The software implementation of iris recognition system introduces in this paper. This system intends to apply for high security required areas. The demand on security is increasing greatly in these years and biometric recognition gradually becomes a hot field of research. Iris recognition is a branch of biometric recognition method. In thesis, Iris recognition system consists of localization of the iris region and generation of data set of iris images followed by iris pattern recognition. In thesis, a fast algorithm is proposed for the localization of the inner and outer boundaries of the iris region. Located iris is extracted from an eye image, and, after normalization and enhancement, it is represented by a data set. Using this data set a Neural Network NN is used for the classification of iris patterns. The adaptive learning strategy is applied for training of the NN. The implementation of the system is developed with MATLAB. The results of simulations illustrate the effectiveness of the neural system in personal identification. Finally, the accuracy of iris recognition system is tested and evaluated with different iris images. Mo Mo Myint Wai | Nyan Phyo Aung | Lwin Lwin Htay "Software Implementation of Iris Recognition System using MATLAB" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25258.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/25258/software-implementation-of-iris-recognition-system-using-matlab/mo-mo-myint-wai
A comparison of multiple wavelet algorithms for iris recognition 2IAEME Publication
The document compares multiple wavelet algorithms for iris recognition, including complex wavelet transform, Gabor wavelets, and discrete wavelet transform. It first provides background on iris recognition and wavelets. It then describes typical iris recognition systems which involve image acquisition, segmentation, normalization, feature extraction, and matching. Next, it discusses complex wavelets, Gabor wavelets, and discrete wavelet transform for feature extraction in iris recognition. Complex wavelets extract phase and amplitude information to accurately describe oscillating functions. Gabor filters model human visual processing and generate phase-coded bit strings for matching. Discrete wavelet transform uses dyadic wavelet scales and positions for efficient analysis. The paper compares these wavelet algorithms for iris image enhancement,
The document summarizes iris recognition as a biometric technique for human identification. It discusses how iris recognition works in four main steps: iris image acquisition, preprocessing the image to locate and normalize the iris, extracting features from the iris pattern, and matching the features to stored iris patterns. The iris is suitable for recognition due its complex random patterns that are stable over a person's lifetime and differ even between identical twins. Iris recognition provides highly accurate identification with a very low false match rate of 1 in 1.2 million.
This document presents a student's proposal for a human retina identification system using biometric technology. The proposal discusses how the unique patterns of blood vessels in the retina can be used to identify individuals with high accuracy. The proposed system will involve segmenting retinal images to extract features like branch points and endpoints, and then storing these features as templates to compare new images against for matching. The student believes this technology provides strong security but also has disadvantages like intrusiveness and high costs that need to be addressed.
IRDO: Iris Recognition by fusion of DTCWT and OLBPIJERA Editor
This document proposes a new iris recognition method called IRDO that fuses Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DTCWT) and Overlapping Local Binary Pattern (OLBP) features. DTCWT is used to extract micro-texture features from the iris, while OLBP enhances the extraction of edge features. Fusing these two methods results in improved matching performance and classification accuracy compared to state-of-the-the-art techniques. The proposed IRDO method achieves higher iris recognition rates as measured by Total Success Rate and Equal Error Rate.
Biometrics Iris Scanning: A Literature ReviewOlivia Moran
The interest in Biometrics from both governments and industry has lead to the emergence of multiple Biometric technologies all with their own strengths and flaws. One currently at the forefront of Biometrics is iris scanning.
The process involved in the identification and verification of people using iris scanning is examined in this paper. The advantages and disadvantages associated with the utilisation of such a technology are also explored. A number of legal and ethical issues are highlighted. Iris scanning is looked at in comparison to other forms of Biometric technologies. Future work in the area of Biometrics is also considered in light of current developments.
This report will give idea of key steps in developing an algorithm for \’Iris based Recognition system\’.Experimental observations as well are also shown.
iris recognition system as means of unique identification Being Topper
Project Done and submitted by Students Of final year CBP Government Engineering College
student name : vipin kumar khutail , Krishnanad Mishra , Jaswant kumar, Rahul Vashisht
Project Description :
Iris recognition is an automated method of bio-metric identification that uses mathematical pattern-recognition techniques on video images of one or both of the irises of an individual's eyes, whose complex random patterns are unique, stable, and can be seen from some distance
This document summarizes a study on iris recognition. It discusses how iris recognition works by capturing high-resolution images of a person's iris and extracting distinguishing features to create biometric templates for identification. The key steps described are iris localization to isolate the iris region, feature extraction using filters to encode patterns into binary codes, and template matching using Hamming distance to compare templates and identify matches. Advantages of iris recognition include very high accuracy and verification time under 5 seconds. Disadvantages include its intrusive nature and high memory requirements. Applications discussed include security for ATMs, computers, buildings, and airports.
A comparison of multiple wavelet algorithms for iris recognition 2IAEME Publication
The document compares multiple wavelet algorithms for iris recognition, including complex wavelet transform, Gabor wavelets, and discrete wavelet transform. It first provides background on iris recognition and wavelets. It then describes typical iris recognition systems which involve image acquisition, segmentation, normalization, feature extraction, and matching. Next, it discusses complex wavelets, Gabor wavelets, and discrete wavelet transform for feature extraction in iris recognition. Complex wavelets extract phase and amplitude information to accurately describe oscillating functions. Gabor filters model human visual processing and generate phase-coded bit strings for matching. Discrete wavelet transform uses dyadic wavelet scales and positions for efficient analysis. The paper compares these wavelet algorithms for iris image enhancement,
The document summarizes iris recognition as a biometric technique for human identification. It discusses how iris recognition works in four main steps: iris image acquisition, preprocessing the image to locate and normalize the iris, extracting features from the iris pattern, and matching the features to stored iris patterns. The iris is suitable for recognition due its complex random patterns that are stable over a person's lifetime and differ even between identical twins. Iris recognition provides highly accurate identification with a very low false match rate of 1 in 1.2 million.
This document presents a student's proposal for a human retina identification system using biometric technology. The proposal discusses how the unique patterns of blood vessels in the retina can be used to identify individuals with high accuracy. The proposed system will involve segmenting retinal images to extract features like branch points and endpoints, and then storing these features as templates to compare new images against for matching. The student believes this technology provides strong security but also has disadvantages like intrusiveness and high costs that need to be addressed.
