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The document discusses various ways in which the mass media can influence society and politics. It provides sample sociology exam questions and outlines arguments that both agree and disagree with how the media shapes public opinion, elections, gender roles, and fear of crime. Sample questions address how the media may present stereotyped images, contribute to socialization, and be controlled by wealthy owners. The document also discusses how technological developments like the internet can spread power more widely or be dominated by large companies.
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![3987800-274320-533400-257175<br />SOCIOLOGY UNIT 2<br />PAST PAPER SAMPLE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS<br />Mass MEDIA<br />CRIME & Deviance<br />POWER<br />125730097155<br />Mass Media QUestions<br />5 mark questions<br />Describe one way in which the mass media might influence the outcome of a general election and explain why this might be a problem in a democracy.<br />Mark 1 – The media, especially the news may talk positively or negatively about 1 political party<br />Mark 2 – This may change public opinion on the parties<br />Mark 3 – This will effect how people vote<br />Mark 4 – This could mean the media supports the party which in turn offers them support<br />Mark 5 – Or the political party in charge of the country could make use of the media to make sure they stayed in power for ever<br />Describe one way in which the internet could be used by interest groups in a democracy and explain why it might empower those who are able to use it.<br />Mark 1 – An interest group could set up a website to publicise a cause which they cared about<br />Mark 2 – This would increase awareness of the problem<br />Mark 3 – More people may join the pressure group showing that more people cared about it<br />Mark 4 – This would mean any action they carried out like marches or protests would include more people<br />Mark 5 – This would make the government more likely to listen to the pressure group and its members<br />Describe one way in which recent governments have attempted to regulate the mass media and explain how successful the policy has been<br />Mark 1 – The government has created ofcom which is supposed to make sure that TV follows certain guidelines<br />Mark 2 – One of these is that TV should not be offensive to viewers<br />Mark 3 – One success of this is that violent, and sexual images have to be limited and only shown after 9pm<br />Mark 4 – This means viewers, especially youngsters will be less exposed to such things<br />Mark 5 – However with the development of the internet and computer games many people are frequently able to view violent and sexual imagery even if they don’t want to<br />Describe one way in which the mass media may present stereotyped images of some ethnic groups and explain why this stereotyping can be seen as a problem<br />Mark 1 – The news, particularly tabloid newspapers, may exaggerate the activities of certain ethnic minorities<br />Mark 2 – For example suggesting that many Muslims are terrorists<br />Mark 3 – This may then mean that people label all Muslims as terrorists<br />Mark 4 – They may then be prejudice towards them and discriminate against all Muslims because of what they have seen or read in the news<br />Mark 5 – Many innocent Muslims may then become victim and it may lead to further conflict and violence<br />Describe one way in which the mass media may contribute to the process of gender socialisation and explain why the media’s role in this process can be criticised.<br />Mark 1 – Media, especially advertising, may present very stereotypical views of men and women<br />Mark 2 – E.g. In a washing powder advert it will always be a woman doing the washing<br />Mark 3 – This can be criticized because this may encourage women to think that they should grow up to be good housewives<br />Mark 4 – Men may also grow up expecting women to do their washing for them because of what they have seen<br />Mark 5 – This will create expectations in boys and girls which are unrealistic<br />12 mark questions<br />Remember <br />Marxists think that the media is a bad thing and is controlled by a few very rich people. They use it to keep control and make people accept what they say is right. They also use the power of the media to make sure that governments are helpful towards them. They support the government as well sometimes because the government supports them<br />Pluralists think that the media is a good thing and that many people have an influence on what is shown in the media. They think it helps educate people and teach them about political issues. They also think that modern developments in technology have given the general public more power.<br />Discuss how far sociologists would agree that the mass media is a more powerful agent of socialisation than the education system.<br />,[object Object],Discuss how far sociologists would agree that the image of women presented by the mass media tends to be stereotypical rather than realistic.<br />,[object Object],Discuss how far sociologists would agree that our fear of crime is amplified by the mass media<br />,[object Object],Discuss how far sociologists would agree that the mass media can influence the outcome of a general election<br />,[object Object],Discuss how far sociologists would agree that the press owners in Britain control the content of newspapers<br />,[object Object],Discuss how far sociologists would agree that exposure to violence in the media can encourage violence in everyday life<br />,[object Object],Discuss how far sociologists would agree that technological developments such as the internet help to spread power more widely among individuals and groups in modern Britain.