The document discusses the importance of water quality and the necessity of purifying drinking water, emphasizing its significance as a vital resource. It categorizes water sources into surface water, groundwater, and other types, each with varying levels of contaminants. The purification process is vital for making raw water safe for human consumption, highlighting the transformation of various contaminated water sources into clean drinking water.

1. Raw water quality
(surface and ground water)
GYANENDRA BAHADUR KARKI
MANAGER
WATER QUALITY DIVISION,KUKL

2. Conservation
of water :
“A drop of
water is worth
more than a
sack of gold for
thirsty man.”

3. INTRODUCTION
 Water is a transparent, tasteless, odourless, and nearly
colourless chemical substance that is the main
constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and
the fluids of most living organisms.
 Density: 997 kg/m³
 Formula: H2O
 Boiling point: 100 °C
 Melting point: 0 °C

11. NECESSITY OF
PURIFYING
DRINKING WATER
 About 71% of the earth's surface is covered with
water bodies.
 Mostly water is present in the oceans (97%) and
glaciers (2%). Since ocean water is saline, it cannot be
used directly.
 Water source can broadly divide into two - surface
water and ground water.
 Rainwater contributes to both surface water and
ground water.
 Drinking water purification is the process of removing
undesirable biological and chemical contaminants
from raw water, so as to make water fit for human
consumption

19. Basic
concept of
water:
1.Surface water: Lakes, streams, glacial melt
down. Generally heavily contaminated with
organic matter, high turbidity, low in dissolved
solids.
2.Well water : The deeper the well the less
organic contaminants and bacteria you will find.
Generally low turbidity but high TDS, especially
iron and manganese.
3.Rain water / dew collectors : Very low TDS,
acidic, often contaminated by aerosols and
bacteria.

20. Contd.
4.Sea water : Due to high salinity, it needs RO or
distillation processes to be usable.
5.Recovered water : Highly re-processed and
purified waste water (e.g. New-w-Water in
Singapore). After general waste water treatment
it undergoes centrifugal and RO treatment. God
only knows that is in there before treatment, yet
they work miracles on it.

22. Different sources
of water

37. Traditional Stone Spout
Well water

39. Manohara
River source
(Dug Wells)

40. Ground
water source

41. KUKL
Tanker
Water
Supply

42. Inside
Tanker
Water
Reservoir,
Gongabu.

43. Tanker
Water
Reservoir,
Gongabu.

48. Bottled
water at
factory.

55. THANK YOU