IRDO: Iris Recognition by fusion of DTCWT and OLBPIJERA Editor
This document proposes a new iris recognition method called IRDO that fuses Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DTCWT) and Overlapping Local Binary Pattern (OLBP) features. DTCWT is used to extract micro-texture features from the iris, while OLBP enhances the extraction of edge features. Fusing these two methods results in improved matching performance and classification accuracy compared to state-of-the-the-art techniques. The proposed IRDO method achieves higher iris recognition rates as measured by Total Success Rate and Equal Error Rate.
Biometrics Iris Scanning: A Literature ReviewOlivia Moran
The interest in Biometrics from both governments and industry has lead to the emergence of multiple Biometric technologies all with their own strengths and flaws. One currently at the forefront of Biometrics is iris scanning.
The process involved in the identification and verification of people using iris scanning is examined in this paper. The advantages and disadvantages associated with the utilisation of such a technology are also explored. A number of legal and ethical issues are highlighted. Iris scanning is looked at in comparison to other forms of Biometric technologies. Future work in the area of Biometrics is also considered in light of current developments.
This report will give idea of key steps in developing an algorithm for \’Iris based Recognition system\’.Experimental observations as well are also shown.
iris recognition system as means of unique identification Being Topper
Project Done and submitted by Students Of final year CBP Government Engineering College
student name : vipin kumar khutail , Krishnanad Mishra , Jaswant kumar, Rahul Vashisht
Project Description :
Iris recognition is an automated method of bio-metric identification that uses mathematical pattern-recognition techniques on video images of one or both of the irises of an individual's eyes, whose complex random patterns are unique, stable, and can be seen from some distance
This document summarizes a study on iris recognition. It discusses how iris recognition works by capturing high-resolution images of a person's iris and extracting distinguishing features to create biometric templates for identification. The key steps described are iris localization to isolate the iris region, feature extraction using filters to encode patterns into binary codes, and template matching using Hamming distance to compare templates and identify matches. Advantages of iris recognition include very high accuracy and verification time under 5 seconds. Disadvantages include its intrusive nature and high memory requirements. Applications discussed include security for ATMs, computers, buildings, and airports.
Security for Identity Based Identification using Water Marking and Visual Cry...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using watermarking and visual cryptography for secure identity-based authentication. It proposes embedding an iris image using a watermarking algorithm and visual cryptography techniques for protection. Feature extraction and binomial distribution analysis are used to evaluate false acceptance and rejection rates to validate two algorithms, MASEK and Ma, for iris recognition on noisy images. The document also discusses discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) techniques for image processing and compression in iris recognition systems.
This document provides an overview of multimodal biometric systems. It discusses various biometric modalities including fingerprint, palm print, iris, face, and voice. For each modality, it describes the basic methodology, including enrollment and recognition processes. It also reviews literature on implementations of unimodal and multimodal biometric systems using these physiological and behavioral traits. The document concludes that multimodal biometric systems that fuse information from multiple traits can provide more robust and accurate person identification compared to single-trait unimodal systems.
This document discusses iris and retinal scanning as biometric identification technologies. Retinal scanning analyzes the blood vessels at the back of the eye, while iris scanning reads patterns in the iris. Both are highly accurate, with almost zero false positive rates. However, retinal scanning requires more user skill and can be affected by eye conditions. Now widely used, iris scanning was developed in 1994 and has advantages over fingerprints in identifying individuals.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
The document describes a proposed algorithm called Fusion of Hybrid Domain features for Iris Recognition (FHDIR).
The algorithm pre-processes iris images by resizing, binarization, cropping and splitting them. It then applies Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to the left half of the iris image to extract features and applies Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to the right half to extract features. These feature sets are then fused using arithmetic addition to generate a final feature vector. Test iris features are compared to the database using Euclidean Distance for identification.
The proposed algorithm is evaluated on the CASIA iris database and is found to have better performance than existing algorithms in terms of false rejection rate, false acceptance rate, and true
This document presents a new iris segmentation method for iris recognition systems. The proposed method uses Canny edge detection and Hough transform to locate the iris boundary after finding the pupil boundary using image gray levels. Experiments on the CASIA iris image database of 756 images show the method can accurately detect the iris boundary in 99.2% of images. This is an improvement over other existing segmentation techniques. The key steps of the proposed method are preprocessing, segmentation using Canny edge detection and Hough transform, normalization using the rubber sheet model, feature encoding with Gabor wavelets, and matching with Hamming distance.
The document summarizes recent progress in iris recognition technology. It discusses iris image acquisition, preprocessing techniques like localization and normalization, and pattern recognition methods. It also outlines applications of iris recognition in areas like border control, criminal investigations, and secure banking. Emerging areas discussed include long-range iris recognition, multi-biometric systems, and generating synthetic iris images for database construction.
Iris scanning uses the unique patterns in a person's iris, which are determined before birth and remain stable throughout life, allowing for highly accurate biometric identification. An iris code using a mathematical algorithm represents each iris pattern, and no two codes are the same. Current uses of iris scanning include smartphones, airports, and government and military applications due to its accuracy and speed compared to fingerprint scanning. Future uses may expand to ATMs, healthcare, transportation, and other areas requiring security and user identification.
This document summarizes the history and technology of iris recognition biometrics. It discusses how the iris was first proposed as a biometric in the 1930s, was featured in Bond films in the 1980s, and was patented and implemented in ATMs in the late 1980s. The iris is described as a protected internal organ that has many unique identifying features, making it very difficult to artificially duplicate. The document outlines the major parts of an iris recognition system and discusses many applications of the technology such as computer login, border control, and forensics. It concludes that iris recognition is extremely accurate and could be used for large-scale identification.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document discusses iris recognition technology. It begins by introducing iris recognition as a biometric authentication method using pattern recognition on high-resolution eye images. It then provides details on how iris recognition works, including isolating the iris area in an image, encoding the iris patterns into binary templates, and comparing templates to identify or verify individuals. The document also discusses the statistical properties of iris patterns that make iris recognition highly accurate and reliable compared to other biometric methods. It concludes by mentioning some commercial applications of iris recognition technology.
A Robust Approach in Iris Recognition for Person AuthenticationIOSR Journals
The document describes a robust approach for iris recognition used for person authentication. It proposes using eight main stages: 1) scanning the iris image, 2) converting it to grayscale, 3) applying median filters to reduce noise, 4) detecting the pupil center, 5) using canny edge detection to identify iris and pupil edges, 6) determining the iris and pupil radii, 7) localizing the iris, and 8) unrolling the iris texture. It then uses k-means clustering to compare images and match them to authenticate individuals in a database. The approach aims to improve on previous iris recognition methods by more accurately detecting non-circular iris and pupil shapes.