<br />,[object Object],Crime<br />5 mark questions<br />Describe the way in which a victim survey is carried out and explain why it might show more accurately than police statistics the number of crimes actually committed.<br />Mark 1 – A victim survey is an anonymous questionnaire<br />Mark 2 – It asks people to say what crimes they have been a victim of in the last year<br />Mark 3 – It may be more accurate than police statistics because people may be willing to mention something anonymously that they weren’t willing to do with the police<br />Mark 4 – This could be because they might be scared of what will happen if they tell the police<br />Mark 5 – Also the police might not always record the crime that is reported so it wont be counted but on a victim survey it will<br />Describe one kind of problem behaviour believed to be associated with teenagers in recent years and explain why members of the public have considered it a problem.<br />Mark 1 –Knife crime has been associated with teenagers in recent years<br />Mark 2 – This is because of some high profile stabbings involving teenagers or teenage gangs<br />Mark 3 – People are concerned about this because they think if teenagers are commiting these crimes now what will they be doing in the future when they grow up<br />Mark 4 – But some people might say that people are only concerned because the media are exaggerating the problem and creating a moral panic<br />Mark 5 – and that by doing so they are making folk devils of young people to blame them for all of societies problems.<br />Describe one way in which recent governments have attempted to reduce the level of crime in society and explain how successful the policy has been<br />Mark 1 – One way of reducing crime has been the use of CCTV cameras<br />Mark 2 – This stops crime because people know they are being watched so will be scared of getting caught<br />Mark 3 – Also the CCTV footage can and has been used in many cases to catch a criminal<br />Mark 4 – Some people say though that there is still just as much crime but now people just do it where they know there is no CCTV<br />Mark 5 – Others say that CCTV is very expensive and they should use the money to employ more police officers instead<br />Describe one agency of informal social control and explain how it can influence people’s behaviour<br />Mark 1 – The media is an example of an agency of informal social control<br />Mark 2 – The media shows us images of people who are famous and liked <br />Mark 3 – And this teaches people that if they behave like these celebrities that they too will be liked<br />Mark 4 – Also it shows on the news examples of people who have broken rules or laws and what happens to those people<br />Mark 5 – This teaches people not to break those rules as they know what will happen to them if they do the same<br />Describe one way in which informal rules may operate within a social group and explain why the group’s members may conform to these rules<br />Mark 1 – A social group may have many informal rules or norms which its members must follow<br />Mark 2 – If someone does not follow them then the other people may say or do negative things towards them like laugh or make fun of them<br />Mark 3 – This would make the person realize that they had broken the rule and would try to put things straight and not break the rules again<br />Mark 4 – People will not want these negative reactions, especially if it is from their friends<br />Mark 5 – People may also just want to feel that they are part of a group and will do what they can to make sure they stay in the group<br />12 mark questions<br />Discuss how far sociologists would agree that teenage criminal and deviant behaviour results from parents failing to socialise their children correctly.<br />,[object Object],Discuss how far sociologists would agree that working class males are more likely to commit crimes than other sections of society.<br />,[object Object],Discuss how far sociologists would agree that an act some people would see as deviant might not be seen as deviant by other people<br />,[object Object],Discuss how far sociologists would agree that official statistics of police recorded crime exaggerate crime levels among young people<br />,[object Object],Discuss how far sociologists would agree that official statistics of police recorded crime exaggerate crime levels among some ethnic groups<br />,[object Object],Discuss how far sociologists would agree that deprivation is the main cause of most crime in modern Britain<br />,[object Object],Power<br />5 mark questions<br />Describe one way in which the relationship between parents and their children has changed during the last 50 years and explain why that relationship has become more democratic.<br />Mark 1 – Nowadays children have more rights and more protection than they used to<br />Mark 2 – This means that parents treat children better and listen to their views and ideas<br />Mark 3 – In a family this might mean that children get a say in how certain things get done in the house<br />Mark 4 – Also in the media children are being targeted as consumers who will then pester parents to buy them specific games or toys<br />Mark 5 – These changes mean that children have more power and so the family is more democratic<br />Describe one way in which young people and the police interact and explain why this interaction may be difficult.