The document describes a study on improving the engineering properties of soil by adding waste materials like fly ash and waste glass powder. Standard tests were conducted on soil mixed with different percentages of fly ash and waste glass powder to determine properties like maximum dry density, California bearing ratio, and unconfined compressive strength. The key findings were:
- Adding 10% fly ash increased the maximum dry density, CBR, and UCS values the most compared to other fly ash percentages.
- With the 10% fly ash sample, adding up to 12.5% waste glass powder further increased the maximum dry density.
- Both fly ash and waste glass powder improved the soil properties like density, strength and bearing capacity due to po
ANALYSIS OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF BLACK COTTON SOIL AND STABILIZATION USI...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the engineering properties of black cotton soil and its stabilization using brick dust. Black cotton soil experiences large volume changes when wet or dry, which can damage structures built on it. The study mixes black cotton soil with 5-20% brick dust by weight to evaluate changes in properties. Standard proctor, unconfined compression, CBR, free swell, and Atterberg limit tests are conducted on mixtures. Results show maximum dry density increases and optimum moisture decreases with brick dust content up to 15%. Unconfined compression strength, CBR values, and soil stiffness increase significantly with brick dust additions, while swelling decreases. The study concludes brick dust is effective in modifying black cotton soil's engineering properties.
Subgrade Soil Stabilization using Fines obtained from Demolished Concrete Str...IRJET Journal
This study evaluated the use of fines obtained from demolished concrete structures to stabilize clayey subgrade soil. Laboratory tests were conducted on the virgin clayey soil and soil mixed with 4-15% fines. Results showed that mixing fines up to 10% by weight of dry soil increased the maximum dry density and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values of the soil, both unsoaked and soaked. The highest CBR values were obtained at 10% fines addition. Specifically, the unsoaked CBR increased 86.9% and soaked CBR increased 276.6% compared to the virgin soil, indicating the fines are effective at improving the engineering properties of clayey subgrade soil.
Chemical Stabilization of Clayey Soil Using Blend of Calcium Carbide Residue ...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using a blend of calcium carbide residue and coconut shell ash to stabilize clayey soil. Standard proctor tests showed a decrease in maximum dry density and increase in optimum moisture content with the additives.
2) Unconfined compression strength tests indicated up to a 1.59 times increase in strength over untreated soil at 7 days, while CBR tests showed up to a 2.1 times increase in strength.
3) The best results were obtained with a mix of 20% coconut shell ash and 1.5% calcium carbide residue, with hydration compounds improving the soil strength.
An Experimental Investigation on Strength Characteristics 0f the Concrete usi...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation on the strength characteristics of concrete using geopolymer. It examines concrete cubes made with different geopolymer mix designs and curing conditions. The key findings from the two phases of testing are:
Phase 1 compared concretes made with 100% fly ash, 50% fly ash-50% GGBS, and 100% GGBS as cement replacements. The 100% GGBS concrete achieved the highest strength.
Phase 2 varied the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution used in the geopolymer from 6M to 14M, with the 100% GGBS concrete from Phase 1. Compressive strength results showed strength increased with higher molar
SOIL STABILIZATION USING BONE ASH AND SILICA FUMEIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on soil stabilization using bone ash and silica fume. The study investigated how adding these materials affected key engineering properties of clayey soil. Tests found that adding up to 6% bone ash and 20% silica fume increased the soil's maximum dry density, CBR value, and unconfined compressive strength, while decreasing the liquid limit and increasing the plastic limit. The results indicate that bone ash and silica fume can effectively improve the engineering behavior of expansive clayey soils when used as additives.
“STUDY ON STABILIZATION OF CLAYEY SOIL USING FLY ASH AND LIME”IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on stabilizing clayey soil using fly ash and lime additives. In the study, a clayey soil sample was obtained and tested to determine its baseline engineering properties. Fly ash was then added to the soil in increments of 5% by mass, and a series of tests were conducted to observe the changes in properties at each increment. The tests showed improvements to properties like maximum dry density, CBR value, and UCS with 25% fly ash addition. Lime was then added in 2% increments to the soil with 25% optimized fly ash, and further improvements were observed, such as increased dry density and decreased optimum moisture content with 6% lime.