Biometrics uses physiological characteristics like fingerprints, iris patterns, and voice to identify individuals. The iris, located around the pupil, regulates the size of the pupil and has complex random patterns that are unique to each person. Iris recognition uses cameras to capture an iris image, overlay a grid to analyze patterns, and compare it to stored templates to identify a person. Iris scanning is highly accurate for identification and authentication purposes across applications like border control, computer login, and financial transactions due to the iris having unique patterns that remain stable throughout life.
Enhancement of Multi-Modal Biometric Authentication Based on IRIS and Brain N...CSCJournals
The proposed method describes the current forensics and biometrics in a modern approach and implements the concept of IRIS along with brain and resolves the issues and increases the strength of Digital Forensics Community. It has enormous features in biometrics to enhance diverse security levels. A new method to identify individuals using IRIS Patterns with the brain wave signals (EEG) is proposed. Several different algorithms were proposed for detecting, verifying and extracting the deterministic patterns in a person’s IRIS from the Eye. The extracted EEG recordings form the person\'s brain has proved to be unique. Next we combine EEG signals into the IRIS patterns a biometric application which makes use of future multi modal combination architecture. The proposed forensic research directions and argues that to move forward the community needs to adopt standardized, modular approaches for person identification. The result of each authentication test is compared with the user\'s pre-recorded measurements, using pattern recognition methods and signal-processing algorithms.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document describes a human identification system using retinal biometrics. It begins with an introduction to biometrics and why retinal biometrics are useful for identification. It then describes what the retina is and how retinal images are processed. The proposed system uses a three stage process of preprocessing, feature extraction, and matching. It highlights advantages like high accuracy and disadvantages like being intrusive. Applications include computer and physical access systems. Future work could improve user acceptance and accuracy. In conclusion, the presented system aims to use vascular patterns and a three stage matching algorithm for personal identification based on retina biometrics.
Iris Biometric for Person IdentificationManish Kumar
This document discusses iris biometrics for person identification. It begins by defining biometrics and explaining why they are used. It then focuses on iris biometrics, describing how the iris is unique, how iris recognition systems work to capture images and extract iris codes for identification, and the techniques involved like localization, normalization and enhancement. It compares iris recognition to other biometrics like fingerprints in terms of accuracy, stability, speed and security. It concludes by discussing current and future uses of iris biometrics with references.
The paper explores iris recognition for personal identification and verification. In this paper a new iris recognition technique is proposed using (Scale Invariant Feature Transform) SIFT. Image-processing algorithms have been validated on noised real iris image database. The proposed innovative technique is computationally effective as well as reliable in terms of recognition rates.
This document discusses enhancing biometric authentication for network security using iris recognition. It proposes using iris biometrics to generate secure authentication keys. The methodology involves preprocessing iris images, extracting minutiae feature points from the iris, generating a secret key from the minutiae, and using the key to encrypt and authenticate network access. Experimental results on two iris image datasets show the method effectively provides network security through iris-based encryption and authentication.
A Novel Approach for Detecting the IRIS CryptsIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- The iris is a stable biometric trait that has been widely used for human recognition in various applications. However, deployment of iris recognition in forensic applications has not been reported. A primary reason is the lack of human friendly techniques for iris comparison. To further promote the use of iris recognition in forensics, the similarity between irises should be made visualizable and interpretable. Recently, a human-in-the-loop iris recognition system was developed, based on detecting and matching iris crypts. Building on this framework, we propose a new approach for detecting and matching iris crypts automatically. Our detection method is able to capture iris crypts of various sizes. Our matching scheme is designed to handle potential topological changes in the detection of the same crypt in different images. Our approach outperforms the known visible-feature-based iris recognition method on three different data sets. After iris Crypts detection, Iris images were taken before and after the treatment of eye disease and the output shows the mathematical difference obtained from treatment. Gabor filter is used to extract the features. This iris recognition was effectively withstood with most ophthalmic disease like corneal oedema, iridotomies and conjunctivitis. This proposed iris recognition should be used to solve the potential problems that could cause in key biometric technology and medical diagnosis
This document describes a cloud iris verification system that allows secure online shopping through iris recognition. The system has two main components: a digital store website for shopping and an iris verification service (IVS) that runs on cloud infrastructure. The IVS uses iris segmentation, normalization, feature encoding, and matching to verify users' identities and integrate with the digital store for authentication during login and purchases.
EFFECTIVENESS OF FEATURE DETECTION OPERATORS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF IRIS BIOME...IJNSA Journal
Iris Recognition is a highly efficient biometric identification system with great possibilities for future in the
security systems area.Its robustness and unobtrusiveness, as opposed tomost of the currently deployed
systems, make it a good candidate to replace most of thesecurity systems around. By making use of the
distinctiveness of iris patterns, iris recognition systems obtain a unique mapping for each person.
Identification of this person is possible by applying appropriate matching algorithm.In this paper,
Daugman’s Rubber Sheet model is employed for irisnormalization and unwrapping, descriptive statistical
analysis of different feature detection operators is performed, features extracted is encoded using Haar
wavelets and for classification hammingdistance as a matching algorithm is used. The system was tested on
the UBIRIS database. The edge detection algorithm, Canny, is found to be the best one to extract most of
the iris texture. The success rate of feature detection using canny is 81%, False Accept Rate is 9% and
False Reject Rate is 10%.
EFFECTIVENESS OF FEATURE DETECTION OPERATORS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF IRIS BIOME...IJNSA Journal
Iris Recognition is a highly efficient biometric identification system with great possibilities for future in the security systems area.Its robustness and unobtrusiveness, as opposed tomost of the currently deployed systems, make it a good candidate to replace most of thesecurity systems around. By making use of the distinctiveness of iris patterns, iris recognition systems obtain a unique mapping for each person. Identification of this person is possible by applying appropriate matching algorithm.In this paper, Daugman’s Rubber Sheet model is employed for irisnormalization and unwrapping, descriptive statistical analysis of different feature detection operators is performed, features extracted is encoded using Haar wavelets and for classification hammingdistance as a matching algorithm is used. The system was tested on the UBIRIS database. The edge detection algorithm, Canny, is found to be the best one to extract most of the iris texture. The success rate of feature detection using canny is 81%, False Accept Rate is 9% and False Reject Rate is 10%.
