
as the geographical location
 Emission which emanate from radioactive materials from
deep inside Earth core
 Areas which has deposits of radioactive substances could
cause pollution in the surroundings and living organisms of
the area may get exposed to such radiations. Eg. The sea
beach in Kerala, India has thorium deposits
Sources of Radioactive Pollution

21.  Multifactorial diseases
 Various disease initiation and their progression depends
upon multiple factors such as birth defects, and adult
onset diseases which are both chronic as well as acute in
nature.
 The birth defects could range from neural tube defects,
cleft lip or genital heart defects while the adult onset
diseases could range from diabetes, hypertension, and
coronary problems.
Effects of Radioactive
Pollution

22.  When a person gets exposed to high level of radioactive
material dose, it becomes a reproductive hazard. Effects
like disfigured birth, physical impairment at birth and
other such things lead to reproductive defects.
 Exposure to nuclear radiation by any of the parents could
lead to defects at birth as these causes’ mutations at
genetic level and lead to variations which usually result in
abnormality. Problems like low birth weight, physical
impairment or variation and damages in chromosome
numbers could result in birth defects.

23.  Individuals who get exposed to radiation pollution could
face cells and tissue damages leading to hair loss, mouth
ulceration, haemorrhage, skin discoloration and lower
blood count or platelets. Some of them might face
problems of cardiovascular disorders, leukaemia, sterility
and premature aging.
Somatic Effects

24.  These could lead to chromosomal aberrations and
mutations where radiations could cause damage to DNA
strands, adverse effects to genetic break up which are
either immediate or delayed over a period of time
Genetic effects

25.  Soil gets a large amount of human, animal and bird
excreta which constitute a major source of land pollution
by biological agents.
 Ex: 1. Heavy application of manures and digested sludge
can cause serious damage to plants within a few years
Biological Agents Of Soil
Pollution

26.  Also called bio-agent, biological threat
agent, biological warfare agent, biological weapon,
or bioweapon—is
a bacterium, virus, protozoan, parasite, or fungus that
can be used purposefully as a weapon
in bioterrorism or biological warfare (BW). In addition to
these living and or replicating pathogens, biological
toxins are also included among the bio-agents. More than
1,200 different kinds of potentially weaponizable bio-
agents have been described and studied to date.
Biological Agents

27. 1. Organic wastes enter the soil pores and decompose.
Pathogenic bacteria spread
infection.
2. 2. Compounds containing As, Hg, Cr, Ni, Zn and Fe are
toxic to life.
3. 3. Fluorides affect plant development
4. 4. Water logging and salinity increase the dissolved salt
content in the soil. Some plants are very sensitive to
soil PH and salinity.

28. If you want to gift something to our new
generation than Please
Keep Our Earth Clean And Green
Reduce
Reuse
And
Recycle

30. GROUP MEMBERS