STRENGTH IMPROVEMENT OF CLAYEY SOIL WITH GLASS FIBRE AND WHEAT HUSK ASHIRJET Journal
The document investigates using wheat husk ash and glass fiber to strengthen clayey soil. Standard tests were conducted to determine the maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, unconfined compressive strength, and California bearing ratio of soil mixtures with varying amounts of wheat husk ash and glass fiber. The study found that mixing 30% wheat husk ash and 0.5% glass fiber with the soil improved its engineering properties the most.
IRJET- Investigation on Behaviour of MSW Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document investigates the behavior of municipal solid waste (MSW) geopolymer concrete. MSW ash was used to replace fly ash in geopolymer concrete at levels of 20% and 30% of the total binder content. Various tests were conducted on the concrete mixtures to determine strengths. The 7 and 28-day compressive strengths increased with 20% MSW ash replacement but decreased with 30% replacement compared to the control geopolymer concrete without ash. Flexural and split tensile strengths followed a similar trend. The study demonstrates that MSW ash can partially replace fly ash in producing geopolymer concrete and help reduce landfill waste while maintaining adequate concrete strengths.
ANALYSIS OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF BLACK COTTON SOIL AND STABILIZATION USI...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the engineering properties of black cotton soil and its stabilization using brick dust. Black cotton soil experiences large volume changes when wet or dry, which can damage structures built on it. The study mixes black cotton soil with 5-20% brick dust by weight to evaluate changes in properties. Standard proctor, unconfined compression, CBR, free swell, and Atterberg limit tests are conducted on mixtures. Results show maximum dry density increases and optimum moisture decreases with brick dust content up to 15%. Unconfined compression strength, CBR values, and soil stiffness increase significantly with brick dust additions, while swelling decreases. The study concludes brick dust is effective in modifying black cotton soil's engineering properties.
Subgrade Soil Stabilization using Fines obtained from Demolished Concrete Str...IRJET Journal
This study evaluated the use of fines obtained from demolished concrete structures to stabilize clayey subgrade soil. Laboratory tests were conducted on the virgin clayey soil and soil mixed with 4-15% fines. Results showed that mixing fines up to 10% by weight of dry soil increased the maximum dry density and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values of the soil, both unsoaked and soaked. The highest CBR values were obtained at 10% fines addition. Specifically, the unsoaked CBR increased 86.9% and soaked CBR increased 276.6% compared to the virgin soil, indicating the fines are effective at improving the engineering properties of clayey subgrade soil.
Chemical Stabilization of Clayey Soil Using Blend of Calcium Carbide Residue ...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using a blend of calcium carbide residue and coconut shell ash to stabilize clayey soil. Standard proctor tests showed a decrease in maximum dry density and increase in optimum moisture content with the additives.
2) Unconfined compression strength tests indicated up to a 1.59 times increase in strength over untreated soil at 7 days, while CBR tests showed up to a 2.1 times increase in strength.
3) The best results were obtained with a mix of 20% coconut shell ash and 1.5% calcium carbide residue, with hydration compounds improving the soil strength.
An Experimental Investigation on Strength Characteristics 0f the Concrete usi...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation on the strength characteristics of concrete using geopolymer. It examines concrete cubes made with different geopolymer mix designs and curing conditions. The key findings from the two phases of testing are:
Phase 1 compared concretes made with 100% fly ash, 50% fly ash-50% GGBS, and 100% GGBS as cement replacements. The 100% GGBS concrete achieved the highest strength.
Phase 2 varied the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution used in the geopolymer from 6M to 14M, with the 100% GGBS concrete from Phase 1. Compressive strength results showed strength increased with higher molar
SOIL STABILIZATION USING BONE ASH AND SILICA FUMEIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on soil stabilization using bone ash and silica fume. The study investigated how adding these materials affected key engineering properties of clayey soil. Tests found that adding up to 6% bone ash and 20% silica fume increased the soil's maximum dry density, CBR value, and unconfined compressive strength, while decreasing the liquid limit and increasing the plastic limit. The results indicate that bone ash and silica fume can effectively improve the engineering behavior of expansive clayey soils when used as additives.
“STUDY ON STABILIZATION OF CLAYEY SOIL USING FLY ASH AND LIME”IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on stabilizing clayey soil using fly ash and lime additives. In the study, a clayey soil sample was obtained and tested to determine its baseline engineering properties. Fly ash was then added to the soil in increments of 5% by mass, and a series of tests were conducted to observe the changes in properties at each increment. The tests showed improvements to properties like maximum dry density, CBR value, and UCS with 25% fly ash addition. Lime was then added in 2% increments to the soil with 25% optimized fly ash, and further improvements were observed, such as increased dry density and decreased optimum moisture content with 6% lime.