Security for Identity Based Identification using Water Marking and Visual Cry...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using watermarking and visual cryptography for secure identity-based authentication. It proposes embedding an iris image using a watermarking algorithm and visual cryptography techniques for protection. Feature extraction and binomial distribution analysis are used to evaluate false acceptance and rejection rates to validate two algorithms, MASEK and Ma, for iris recognition on noisy images. The document also discusses discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) techniques for image processing and compression in iris recognition systems.
This document provides an overview of multimodal biometric systems. It discusses various biometric modalities including fingerprint, palm print, iris, face, and voice. For each modality, it describes the basic methodology, including enrollment and recognition processes. It also reviews literature on implementations of unimodal and multimodal biometric systems using these physiological and behavioral traits. The document concludes that multimodal biometric systems that fuse information from multiple traits can provide more robust and accurate person identification compared to single-trait unimodal systems.
This document discusses iris and retinal scanning as biometric identification technologies. Retinal scanning analyzes the blood vessels at the back of the eye, while iris scanning reads patterns in the iris. Both are highly accurate, with almost zero false positive rates. However, retinal scanning requires more user skill and can be affected by eye conditions. Now widely used, iris scanning was developed in 1994 and has advantages over fingerprints in identifying individuals.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
The document describes a proposed algorithm called Fusion of Hybrid Domain features for Iris Recognition (FHDIR).
The algorithm pre-processes iris images by resizing, binarization, cropping and splitting them. It then applies Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to the left half of the iris image to extract features and applies Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to the right half to extract features. These feature sets are then fused using arithmetic addition to generate a final feature vector. Test iris features are compared to the database using Euclidean Distance for identification.
The proposed algorithm is evaluated on the CASIA iris database and is found to have better performance than existing algorithms in terms of false rejection rate, false acceptance rate, and true
This document presents a new iris segmentation method for iris recognition systems. The proposed method uses Canny edge detection and Hough transform to locate the iris boundary after finding the pupil boundary using image gray levels. Experiments on the CASIA iris image database of 756 images show the method can accurately detect the iris boundary in 99.2% of images. This is an improvement over other existing segmentation techniques. The key steps of the proposed method are preprocessing, segmentation using Canny edge detection and Hough transform, normalization using the rubber sheet model, feature encoding with Gabor wavelets, and matching with Hamming distance.
The document summarizes recent progress in iris recognition technology. It discusses iris image acquisition, preprocessing techniques like localization and normalization, and pattern recognition methods. It also outlines applications of iris recognition in areas like border control, criminal investigations, and secure banking. Emerging areas discussed include long-range iris recognition, multi-biometric systems, and generating synthetic iris images for database construction.
Iris scanning uses the unique patterns in a person's iris, which are determined before birth and remain stable throughout life, allowing for highly accurate biometric identification. An iris code using a mathematical algorithm represents each iris pattern, and no two codes are the same. Current uses of iris scanning include smartphones, airports, and government and military applications due to its accuracy and speed compared to fingerprint scanning. Future uses may expand to ATMs, healthcare, transportation, and other areas requiring security and user identification.
This document summarizes the history and technology of iris recognition biometrics. It discusses how the iris was first proposed as a biometric in the 1930s, was featured in Bond films in the 1980s, and was patented and implemented in ATMs in the late 1980s. The iris is described as a protected internal organ that has many unique identifying features, making it very difficult to artificially duplicate. The document outlines the major parts of an iris recognition system and discusses many applications of the technology such as computer login, border control, and forensics. It concludes that iris recognition is extremely accurate and could be used for large-scale identification.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document discusses iris recognition technology. It begins by introducing iris recognition as a biometric authentication method using pattern recognition on high-resolution eye images. It then provides details on how iris recognition works, including isolating the iris area in an image, encoding the iris patterns into binary templates, and comparing templates to identify or verify individuals. The document also discusses the statistical properties of iris patterns that make iris recognition highly accurate and reliable compared to other biometric methods. It concludes by mentioning some commercial applications of iris recognition technology.
A Robust Approach in Iris Recognition for Person AuthenticationIOSR Journals
The document describes a robust approach for iris recognition used for person authentication. It proposes using eight main stages: 1) scanning the iris image, 2) converting it to grayscale, 3) applying median filters to reduce noise, 4) detecting the pupil center, 5) using canny edge detection to identify iris and pupil edges, 6) determining the iris and pupil radii, 7) localizing the iris, and 8) unrolling the iris texture. It then uses k-means clustering to compare images and match them to authenticate individuals in a database. The approach aims to improve on previous iris recognition methods by more accurately detecting non-circular iris and pupil shapes.
Biometrics uses physiological characteristics like fingerprints, iris patterns, and voice to identify individuals. The iris, located around the pupil, regulates the size of the pupil and has complex random patterns that are unique to each person. Iris recognition uses cameras to capture an iris image, overlay a grid to analyze patterns, and compare it to stored templates to identify a person. Iris scanning is highly accurate for identification and authentication purposes across applications like border control, computer login, and financial transactions due to the iris having unique patterns that remain stable throughout life.
Enhancement of Multi-Modal Biometric Authentication Based on IRIS and Brain N...CSCJournals
The proposed method describes the current forensics and biometrics in a modern approach and implements the concept of IRIS along with brain and resolves the issues and increases the strength of Digital Forensics Community. It has enormous features in biometrics to enhance diverse security levels. A new method to identify individuals using IRIS Patterns with the brain wave signals (EEG) is proposed. Several different algorithms were proposed for detecting, verifying and extracting the deterministic patterns in a person’s IRIS from the Eye. The extracted EEG recordings form the person\'s brain has proved to be unique. Next we combine EEG signals into the IRIS patterns a biometric application which makes use of future multi modal combination architecture. The proposed forensic research directions and argues that to move forward the community needs to adopt standardized, modular approaches for person identification. The result of each authentication test is compared with the user\'s pre-recorded measurements, using pattern recognition methods and signal-processing algorithms.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document describes a human identification system using retinal biometrics. It begins with an introduction to biometrics and why retinal biometrics are useful for identification. It then describes what the retina is and how retinal images are processed. The proposed system uses a three stage process of preprocessing, feature extraction, and matching. It highlights advantages like high accuracy and disadvantages like being intrusive. Applications include computer and physical access systems. Future work could improve user acceptance and accuracy. In conclusion, the presented system aims to use vascular patterns and a three stage matching algorithm for personal identification based on retina biometrics.