<br />Mark 1 – The police may need to interact with young people when they are in a large group out and about in a village or town<br />Mark 2 – The police may need to talk to the group but might have a negative stereotype of the youngsters<br />Mark 3 – They may label the youngsters and expect them to behave badly and be confrontational<br />Mark 4 – The young people may also feel they are been victimized by the police<br />Mark 5 – They may then react and cause trouble because they think the police are being unfair<br />Describe one way in which the police may exercise power over members of the public and explain the basis of their power.<br />Mark 1 – The police can exercise power because they are able to stop people from committing illegal acts<br />Mark 2 – Their power comes from legal rational authority<br />Mark 3 – This is given to them because of their job as the law gives them the right to do this<br />Mark 4 – But most criminals will not want to be arrested so the police will have to use force<br />Mark 5 – This means some of their power comes from coercion by threatening to punish the criminal more severely if they resist arrest<br />Describe one way in which participation in the political process in Britain has declined over the last 50 years and explain why this could be seen as a problem<br />Mark 1 – Nowadays less people vote than they used to, especially young people<br />Mark 2 – This is firstly a problem because if a certain group of people don’t vote then no one is likely to stick up for their point of view<br />Mark 3 – Also if not many people vote then the results of an election may not really represent what the people of that country want<br />Mark 4 – This may then mean that the government makes decisions that don’t really reflect what the general public wants<br />Mark 5 – This may lead to problems like protests and violence because people think the government don’t represent the people of the country<br />Describe one way in which parents may exercise authority over their children and explain the basis of their authority<br />Mark 1 – Parents may exercise authority by setting rules for children to follow<br />Mark 2 – Children will know that if they don’t follow them then they will be punished<br />Mark 3 – Parents are able to do this because of legal rational authority<br />Mark 4 – This means that parents have a legal responsibility and are allowed to treat their own children like this<br />Mark 5 – Also some children will follow their parents rules because even though they don’t like them they know that they are for the best<br />Describe one factor that could increase the chances of pressure group activity being successful and explain how this factor could increase a pressure group’s chances of success<br />Mark 1 – One factor is whether or not the group is an insider or an outsider group<br />Mark 2 – An insider group is much more likely to be successful<br />Mark 3 – This is because they are listened to and respected by people including MPs<br />Mark 4 – They are also more likely to be able to get in touch with MPs and other influential people<br />Mark 5 – Their forms of action are normally also legal so will be more acceptable to the government and the general public<br />12 mark questions<br />Discuss how far sociologists would agree that social class remains the most powerful influence on the voting behaviour and political beliefs of a British citizen.<br />,[object Object],Discuss how far sociologists would agree that pressure groups and political parties<br />help to spread power evenly throughout British society.<br />,[object Object],Discuss how far sociologists would agree that relationships between employers and employees have changed since the 1960s<br />,[object Object],Discuss how far sociologists would agree that all individuals and groups have opportunities to participate fully in the political process in Britain today.<br />,[object Object],Discuss how far sociologists would agree that British governments have been successful in reducing discrimination based on age, gender and ethnicity over the last 30 years<br />,[object Object],Discuss how far sociologists would agree that the welfare state has been successful in significantly reducing poverty in Britain over the last 50 years<br />,[object Object]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sociologyexchangecouk-shared-resource4539/85/SociologyExchange-co-uk-Shared-Resource-1-320.jpg)
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The whole of Sociology Crime and Deviance, This is only for the exam board - OCR, Suitable for all GCSE Students studying Sociology for their exams at the end of year 11. Once finished look through PowerPoint/Document please look through questions and Pass papers on the official OCR Website - This is the Latest available Pass Paper - http://www.ocr.org.uk/Images/412873-question-paper-unit-b672-01-socialisation-culture-and-identity.pdf
Realist perspectives of crime
Realist theories of crime challenge the idea that human behavior is determined by external forces alone. There are two main realist perspectives: right realism and left realism. Right realists argue that crime stems from poor socialization and lack of self-control. They advocate for stronger law enforcement measures. Left realists acknowledge crime victims but argue relative deprivation and lack of opportunities also contribute to crime. They call for improving social and economic conditions to reduce crime.
Crime and Deviance - Left and Right Realism
1) Lea and Young refuted the UK government's claim that public concern about crime was irrational, finding that working class people, blacks, and the elderly had a realistic fear of street crime as they were often victims.