STRENGTH IMPROVEMENT OF CLAYEY SOIL WITH GLASS FIBRE AND WHEAT HUSK ASHIRJET Journal
The document investigates using wheat husk ash and glass fiber to strengthen clayey soil. Standard tests were conducted to determine the maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, unconfined compressive strength, and California bearing ratio of soil mixtures with varying amounts of wheat husk ash and glass fiber. The study found that mixing 30% wheat husk ash and 0.5% glass fiber with the soil improved its engineering properties the most.
IRJET- Investigation on Behaviour of MSW Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document investigates the behavior of municipal solid waste (MSW) geopolymer concrete. MSW ash was used to replace fly ash in geopolymer concrete at levels of 20% and 30% of the total binder content. Various tests were conducted on the concrete mixtures to determine strengths. The 7 and 28-day compressive strengths increased with 20% MSW ash replacement but decreased with 30% replacement compared to the control geopolymer concrete without ash. Flexural and split tensile strengths followed a similar trend. The study demonstrates that MSW ash can partially replace fly ash in producing geopolymer concrete and help reduce landfill waste while maintaining adequate concrete strengths.
IRJET- Investigation on Behaviour of MSW Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the use of municipal solid waste ash as a partial replacement for fly ash in geopolymer concrete. The researchers created geopolymer concrete mixtures with 0%, 20%, and 30% replacement of fly ash with municipal solid waste ash. The concrete was cured and tested after 7 and 28 days to evaluate its compressive strength. Results showed that compressive strength decreased slightly with higher levels of fly ash replacement, but even the 30% replacement mixture exceeded the target compressive strength of M30 concrete. This indicates municipal solid waste ash has potential as a supplemental cementitious material for more sustainable geopolymer concrete production.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HYBRID PAVER BLOCKS ENGULFED WITH BINARY BLENDSIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on hybrid paver blocks containing binary blends of fly ash and glass powder. Paver blocks were produced by partially replacing cement with fly ash (20-30%) and fine aggregate with glass powder (10-20%) by weight. The blocks were tested to evaluate properties like density, compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, and acid resistance over curing periods of 7, 14, and 28 days. Results showed that replacing 30% cement with fly ash and 20% fine aggregate with glass powder produced blocks with satisfactory durability and strength performance, meeting the mechanical property requirements for medium traffic use. This demonstrates the potential of using industrial waste materials to create more sustainable paving blocks.
This document summarizes research on stabilizing clayey soil using coir fiber. Standard Proctor, unconfined compressive strength, and California Bearing Ratio tests were conducted on soil mixed with 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% coir fiber. The maximum dry density increased from 1.87 g/cc to 1.96 g/cc with 0.5% fiber, while the optimum moisture content decreased from 14.53% to 12.25%. The CBR value increased from 2.12% to 6.71% and the UCS value rose from 0.21 kg/cm2 to 0.3753 kg/cm2 with 0.5% fiber addition.
IRJET - Improving Engineering Properties of Marine Clay using Tyre ChipsIRJET Journal
This study assessed the impact of adding waste tire chips to marine clay soil at different proportions. Laboratory tests were conducted on the clay soil without additives and with tire chip additives ranging from 0-10% by weight. The tests measured properties like consolidation, compaction, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The CBR increased from 1.18 for untreated clay to a maximum of 2.95 when 5% tire chips were added at the optimum moisture content of 18.5%. Overall, the results showed that the addition of tire chips can improve the engineering properties of marine clay soil by increasing its strength and bearing capacity.
Compressive Strength of M25 SCC Mix For Different Brands of OPC 53 Grade Ceme...IRJET Journal
The document investigates the effect of different brands of OPC 53 grade cement on the compressive strength of M25 self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixes. Five different cement brands were used to design SCC mixes according to the Nan-Su mix design method. The fine aggregate content was replaced with 20% copper slag. Workability tests found that all mixes met EFNARC guidelines for SCC. This establishes the use of copper slag as a mineral admixture and identifies the need to use different mix designs for different cement brands to achieve optimal concrete strength and workability.