Iris Biometric for Person IdentificationManish Kumar
This document discusses iris biometrics for person identification. It begins by defining biometrics and explaining why they are used. It then focuses on iris biometrics, describing how the iris is unique, how iris recognition systems work to capture images and extract iris codes for identification, and the techniques involved like localization, normalization and enhancement. It compares iris recognition to other biometrics like fingerprints in terms of accuracy, stability, speed and security. It concludes by discussing current and future uses of iris biometrics with references.
The paper explores iris recognition for personal identification and verification. In this paper a new iris recognition technique is proposed using (Scale Invariant Feature Transform) SIFT. Image-processing algorithms have been validated on noised real iris image database. The proposed innovative technique is computationally effective as well as reliable in terms of recognition rates.
This document discusses enhancing biometric authentication for network security using iris recognition. It proposes using iris biometrics to generate secure authentication keys. The methodology involves preprocessing iris images, extracting minutiae feature points from the iris, generating a secret key from the minutiae, and using the key to encrypt and authenticate network access. Experimental results on two iris image datasets show the method effectively provides network security through iris-based encryption and authentication.
A Novel Approach for Detecting the IRIS CryptsIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- The iris is a stable biometric trait that has been widely used for human recognition in various applications. However, deployment of iris recognition in forensic applications has not been reported. A primary reason is the lack of human friendly techniques for iris comparison. To further promote the use of iris recognition in forensics, the similarity between irises should be made visualizable and interpretable. Recently, a human-in-the-loop iris recognition system was developed, based on detecting and matching iris crypts. Building on this framework, we propose a new approach for detecting and matching iris crypts automatically. Our detection method is able to capture iris crypts of various sizes. Our matching scheme is designed to handle potential topological changes in the detection of the same crypt in different images. Our approach outperforms the known visible-feature-based iris recognition method on three different data sets. After iris Crypts detection, Iris images were taken before and after the treatment of eye disease and the output shows the mathematical difference obtained from treatment. Gabor filter is used to extract the features. This iris recognition was effectively withstood with most ophthalmic disease like corneal oedema, iridotomies and conjunctivitis. This proposed iris recognition should be used to solve the potential problems that could cause in key biometric technology and medical diagnosis
This document describes a cloud iris verification system that allows secure online shopping through iris recognition. The system has two main components: a digital store website for shopping and an iris verification service (IVS) that runs on cloud infrastructure. The IVS uses iris segmentation, normalization, feature encoding, and matching to verify users' identities and integrate with the digital store for authentication during login and purchases.
EFFECTIVENESS OF FEATURE DETECTION OPERATORS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF IRIS BIOME...IJNSA Journal
Iris Recognition is a highly efficient biometric identification system with great possibilities for future in the
security systems area.Its robustness and unobtrusiveness, as opposed tomost of the currently deployed
systems, make it a good candidate to replace most of thesecurity systems around. By making use of the
distinctiveness of iris patterns, iris recognition systems obtain a unique mapping for each person.
Identification of this person is possible by applying appropriate matching algorithm.In this paper,
Daugman’s Rubber Sheet model is employed for irisnormalization and unwrapping, descriptive statistical
analysis of different feature detection operators is performed, features extracted is encoded using Haar
wavelets and for classification hammingdistance as a matching algorithm is used. The system was tested on
the UBIRIS database. The edge detection algorithm, Canny, is found to be the best one to extract most of
the iris texture. The success rate of feature detection using canny is 81%, False Accept Rate is 9% and
False Reject Rate is 10%.
EFFECTIVENESS OF FEATURE DETECTION OPERATORS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF IRIS BIOME...IJNSA Journal
Iris Recognition is a highly efficient biometric identification system with great possibilities for future in the security systems area.Its robustness and unobtrusiveness, as opposed tomost of the currently deployed systems, make it a good candidate to replace most of thesecurity systems around. By making use of the distinctiveness of iris patterns, iris recognition systems obtain a unique mapping for each person. Identification of this person is possible by applying appropriate matching algorithm.In this paper, Daugman’s Rubber Sheet model is employed for irisnormalization and unwrapping, descriptive statistical analysis of different feature detection operators is performed, features extracted is encoded using Haar wavelets and for classification hammingdistance as a matching algorithm is used. The system was tested on the UBIRIS database. The edge detection algorithm, Canny, is found to be the best one to extract most of the iris texture. The success rate of feature detection using canny is 81%, False Accept Rate is 9% and False Reject Rate is 10%.
The document summarizes a proposed method for enhancing iris scanning security using visual cryptography. It begins with an abstract describing iris scanning biometrics and the issue of securely storing templates in a database. It then proposes using visual cryptography to divide scanned iris images into shares that are stored instead of the original template. The document provides background on iris scanning and visual cryptography. It describes the proposed system architecture which uses visual cryptography to generate two shares from the iris template during enrollment - one stored in the database and one kept privately. During authentication, the iris is rescanned and compared to the stored share template for verification. Future work could extend this approach to work with color iris images. The visual cryptography method is concluded to generate meaningful shares for more secure and
“Enhancing Iris Scanning Using Visual Cryptography”iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A survey paper on various biometric security system methodsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes various biometric security systems for identification. It discusses fingerprint recognition, iris recognition, and face recognition methods. It provides an overview of different approaches that have been proposed, including using watermarking, edge detection techniques, adaptive boosting algorithms, and fuzzy logic. The document also analyzes the drawbacks of previous methods and proposes using a multimodal biometric system that fuses fingerprints, iris, and face for more secure identification. Overall, the document surveys different biometric identification techniques and highlights that a multimodal approach can help overcome limitations of individual methods.
Iris recognition based on 2D Gabor filterIJECEIAES
Iris recognition is a type of biometrics technology that is based on physiological features of the human body. The objective of this research is to recognize and identify iris among many irises that are stored in a visual database. This study employed a left and right iris biometric framework for inclusion decision processing by combining image processing and artificial bee colony. The proposed approach was evaluated on a visual database of 280 colored iris pictures. The database was then divided into 28 clusters. Images were preprocessed and texture features were extracted based Gabor filters to capture both local and global details within an iris. The technique begins by comparing the attributes of the online-obtained iris picture with those of the visual database. This technique either generates a reject or approve message. The consequences of the intended work reflect the output’s accuracy and integrity. This is due to the careful selection of attributes, besides the deployment of an artificial bee colony and data clustering, which decreased complexity and eventually increased identification rate to 100%. We demonstrate that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance and that our recommended procedures outperform existing iris recognition systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document describes an iris recognition system implemented using National Instruments LabVIEW for secure voting. The system has four main stages: 1) image acquisition using an infrared camera, 2) iris localization by detecting circles in the iris image, 3) pattern matching to extract an iris code, and 4) authentication by matching the iris code to a database. The database stores voter information and iris codes in an encrypted format. On voting day, the system matches the voter's ID and captured iris image to the database to verify their identity before allowing them to vote. The system aims to provide more secure identity verification than traditional password or ID systems.