2) They performed a victim survey in Islington that showed working class residents' fears of crime were rational.
3) Right realists like Charles Murray and David Marsland argued crime resulted from a lack of social controls and norms due to factors like single motherhood or the welfare state.
Left realism notes
Left Realism emerged in 1980s Britain as a reaction to both conservative "law and order" politics and the perceived lack of radical left thinking on crime issues. It aims to take crime seriously while avoiding moral hysteria. Left Realism sees crime as a real problem but believes its causes lie in structural inequality and blocked opportunities. It draws on subcultural theory and relative deprivation to explain rising crime rates among vulnerable groups like unemployed youth and young black men. While some praise its policy focus, others criticize it as anti-working class or even racist.
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Realist criminology has two strands: right realism and left realism. Left realism acknowledges the real increase in crime rates since the 1950s and takes crime seriously, especially crimes that affect disadvantaged groups. Left realism advocates a dual approach of practical crime reduction measures and long-term social change to create a more equal society and ultimately eliminate the root causes of crime, which they see as relative deprivation, subcultures formed from blocked opportunities, and marginalization.
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This is a power-point full of class notes and additional research, combined for revision at the end of my A2 sociology course on crime.
Sociology crime and deviance
This document discusses different types of crime and deviance including illegal and deviant behavior. It provides examples of behaviors that are considered criminal, deviant, or both. It also discusses sociological explanations for crime, including nature vs nurture perspectives, and why some groups such as males and the poor seem to commit more crimes. White collar crime is also defined.
Right realism powerpoint def
Right Realism seeks practical crime control measures rather than finding the causes of crime. It acknowledges crime is a real problem that destroys communities. Right Realists argue crime results from biological differences, faulty socialization leading to an underclass, and rational choice. They propose preventing crime through proactive policing, broken windows policy, strong communities, target hardening, and deterring crime through certainty of punishment like imprisonment. The goal is controlling crime rather than solving its root causes.
Ethnicity (Crime and Deviance)
The document discusses statistics on ethnic representation in prisons and alternative sources of data on offending rates. Black people are overrepresented in prisons compared to their population percentage. Victim surveys and self-report studies have found mixed or similar rates of offending across ethnic groups, challenging the stereotype of higher black criminality. However, ethnic minorities experience disproportionate stops/searches and higher arrest and conviction rates, suggesting discrimination within the criminal justice system.
Right realism mind map
Right realism is a criminological theory that criticizes other theories for failing to offer practical solutions to rising crime. Right realists view labelling theory and critical criminology as too sympathetic to criminals. They believe the main causes of crime are biological and social factors like low intelligence and a lack of nuclear families. Right realists argue that individuals make rational choices to commit crimes when the costs are low, such as the low probability of being caught or receiving lenient punishment. The theory emphasizes maintaining social order and control through zero-tolerance policies, greater use of prisons, and ensuring punishment closely follows criminal acts to maximize deterrence.
State crimes and green crimes
State crimes refer to illegal or harmful activities perpetrated by state agencies and governments. Some examples of state crimes discussed in the document include genocide, war crimes, torture, and imprisonment without trial. State crimes are especially serious because they are committed by powerful state actors and can involve harm against large numbers of victims. The document discusses how states can violate human rights through various criminal acts and provides examples such as torture in Iraq and ethnic cleansing in Darfur.
Crime and deviance complete revision
1. The document discusses several theories of crime and deviance, including functionalism, strain theory, and subcultural theories.
2. Functionalism argues that crime has positive functions for society by reaffirming social norms, while strain theory proposes that individuals engage in deviant acts when they are unable to achieve socially approved goals through legitimate means.
3. Subcultural theories suggest that some groups develop their own norms and values in opposition to the dominant culture in response to status frustration or a lack of opportunity, which can lead to criminal behavior.
Ethnicity and crime
Official crime statistics show that ethnic minorities, particularly black people, are overrepresented at various stages of the criminal justice system. Black people are much more likely to be stopped and searched by police, arrested, and imprisoned. However, statistics do not prove whether ethnic groups actually commit crimes at different rates or if overrepresentation is partly due to discrimination within the criminal justice system, such as disproportionate targeting by police. Explanations for differences in crime rates include sociological theories of marginalization, racism, and conflict perspectives, as well as debates around the accuracy and biases of official data.