IRJET - Experimental Investigation on High Performance Concrete using Silica ...IRJET Journal
The document presents the results of an experimental investigation on high performance concrete using silica fume, fly ash, and glass powder. Concrete mixtures were prepared with different replacement levels of cement with these materials. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of the concrete mixtures were tested at 7 and 28 days. The maximum strengths were observed with a 10% replacement of cement with 3.33% fly ash, 3.33% silica fume, and 3.33% glass powder. Higher replacement levels showed decreased strengths. The study concluded that replacing a portion of cement with these waste materials can enhance concrete strengths but higher replacements reduce strengths.
IRJET- Stabilization of Clayey Soil using Various AdditivesIRJET Journal
The document discusses using various additives like human hair fibers, egg shells, and rubber crumbs to stabilize clayey soil by improving its engineering properties. Tests were conducted adding these materials at different percentages, finding that adding 0.1% human hair fibers, 5-15% rubber crumbs, or 20% egg shell powder effectively reduced the shrinkage and swelling of clayey soil. The study suggests these waste materials could both improve soil strength and aid waste management.
IRJET- Role of Compaction Energy on Dry density and CBRIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study that investigated the effect of compaction energy on the dry density, optimum moisture content, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of soil collected from Thiruporur district in Chennai, India. Index tests were conducted to classify the soil as silty clay. Modified proctor compaction tests were performed at 5 different compaction energies and showed that maximum dry density increased and optimum moisture content decreased with increasing compaction energy. CBR tests, both soaked and unsoaked, showed that CBR values increased with decreasing optimum moisture content. Correlations were developed to predict CBR values based on optimum moisture content without conducting full CBR tests. The study concluded that higher compaction
SOIL STABILIZATION USING WASTE FIBER MATERIALIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on soil stabilization using waste fiber material. Three researchers conducted laboratory tests on two soil samples, including index tests and strength tests with the addition of polypropylene fibers at different percentages. The tests showed the fibers increased the shear strength parameters and unconfined compressive strength of the soil samples. Specifically, the addition of 0.05-0.25% fibers increased the cohesion and angle of internal friction for soil sample 2 but had little effect on soil sample 1. The fibers most improved the strength of expansive soil sample 2, making fiber reinforcement suitable for stabilizing such soils.
IRJET - Experimental Comparison of Soil Stabilization with Building Demolishe...IRJET Journal
This study experimentally compares the stabilization of clayey soil using building demolished waste and saw dust ash. Standard Proctor tests and unconfined compression tests were conducted on soil samples with varying percentages (5-20%) of added waste materials. The results showed that the maximum dry density increased and optimum moisture content remained constant with the addition of 5% demolished waste or 15% saw dust ash. The unconfined compressive strength and undrained shear strength also increased up to these addition levels before decreasing with further additions. The demolished waste performed better than saw dust ash in improving the engineering properties of the clayey soil.
IRJET - Experimental Investigation and Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil usi...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study investigating the stabilization of black cotton soil using micro silica and Renolith. A series of laboratory tests were conducted on black cotton soil samples with varying additions of micro silica (5-20% by weight) and Renolith (5-12.5% by weight). The results showed that the addition of micro silica and Renolith led to significant improvements in the engineering properties of the black cotton soil, including increased maximum dry density, decreased optimum moisture content, increased unconfined compressive strength, and increased California bearing ratio. The maximum improvements were observed with 15% micro silica and 12.5% Renolith addition. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of micro silica and
Effect of Partial Replacement of Cement by Silica Fume and Sand by Quarry Dus...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the effect of partially replacing cement with silica fume and sand with quarry dust on the strength and durability of concrete. Concrete mixtures were prepared with 8-12% silica fume and 20-40% quarry dust replacements. Testing showed that 10% silica fume and 30% quarry dust replacements increased compressive strength the most at 18.5% over the control mix. This mix also demonstrated the highest durability with the lowest rapid chloride permeability. Workability decreased with higher silica fume and quarry dust content due to their finer particles and higher water absorption. The study concluded that using 10% silica fume and 30% quarry dust provided environmental and economic benefits over
IRJET - Experimental Investigation on Strength Properties of Geopolymer Concr...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the strength properties of geopolymer concrete using foundry sand. Geopolymer concrete was produced by replacing the conventional Portland cement paste with an alkali-activated geopolymer paste, while keeping the aggregate system the same. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) was used as the primary binder material. Bagasse ash was used to partially replace the GGBS. Foundry sand was used to replace fine aggregates. The compressive and split tensile strengths of mixes with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% bagasse ash replacement were tested at 7 and 28 days of ambient curing and decreased as the bagasse ash content increased. X-ray diffraction analysis showed
Sodium Bentonite soil Stabilized by Using the Agriculture WasteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing sodium bentonite soil using agricultural waste materials. Sodium bentonite soil is problematic with low strength and high swelling properties. The study mixes sodium bentonite soil with rice husk ash and sugarcane bagasse ash at various percentages to improve soil properties. Standard Proctor tests found maximum dry densities at 10% addition for both rice husk ash and sugarcane bagasse ash. Unconfined compressive strength and CBR tests showed strength increases with curing time up to 28 days for soil mixtures with 10% ash and 10% cement. The study concludes agricultural wastes can effectively stabilize bentonite soil and improve its engineering properties.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Alternate Forms of Concrete by Replacing Bric...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study comparing different forms of concrete made by partially replacing traditional aggregates with recycled materials. Brick bats, crushed clay tiles were used to replace up to 40% of coarse aggregate. Lead slag, an industrial byproduct, was used to replace up to 60% of fine aggregate. Cubes were cast and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to determine compressive strength. Results showed concrete with 30% replacement of coarse aggregate and 30% replacement of fine aggregate achieved near equivalent compressive strengths as traditional concrete. Using these recycled materials provides an economical and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional concrete mixes.