This document discusses various soft computing techniques for iris recognition, specifically focusing on two neural network approaches: Competitive neural network Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) and Adaptive Resonance Associative Map (ARAM). It provides an overview of iris recognition as a biometric method, summarizes preprocessing steps like localization, segmentation, and normalization of iris images. It also describes feature extraction and matching steps. Finally, it defines artificial neural networks and discusses how LVQ and ARAM can be used for pattern matching in iris recognition applications.
This document compares various biometric methods for identification and verification. It discusses fingerprint recognition, face recognition, voice recognition, and iris recognition as some of the main biometric techniques. For each method, it describes how the biometric data is captured and analyzed, the advantages and disadvantages, and examples of applications where the technique can be used. The document provides an overview of the history of biometrics and the typical modules involved in a biometric system, such as sensors, feature extraction, matching, and template databases.
This document is a seminar report on an iris recognition biometric security system. It provides an abstract that describes iris recognition technology and how it is used for biometric identification. It then discusses the key components of an iris recognition system, including image acquisition, preprocessing, image analysis, and image recognition. It also compares iris recognition to other biometric technologies and discusses applications of iris recognition systems.
IRJET- Persons Identification Tool for Visually Impaired - Digital EyeIRJET Journal
This document presents a face detection and recognition system to help visually impaired people identify individuals. The system uses computer vision techniques like convolutional neural networks and cascade classifiers for face detection with high accuracy. It then performs face recognition on pre-trained image datasets to determine a person's identity, as well as their emotion, age and gender. The system was tested on a combined dataset of images and achieved 95.7% accuracy in identifying faces, even when there were many faces present. This person identification tool aims to help the visually impaired better interact with others by audibly providing the name and attributes of detected individuals.
A PROJECT REPORT ON IRIS RECOGNITION SYSTEM USING MATLABMaria Perkins
1. Iris recognition is a reliable biometric authentication method that uses the unique patterns in the iris to identify individuals.
2. Previous work has focused on detecting fake irises using techniques like analyzing image quality features, extracting texture features from the iris, and applying weighted local binary patterns.
3. Detecting fake irises using printed contact lenses is challenging but important for security. Methods have analyzed features like iris edge sharpness, iris-texton histograms, and gray-level co-occurrence matrices to differentiate real and fake irises.
4. Combining local descriptors like SIFT with local binary patterns can improve fake iris detection performance by making the approach
Iris Biometric Based Person Identification Using Deep Learning TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document presents a person identification system based on iris recognition using deep learning. It uses the ResNet-50 model for feature extraction from iris images. The system first preprocesses iris images to remove noise and reflections. It then segments the iris region using Daugman's operator and normalizes it using his rubber sheet model. The normalized iris images are input to the pre-trained ResNet-50 model to extract features. Finally, multiclass SVM is used to perform person identification based on the extracted features. The system was tested on the VISA iris database and achieved 95% accuracy in identification.
Biometric Iris Recognition Based on Hybrid Technique ijsc
Iris Recognition is one of the important biometric recognition systems that identify people based on their eyes and iris. In this paper the iris recognition algorithm is implemented via histogram equalization and wavelet techniques. In this paper the iris recognition approach is implemented via many steps, these steps are concentrated on image capturing, enhancement and identification. Different types of edge detection mechanisms; Canny scheme, Prewitt scheme, Roberts scheme and Sobel scheme are used to detect iris boundaries in the eyes digital image. The implemented system gives adequate results via different types of iris images.
Biometric Iris Recognition Based on Hybrid Techniqueijsc
This document presents a study on implementing an iris recognition system using a hybrid technique. The system utilizes several image processing and machine learning techniques. It begins with preprocessing the iris image, including capturing, resizing and converting to grayscale. Histogram equalization is then used for enhancement. Two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform (2D DWT) is applied for feature extraction. Various edge detection algorithms including Canny, Prewitt, Roberts and Sobel are used to detect iris boundaries. The features are then stored in a vector for classification. The system is tested on different iris images and analysis shows 2D DWT and Canny edge detection provide adequate results for feature extraction and iris recognition.
IRJET- Secure Vault System using Iris Biometrics and PIC MicrocontrollerIRJET Journal
This document describes a secure vault system using iris biometrics and a PIC microcontroller for authentication. The system works by capturing iris images, segmenting the iris region, extracting features from the iris, and matching features to stored templates to authenticate users. When a match is found, the locker number is sent via RF transmitter to a robot, which then opens the corresponding locker. The system aims to provide a more secure and convenient alternative to traditional locker systems.
This document summarizes the process of iris recognition for biometric authentication. It begins with image acquisition of the iris using a camera. Next, iris localization is performed to isolate the iris region from the rest of the eye image. Finally, pattern matching is done by converting the iris image into a numeric iris code template using Gabor wavelets to extract distinguishing features of the iris texture and patterns. This iris code provides a highly accurate means of identifying individuals due to the richness of distinguishing details in the iris structure.
This document summarizes iris scan technology. It discusses how iris recognition works by leveraging the unique patterns in the iris to provide accurate identification. The iris has over 400 identifying features and remains stable over time, making it a powerful biometric identifier. Iris scanning has applications in computer and device security, border control, and other areas requiring secure identification. While generally accurate, iris scanning does face some challenges related to acquisition of the iris image and potential non-cooperation of subjects.
Similar to Software Implementation of Iris Recognition System using MATLAB (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD25258 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 291
B. Different Types of Biometric Technologies
There are many types of biometric technologies as follow [].