Crime and deviance sociology presentation
This document discusses the political effects of crime and deviance. It summarizes several sociological theories on crime and deviance, including functionalist theories by Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton, and interactionist perspectives including labeling theory, differential theory, and social control theory. It then outlines ways in which crime can politically affect individuals, such as causing disappointment in government effectiveness, social isolation from civic participation, indifference to other community issues, support for vigilante justice, and joining groups that violently overthrow elected governments.
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1. The document discusses the relationship between social class, age, and crime. It notes that youth crime is disproportionately committed by young working-class individuals and that 70% of youth crime is committed by 7-8% of youth.
2. Coleman's theory of "social capital" links factors like strong family relationships to lower crime rates. However, the theory is criticized for overgeneralizing and scapegoating certain groups.
3. Data shows a link between lower social classes and higher imprisonment rates, though self-report studies find smaller differences in actual offending between classes.
Three Ways of Measuring Crime: worksheet
The document discusses 3 types of criminal statistics that provide information on ethnicity and crime:
1) Official crime statistics which may be unreliable as only 10% of crimes are discovered by police with 90% reported by the public.
2) Victim surveys which reveal the majority of crime is intra-ethnic (within ethnic groups) but may be unrepresentative by excluding under 16s and business/white collar crimes.
3) Self-report studies which found similar rates of offending across ethnicities but have limitations such as potential lying and not covering more serious crimes.
The conclusion is that evidence on crime and ethnicity is inconsistent.
Crime subcultural perspectives
The document discusses several subcultural theories of crime and delinquency:
1. Albert Cohen's status frustration theory argues that working class youth join delinquent subcultures to gain status and respect when they are unable to succeed through legitimate means.
2. Cloward and Ohlin identified three types of delinquent subcultures - criminal, conflict, and retreatist - that form based on opportunities for illegitimate success.
3. Walter Miller argued that the working class develops its own value system focused on "focal concerns" like autonomy and toughness in response to mundane jobs.
4. Matza criticized theories for blaming social structures and argued delinquency results from drifting
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Left realism: INTRODUCTION TO LEFT REALISM POWERPOINT
Left realism: INTRODUCTION TO LEFT REALISM POWERPOINT
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Gender and crime
Gender differences in offending rates can be explained by sociological theories. The chivalry thesis argues that women are less likely to be prosecuted due to leniency from male criminal justice agents. However, feminists believe the criminal justice system is patriarchal and punishes women harshly for deviating from gender norms. Sociological evidence suggests patriarchal control reduces female offending through domestic responsibilities and fear, while males use crime and violence to construct masculinity when lacking legitimate means.
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The document discusses reasons for overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in crime statistics. It questions whether ethnic minorities truly commit more crimes or if statistics provide an inaccurate picture due to factors like institutional racism and stereotyping. Some reasons given for higher crime rates and convictions among ethnic groups include evidence of racism within police culture and practices, unfair targeting of minorities in stop-and-search policies, and socioeconomic challenges like poverty that are more common in minority communities. The case study of Stephen Lawrence, a black teenager murdered in 1993, illustrates failures in the police investigation potentially due to racism and stereotyping.
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Cultural, social class, and generational diversity all contribute to differences in family forms. Cultural diversity refers to differences between families of various ethnic, religious, and ideological backgrounds. Social class divisions exist between upper, middle, and working classes as well as within those groups. Generational diversity refers to differences in experiences and attitudes between older and younger family members and generations.
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The document is a mark scheme for a sociology exam assessing students' understanding of different sociological explanations of suicide. It provides detailed criteria for evaluating answers in bands from 0-21 marks based on the students' interpretation, application, analysis, and evaluation of concepts from the item and elsewhere. Higher bands are characterized by explaining two or more sociological perspectives on suicide accurately and applying them appropriately to the question.
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The document discusses how views of childhood have changed over time and across cultures. Benedict claims that in non-industrial societies, there is less distinction between adult and child behavior and expectations, and children are treated very differently than in Western societies. Specifically, children in non-industrial cultures often take on responsibilities earlier, have less restricted sexual behaviors, and show less obedience to adult authority. The document then discusses factors like industrialization, laws preventing child cruelty and labor, and theories of child development that have led childhood to be constructed differently and children to be more dependent and protected in modern Western societies.