IRJET- Stabilization of Expansive and Weak Subgrade by using Waste Generated ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used fine quarry dust, a waste material from M-sand industry, to stabilize expansive black cotton subgrade soil. Key findings include:
1) When 50% of fine quarry dust is mixed with subgrade soil, the soil classification changes from highly expansive (CH) to low compressibility (CL), indicating reduced expansiveness.
2) Mixing 50% fine quarry dust decreases the subgrade soil's liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, and differential free swell, further demonstrating reduced expansiveness.
3) Mixing 50% fine quarry dust increases the maximum dry density and soaked CBR of the subgrade soil. CBR
IRJET- Recycling of Waste Glass as Partial Replacement of Sand in Concrete - ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated replacing fine aggregates in concrete with waste glass powder at various percentages by weight. Concrete mixtures were designed to achieve a target compressive strength of 31.5 MPa. Fine aggregates were replaced with 5%, 10%, 12%, and 20% waste glass powder. Specimens were tested for workability via slump and compaction factor tests and compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. Results showed acceptable workability and higher compressive strengths up to 10% glass replacement compared to normal concrete. The study concluded waste glass can partially replace fine aggregates up to 10% by weight.
Investigation on Geo-Polymer Concrete Block (GPCB) and BehaviourIRJET Journal
This document investigates geo-polymer concrete block (GPCB) and its behavior. It discusses developing the strength of various grades of geo-polymer concrete under different curing conditions. Tests were conducted on GPCB to study the effect of changes in alkaline concentration and curing temperature on mechanical properties like compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength. The investigation aims to evaluate GPCB's potential as an alternative sustainable building material with high mechanical properties.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Strength Assessment of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer ...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the strength of fly ash-based geopolymer matrices with the addition of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Different mixes were tested with varying ratios of fly ash to GGBS. The compressive strength was highest at 28 days for a mix with 20% fly ash and 80% GGBS, reaching 21.35 MPa. Heat curing at 80°C was found to significantly increase the strength compared to ambient curing. The addition of GGBS was found to improve the early strength and compressive strength of the geopolymer mixes. Microstructural analysis showed that GGBS addition led to increased connectivity between aggregates and the geopolymer gel.