Body Odour
DNA
Ear Shape
Facial Recognition
Finger Scanning
Hand Geometry
Iris Recognition
Keystroke
Retinal Scan
Personal Signature
Vein Pattern
Voice Recognition
C. Iris Theory
The iris is the plainly visible, colored ring that surroundsthe
pupil. It is a muscular structure that controls the amount of
light entering the eye, with intricate details that can be
measured, such as striations, pits,andfurrows.Theirisis not
to be confused with the retina, which lines the inside of the
back of the eye. The figure 1 shows human eye
characteristics. No two irises are alike. There is no detailed
correlation between the iris patterns of even identicaltwins,
or the right and left eye of an individual. The amount of
information that can be measured in a single iris is much
greater than fingerprints, and the accuracy is greater than
DNA.
III. IRIS RECOGNITION SYSTEM
The iris is the plainly visible, colored ring that surroundsthe
pupil. It is a muscular structure that controls the amount of
light entering the eye, with intricate details that can be
measured, such as striations, pits,andfurrows.Theirisis not
to be confused with the retina, which lines the inside of eye
of an individual. Fig 2.1 shows human eye characteristics. No
two irises are alike. There is no detailed correlation between
the iris patterns of even identical twins, or the right and left
eye of an individual. The amount of information that can be
measured in a single iris is much greater than fingerprints,
and the accuracy is greater than DNA.
Iris recognition is the process of recognizing a person by
analyzing the random pattern of the iris as shown Fig 1. The
automated method of iris recognition is relatively young,
existing in patent only since 1994. The iris is amusclewithin
the eye that regulates the size of the pupil, controlling the
amount of light that enters the eye. It is the colored portion
of the eye with coloring based on the amount of melatonin
pigment within the muscle as shown in Figure 2.
Figure1. Anatomy of the Eye [6]
Although the coloration and structure of the iris is
genetically linked, the details of the patterns arenot.Theiris
develops during prenatal growth through a process of tight
forming and folding of the tissue membrane. Prior to birth,
degeneration occurs, resulting in the pupil opening and the
random, unique patterns of the iris. Although genetically
identical, an individual’s irides are unique and structurally
distinct, which allows for it to be used for recognition
purposes.
Before recognition of the iris takes place, the iris is located
using landmark features. These landmark features and the
distinct shape of the iris allow for imaging, feature isolation,
and extraction. Localization of the iris isanimportantstepin
iris recognition because, if done improperly, resultant noise
(e.g., eyelashes, reflections, pupils, and eyelids) in the image
may lead to poor performance.
Figure2. Iris Structure
A. Typical Stage of Iris Recognition
This system presents an introduction to divergentaspects of
pattern recognition. The operation of a pattern recognition
system is presented as a series of consecutive processing
stages in figure 5. Pattern recognition is an information-
reduction process: the assignment of visual or logical
patterns to classes based on the features of these patterns
and their relationships.
Figure5. Block Diagram Iris Recognition Process [7]
IV. THE PROPOSED IRIS RECOGNITION SYSTEM
In this work, the proposed iris recognition system using
Artificial Neural Network is shown in Fig 6. The process for
iris recognition system can be divided into the following
different stages:
Image acquisition
Edge detection
Localization
Feature extraction
Creating and training the neural networks
Figure6. Block diagram of software implementation of iris
recognition process
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD25258 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 292
A. Image Acquisition
The iris recognition system includes iris image acquisition
and iris recognition. The iris image acquisition includes the
lighting system, the positioning system, and the physical
capture system. In iris acquisition, the iris image intheinput
sequence must be clear and sharp. Clarityof theiris’s minute
characteristics and sharpness of the boundary between the
pupil and the iris, and the boundary between the iris andthe
sclera affects the quality of the iris image. A high quality
image must be selected for irisrecognition.However,the eye
pictures are taken while trying to maintain appropriate
settings such as lighting and distance to camera, the light
spot from the camera cannot be removed from the image.
The preprocessing is difficult to detect the iris area from
those pictures. Therefore, CASIA iris [5] database is used in
this thesis. The CASIA [8] database used a special camera in
the infrared spectrum of light, not visible by the human eye.
In CASIA, each iris class is composed of seven samples taken
in two sessions, three in the first session and four in the
second. Images are 320x280 pixels gray scale taken by a
digital optical sensor designed by NLPR (National
Laboratory of Pattern Recognition Chinese Academy of
Sciences). There are 108 classes or irises in a total of756iris
images. The train data set is taken 5 kinds of irises from
CASIA database. Fig 7 shows the example of train data set
three iris images are collected in eachtype.Thetrain dataset
contains 3x5 = 15 images in train folder. After collection of
train set, the program has to be preprocessing. In the
preprocessing stage, the images are transformed from RGB
to gray level and from unsigned integer eight bit or double
precision thus facilitating the manipulation of the images in
subsequent steps in Fig 8.
Figure7. Example of Iris Train Data Set
Figure8. RGB Image and Gray Scale Images
B. Edge Detection
Canny edge operator is chosen to extract the clear edge of
iris and pupil area. Some other operators are Robert,
Prewitt, and sobel. By analyzing the output edge images, the
canny image is found that as the best operator for the pupil
detection as shown in Fig 9.
Figure9. Edge Detection Methods for Sample Eye (a)
Robert (b) Prewitt (c) Sobel (d) Canny
C. Iris Localization
By utilizing the eye image, the boundary between the pupil
and the iris is detected after the position of the eye in the
given image is localized. After the center and the radius of
the pupil are extracted, the right and the leftradius of theiris
are searched based on these data. For thispart,thefollowing
sequences are conducted.
D. Feature Extraction
In order to provide the compact features for accurate
recognition of individuals, the most discriminating
information present in an iris pattern must be extracted.
Only the significant features of the iris must be encoded so
that the neural network can be classify well.
The feature is extracted by limiting 6x6 matrixes which is
divided the iris pattern for 6 rows and 6 columns. The
summation of the pixel values for each region is calculated
and recorded for each iris image. They are saved in train
feature vector set. The selected vectors with is checked by
the following table. Fig 10 is the flowchart of feature
extraction system.
E. Neural Network Creation and Training Process
After the features are saved in the file, the neural network is
created and trained with supervised learning. The target
vector is initialized with the relevant 1, 0 matrix. Logic 1 is
set for the recognized person position, and logic 0 is set for
other places. In the training part, goal is set to 0.01 of mean
square error, and number of epoch is set to 1000. After
training process, network can be used for recognition parts.
The neural network trainingfunctionistoapply accordingto
the below MATLAB code and the Fig 11.of flow chart.