Feminism gender & crime
This document discusses research on women and crime. It explores whether official crime statistics accurately portray gender differences in criminal behavior or are misleading. Several studies find evidence that the criminal justice system treats men and women differently, with women more likely to receive lenient treatment if they conform to social norms of femininity. Feminist researchers argue that biological factors alone do not explain gender differences in crime and that social and economic marginalization help account for increases in criminal behavior among women.
Crime and Deviance - Marxist Approach
Marxist theories view deviance and crime as products of social and economic inequality under capitalism. Classical Marxists believe that capitalism causes crime by creating a system of oppression and exploitation that breeds greed, violence, and corruption. Neo-Marxists argue that some crimes can be seen as political acts against an unjust system and that the criminal justice system favors the ruling class. While Marxism highlights important links between crime and inequality, it has been criticized for ignoring other factors like gender and over-romanticizing certain criminal behaviors.
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This document provides revision materials for a GCSE Sociology exam. It includes notes on key topics like social stratification, research methods, crime and deviance, and power and politics. It outlines the exam structure, which consists of short questions on two compulsory topics and longer essays on one optional topic. Sociological approaches to understanding crime, like functionalism, Marxism, and labelling theory are also summarized.
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Child-centredness refers to focusing on the needs and interests of children. Age patriarchy is the belief that older generations should have power and authority over younger ones. Neil Postman is the sociologist who believes childhood is disappearing. Some ways childhood and adulthood have blurred are children taking on adult responsibilities and behaviors at younger ages. Childhood has become specially protected through laws against child labor and abuse. Changes since industrialization include children having less economic value to families, more access to education, and ideas about childhood innocence and need for protection emerging. Childhood may not always be protected if some children face poverty, abuse, or limited access to education and health care. Sue Palmer was likely referring to marketing and commercialization when she
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This document defines key concepts related to crime, deviance, and social control. It discusses how definitions of deviance can vary across cultures and over time. Crime is defined as acts against the law, while deviance breaks social norms and values. Deviance can be situational, historical, or cross-cultural. Formal social control is exercised through government institutions like police and courts, while informal control comes from groups like family, education, and peer networks. Explanations of crime focus on factors like social class, gender roles, racism, and lack of opportunities that may lead some groups to commit crimes at higher rates.
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This document discusses how childhood is a social construction that has changed over time and varied between cultures. It outlines that pre-industrial societies viewed children as small adults and did not distinguish childhood from adulthood. During industrialization, children from working-class families still worked in mines and factories, though middle-class attitudes started seeing children as investments to nurture. By the 20th century, childhood emerged as child-centered, as improved living standards and contraception allowed parents to have fewer children and invest more in each one through love, education, and legal protections. Overall, the document examines how ideas of childhood being a protected stage separate from adulthood developed recently in history.
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The document discusses key sociological concepts including culture, identity, norms and values, and socialization. It defines culture as things like concerts, buildings, food, language, and clothes, while defining society as things like schools, hospitals, police, towns, shops, industry, and government. It asks how personal identity comes from things like clothes, music, home, and job, while social identity comes from age, gender, status, ethnicity, and association. Finally, it defines norms as guidelines for behavior and values as beliefs about what is good and bad, and explains that primary socialization involves learning from close family, while secondary socialization expands learning to outside the family.
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1) Gender is defined by sociologists as the social and cultural differences between masculinity and femininity rather than the biological differences between sexes.
2) From birth, individuals are socialized into gender through practices like dressing, naming, toys/books given which prepare individuals for different roles in society based on their gender.
3) While legislation has promoted more equality, sociologists argue that gender inequality still exists in areas like the workplace where women are more likely to be in lower level jobs and face barriers to promotion.
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Huntington argued that there are 7 major civilizations - Western, Orthodox, Islamic, Sinic, Hindu, Japanese and Latin American/African - and that conflicts will emerge along the dividing lines of these civilizations, especially between the Western and Islamic worlds. However, critics argue that Huntington's theory oversimplifies conflicts and ignores other important factors like economic and political interests, as well as differences in views on issues like individualism, gender equality and sexuality between societies.
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The document discusses how some see the rise of new media as part of a shift from modern to postmodern society. It argues that according to sociologist Baudrillard, we live in a media-saturated world where media images distort and dominate our view of reality, to the point where the line between reality and media representations blurs. Examples like reality television shows are said to blur this line further by creating artificial realities for audiences and participants.