IRJET- Stabilization of Clay Soil using Secondary Lime and Rubber Tyre PowderIRJET Journal
The document investigates using secondary lime and rubber tire powder to stabilize clay soil. Standard Proctor and unconfined compression tests were performed on clay soil mixed with various percentages of secondary lime (5-25%) and rubber tire powder (3-15%), with 20% secondary lime. Test results showed maximum dry density of 1.20 g/cm3 and unconfined compressive strength of 3.758 kg/cm2 at 20% secondary lime. Further tests with soil + 20% lime and varying rubber powder showed maximum dry density of 1.92 g/cm3 and strength of 4.417 kg/cm2 at 12% rubber powder. The study concluded that a combination of 20% secondary lime and 12%
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
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This document presents an experimental study on the strength properties of geopolymer concrete using foundry sand. Geopolymer concrete was produced by replacing the conventional Portland cement paste with an alkali-activated geopolymer paste, while keeping the aggregate system the same. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) was used as the primary binder material. Bagasse ash was used to partially replace the GGBS. Foundry sand was used to replace fine aggregates. The compressive and split tensile strengths of mixes with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% bagasse ash replacement were tested at 7 and 28 days of ambient curing and decreased as the bagasse ash content increased. X-ray diffraction analysis showed
Sodium Bentonite soil Stabilized by Using the Agriculture WasteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing sodium bentonite soil using agricultural waste materials. Sodium bentonite soil is problematic with low strength and high swelling properties. The study mixes sodium bentonite soil with rice husk ash and sugarcane bagasse ash at various percentages to improve soil properties. Standard Proctor tests found maximum dry densities at 10% addition for both rice husk ash and sugarcane bagasse ash. Unconfined compressive strength and CBR tests showed strength increases with curing time up to 28 days for soil mixtures with 10% ash and 10% cement. The study concludes agricultural wastes can effectively stabilize bentonite soil and improve its engineering properties.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Alternate Forms of Concrete by Replacing Bric...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study comparing different forms of concrete made by partially replacing traditional aggregates with recycled materials. Brick bats, crushed clay tiles were used to replace up to 40% of coarse aggregate. Lead slag, an industrial byproduct, was used to replace up to 60% of fine aggregate. Cubes were cast and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to determine compressive strength. Results showed concrete with 30% replacement of coarse aggregate and 30% replacement of fine aggregate achieved near equivalent compressive strengths as traditional concrete. Using these recycled materials provides an economical and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional concrete mixes.
IRJET- Stabilization of Expansive and Weak Subgrade by using Waste Generated ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used fine quarry dust, a waste material from M-sand industry, to stabilize expansive black cotton subgrade soil. Key findings include:
1) When 50% of fine quarry dust is mixed with subgrade soil, the soil classification changes from highly expansive (CH) to low compressibility (CL), indicating reduced expansiveness.
2) Mixing 50% fine quarry dust decreases the subgrade soil's liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, and differential free swell, further demonstrating reduced expansiveness.
3) Mixing 50% fine quarry dust increases the maximum dry density and soaked CBR of the subgrade soil. CBR
IRJET- Recycling of Waste Glass as Partial Replacement of Sand in Concrete - ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated replacing fine aggregates in concrete with waste glass powder at various percentages by weight. Concrete mixtures were designed to achieve a target compressive strength of 31.5 MPa. Fine aggregates were replaced with 5%, 10%, 12%, and 20% waste glass powder. Specimens were tested for workability via slump and compaction factor tests and compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. Results showed acceptable workability and higher compressive strengths up to 10% glass replacement compared to normal concrete. The study concluded waste glass can partially replace fine aggregates up to 10% by weight.
Investigation on Geo-Polymer Concrete Block (GPCB) and BehaviourIRJET Journal
This document investigates geo-polymer concrete block (GPCB) and its behavior. It discusses developing the strength of various grades of geo-polymer concrete under different curing conditions. Tests were conducted on GPCB to study the effect of changes in alkaline concentration and curing temperature on mechanical properties like compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength. The investigation aims to evaluate GPCB's potential as an alternative sustainable building material with high mechanical properties.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Strength Assessment of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer ...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the strength of fly ash-based geopolymer matrices with the addition of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Different mixes were tested with varying ratios of fly ash to GGBS. The compressive strength was highest at 28 days for a mix with 20% fly ash and 80% GGBS, reaching 21.35 MPa. Heat curing at 80°C was found to significantly increase the strength compared to ambient curing. The addition of GGBS was found to improve the early strength and compressive strength of the geopolymer mixes. Microstructural analysis showed that GGBS addition led to increased connectivity between aggregates and the geopolymer gel.
IRJET- Stabilization of Clay Soil using Secondary Lime and Rubber Tyre PowderIRJET Journal
The document investigates using secondary lime and rubber tire powder to stabilize clay soil. Standard Proctor and unconfined compression tests were performed on clay soil mixed with various percentages of secondary lime (5-25%) and rubber tire powder (3-15%), with 20% secondary lime. Test results showed maximum dry density of 1.20 g/cm3 and unconfined compressive strength of 3.758 kg/cm2 at 20% secondary lime. Further tests with soil + 20% lime and varying rubber powder showed maximum dry density of 1.92 g/cm3 and strength of 4.417 kg/cm2 at 12% rubber powder. The study concluded that a combination of 20% secondary lime and 12%
Similar to SOIL IMPROVEMENT USING WASTE GLASS POWDER AND FLY ASH (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network