F. Graphical User Interface (GUI)
GUIDE, the MATLAB Graphical User Interface development
environment, provides a set of tools for creating graphical
user interface (GUIs). These tools greatly simplify the
process of designing and building GUIs. The GUIDE tools can
be used to lay out the GUI. Using the GUIDE Layout Editor, a
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD25258 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 293
GUI can be laid easily by clicking and dragging GUI
components, such as panels, buttons, text fields, sliders,
menus, and so on into the layout area.
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
MATLAB programming is used for the development and
simulation of iiris recognitionwhich hasmanystages suchas
iris recognition, localization is an important step to isolate
the iris region. Edge detection method has beendescribed to
remove the pupil region from eye images. After localization,
feature extraction method and adaptive histogram
equalization method have been described. Then, the
selective feature vectors is used for classification of neural
network and the GUI software implementation is provided
for an identify person.
After the development of iris recongin system, the
performance of the proposal system and some tests are
carried out. The results for the system are explained in
detail. The proposed system for the identification includes
two operations modes: training process and identification
process. These processes are called recognitionsystemusing
GUI software implementation.
Figure10. Flow Chart for Feature Extraction Program
Figure11. Flow Chart for Neural Network Training and
Identified Program
GUIDE stores a GUI in two files, where aregeneratedthefirst
time save or run the GUI and shows the creation of user
interface in Fig 12: The proposed iris recongitnion system is
implement the GUI based system using matlab as shown in
figure 12 .
Figure 12.Graphical User Interface of Software
Development
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD25258 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 294
In the first mode, training process is applied for the feature
vectors, histogram analysis and trainingneuralnetwork. The
isolating of iris is collected by feature vectors. Each of
feature vectors displays a histogram for the iris imagewith a
gray scale colorbar. The histogram of a grayscaleimageuses
a default value of 256 bins.
If a grays scale image is a binary image, histogram uses two
bins. Then these vectors become the training data set for the
neural network. The training of recognitionsystemis carried
out using grayscale value of iris images. Neural network is
trained with the selected iris images. The selected iris input
layers obtain good classification results. The output layer
will be continued as much neuron as there are class to
recognize. In this process, the user has to extract the
features. When the feature extraction part is finished, the
output can be seen as in Fig 13. The mean square error is
decreasing with the epoch. When the goal is met or the
predefined epoch is arrived, the training process will be
stopped.
Figure13. Feature Database Display
The open file contains the trained eye image from CASIA
database. The gray scale eye images were acquired from
database. It is choose one iris image for the identify person.
The edge detection is described differentiation form the
foundation for many applications in computer vision. It
detects each edge point of selected eye image by canny
operator.
The localization is the detection of the iris area between
pupils and sclera because of the eye image contains not only
the iris region but also some unuseful parts; such as the
pupil, eyelids, and sclera and so on. So the subparts of the
input data image is evaluated by separated process using
localization.
Feature extraction achieves the texture of the iris after
pupils were extracted from the image.
The adaptive histogram equalization is a useful method iris
image processing for contrast adjustment using the image’s
histogram.
In order to evaluate the iris recognition algorithms the
CASIA iris image database is used. Currently this is largest
iris database available in the public domain. This image
database contains 756 eye images from 108 different
persons. In this thesis the performanceoftheirisrecognition
system as a whole is examined. Tests were carriedouttofind
the best separations that the false match and false accept
rate is minimized, and to confirm that iris recognition can
perform accurately as a biometric for recognition of
individuals. As well as, confirming that the system provides
accurate recognition, experiments were also conducted in
order to confirm the uniqueness of human iris patterns by
deducing the number of degree of freedompresentin theiris
template representation.
The iris recognition can be test with GUI interface as shown
in figure 14.
Figure14. Graphical User Interface of Iris Recognition
Table 5.1 demonstrates the comparative results of different
iris images used for identification. In this process, only five
train databases are applied for using Neural Network. The
iris pattern classification using NN is performed. For each
type of iris database, the test data set consists of three from
the trained data and four from the untrained data. Five
person’s irises are selected from iris database for
classification. The average time for the recognitionof theiris
images was 0.02 s for NN classification. So, the accuracies of
correct classification are 100 % and 50 % for database 001,
002, 004 and 003, 005. The identification result obtained
using the neural network approach thesuccessof itsefficient
use iris recognition.
Table 5.1 Performance Comparison of Accrual and Test Result
Iris
database
No: of
train file
Correct for
train file
Accuracy
time for (NN)
No: of
test file
Correct for
test file
% Correct
for test file
001 3 3 0.02 s 2 2 100 %
002 3 3 0.02 s 2 2 100 %
003 3 3 0.02 s 2 1 50 %
004 3 3 0.02 s 2 2 100 %
005 3 3 0.02 s 2 1 50 %
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD25258 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 295
VI. CONCLUSION
Analysis of the developed iris recognition system has
revealed a number of interesting conclusions. It can be
stated that localization is the critical stageof iris recognition,
since areas that are wrongly identified as iris regions will
corrupt biometric templates resulting in very poor
recognition. The results have also shown that localization
can be the most difficult stage of iris recognition because its
success is dependent on the imaging quality of eye images.
So, these input images have been used the off line data using
database from CASIA according to image acquisition steps.
The iris database provides images that are pixels.
Another interesting finding was that the texture extraction
for the iris area. The localized iris images have been isolated
after cropping the pupil in the original image with threshold
value. The result of feature extraction from resized localized
image is captured the function of feature_vector. Every
Test_feature were segmented into matrix. The feature
vectors btained from feature extraction have been used as
inputs to neural networks for classification,trained with 107
epochs. The well trained neural network can enhance the
performance of the system. The classification of trained
network is identified the iris patterns. The recognition
method can be used in security purposes because Iris
pattern is different from one person to another so that this
can be highly reliable more than security system.
REFERENCES
[1] J. Daugman, Biometric Personal Identification System
Based on Iris Analysis, United States Patent, no.
5291560, 1994.
[2] J. Daugman, “Statistical Richness of Visual Phase
Information: Update on Recognizing Persons by Iris
Patterns,” Int’l J. Computer Vision, vol. 45, no.1, pp. 25-
38 , 2001
[3] J. Daugman, “Demodulation by Complex-Valued
Wavelets for Stochastic Pattern Recognition,” Int J.
Wavelets, Multi resolutionand Information Processing,
vol.1, no.1, pp.1-17, 2003.
[4] J. Daugman, “How Iris Recognition Works”, University
of Cambridge, 2001.
[5] https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320608
.php