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Marriage is defined as the legal union between a man and woman. Reasons for cohabitation instead of marriage include changing social attitudes, availability of contraception, and greater independence of young people. Divorce has become more common and accessible over time due to changes in women's rights and economic independence. There are now many types of diverse families including those distinguished by culture, class, and life stage.
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Some sociologists would agree that males are more likely to commit crimes than females due to differences in primary socialization and opportunities to commit crimes. However, others disagree because crime statistics may be inaccurate since males face higher rates of arrest and charges. Additionally, the chivalry thesis suggests that females receive more lenient treatment in the criminal justice system since it is male-dominated. In conclusion, there are many complex reasons for apparent gender differences in crime rates that are still debated among sociologists.
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This document outlines aims for answering short style questions: to answer as many questions as possible to identify weaknesses for last-minute revision, increase confidence, and prepare for an upcoming exam.
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Mass Media And Its Influence
The document discusses the influence of mass media on society. It argues that mass media, through various platforms, shapes people's perceptions of themselves, others, and societal structures. Americans come to understand political, economic, educational, and other structures through media portrayals. Similarly, media influences how individuals and events outside the U.S. are interpreted. The media also affects youth through both positive and negative portrayals of topics like sports, relationships, and substance use in television, movies, and music videos.
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Media plays an important role in modern democracy by allowing free expression and an informed public. Under the First Amendment, citizens have freedom of speech and press across printed and digital media. The media helps form public opinions by providing information on current events and issues from diverse sources. However, media bias can also distort information and influence views through selective reporting or speculative coverage driven by commercial interests rather than accuracy.
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Media, Poor, And Media
The document discusses several negative impacts that commercialization and sensationalism in media have led to, including the proliferation of misinformation, the idolization of celebrities over important issues, and a reduction in credibility of news outlets. The drive for viewership and profits has incentivized exaggerating and distorting stories in pursuit of attention-grabbing headlines, often citing incorrect information. This misinforms the public and can increase tensions in society. As the internet grows, clickbait articles online are as guilty of sensationalism as other media.
Social networking-semis-trans
This document discusses several key topics related to social networks and online communities:
1. It defines different types of online communities including personal communities, cybercommunities, and how relationships and connections can form within these spaces.
2. It also discusses important aspects that define a community such as membership, influence, needs fulfillment, and emotional connection.
3. The document then examines the concept of a personal community and identifies three defining properties - numbers, constancy, and involvement. It provides examples to illustrate these different properties.
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This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
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This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Sociological research has the potential to influence social policy in several ways:
1) Sociological studies can reveal the true nature and extent of social problems, challenges dominant views, and leads to a redefinition of issues. This occurred with studies of poverty and disability.
2) Establishing definitions and counting the size of marginalized groups through research can raise their profile and lead to new policies. This happened when the disabled population was more accurately defined and quantified.
3) Systematic reviews of research evidence can identify effective solutions and approaches to social issues. An example is a review that informed policies to reduce teen pregnancy and support young parents.
However, critics argue that government-funded research may not be
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1) Sudhir Venkatesh spent time living with the Black Kings gang in Chicago to study urban poverty from within the community.
2) He met J.T., the leader of the local gang, who offered to let Venkatesh shadow him for a day to truly understand life in the neighborhood.
3) Over time, Venkatesh grew close to J.T. and other gang members as he observed their daily activities, though he recognized J.T. was a criminal and his research depended on the gang's approval.
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This document discusses crime prevention and punishment from various sociological perspectives. It examines strategies for preventing crime, ranging from situational crime prevention to community programs addressing root causes. It also looks at different views of punishment, including deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation. Additionally, it covers trends in victimization and the concept of victimology - the sociological study of victims, their experiences and how some groups are at higher risk of being victimized.
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This document discusses key concepts in sociology related to social inequality based on age and ethnicity. It provides definitions of ethnicity, ethnic group, and examines how sociologists believe these attributes can create unequal life chances. Specific inequalities are explored around issues like discrimination, legislation, and how views of age and ethnicity may differ cross-culturally.
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Here are some potential positive and negative consequences of divorce for each group:
For the husband and wife:
Positive: Opportunity for personal growth and happiness in a new relationship.
Negative: Financial difficulties from single parenthood or splitting assets. Emotional distress.
For the family:
Positive: Conflict may be reduced.
Negative: Loss of the traditional family structure, less contact with extended family. Financial difficulties.
For the children:
Positive: Grow up in a happier environment without parental conflict.
Negative: Stress and insecurity from family breakdown. May feel torn between parents. Adjustment to new living situations.
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This document provides information about an advanced sociology exam that will take place on January 15, 2013. It is divided into three sections and students must choose one section to answer all the questions from. The exam will last 1 hour and students must write their answers in an AQA 8-page answer book. The exam is out of a total of 60 marks. Questions worth 24 marks require answers in continuous prose and will be assessed on use of English, organization of information, and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary.
The document also provides two sample exam items, one discussing the dark side of family relationships like domestic violence and child abuse, and problems with statistics on these issues. The other sample item discusses reliability of statistics on modern families
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This document provides memory hooks and tools to help students remember important concepts in sociology. It includes acronyms and phrases to summarize key ideas related to topics like family, education, crime and deviance, religion, research methods, and functionalist theory. Color-coded memory hooks are organized by theme to aid recall of sociological information.
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1) Social action theorists argue that people are not constrained by external forces and have control over their own attitudes and actions.
2) Society is a product of people interacting in social groups and applying meanings to social behaviors.
3) Norms and values are seen as flexible guidelines that people apply different meanings to depending on the social situation.
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This document discusses values and ethics in sociology research. It outlines the positivist view that sociology should be objective and value-free like the natural sciences. However, others argue this is unrealistic as researchers are inevitably influenced by their own values and motivations. The document also discusses whether truly neutral research is possible given factors like who funds the research and the personal interests of researchers. It concludes by considering perspectives like committed sociology that believe research should not remain neutral and should aim to change society in some way.
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Secondary data sources that sociologists use include life documents, photographs, diaries, letters, official publications, previous research, and media sources. However, each of these sources has disadvantages such as potential lack of accessibility over time, presenting biased positive perspectives, being selectively edited, and relying on flawed human memory. Sociologists must be aware of these limitations and potential biases when utilizing secondary data in their research.
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The document discusses how globalization has led to the rise of transnational organized crime and new forms of criminal networks. It also examines green criminology and the identification of primary and secondary green crimes that cause environmental harm. Finally, it analyzes state crimes such as genocide, war crimes, and torture as well as how powerful states are able to commit human rights abuses through techniques like denial of responsibility.
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1. This document outlines a sociology unit on crime and deviance theories, with four lessons on each of the main theoretical perspectives: functionalism, strain theory, subcultural theory, labelling theory, Marxism, and right/left realism.
2. For each lesson, learning objectives are provided to explain the key aspects of each theory, along with assessment focus, resources, and examples. Theories are to be introduced with short videos or activities before examining each in more depth.
3. Students will learn to define and apply the different sociological approaches to understanding crime and deviance, evaluate the strengths and limitations of each, and assess which perspectives best explain various types of criminal behavior and deviance.
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A functionalist perspective views the family as fulfilling important functions for society such as socializing children and meeting the needs of its members. A Marxist perspective sees the family's structure as determined by economic factors and serving the needs of capitalism by providing consumers and reproductive and patriarchal roles. Both perspectives would agree that the family socializes children and fulfills functions for society.
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The New Right perspective on family values argues that:
1) Women who get pregnant should have the baby and take responsibility for raising it.
2) Those who have illegitimate births should get married.
3) Unmarried couples who live together should get married.
4) Those who get divorced should stay married.
5) Lone parents should live with and be supported by extended family.
6) Mothers should not work full time and should focus on raising their children.
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This document contains 10 multiple choice questions testing knowledge about key sociological terms and trends related to marriage, divorce, and family structure. The questions cover topics like the meaning of terms like "empty shell marriage" and "cohabitation", differences in divorce rates between social groups, reasons for increases in divorce and decreases in appeal of marriage, and perspectives from groups like the New Right and feminists regarding divorce and cohabitation.
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Children's position has changed over time with some improvements. While children today have greater rights and protections under the law, they still remain vulnerable and dependent on adults. Overall, children's lives have benefited from things like increased access to education and healthcare, but more progress is still needed to support their welfare and development.
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This essay plan addresses sociological explanations for inequalities between husbands and wives in four paragraphs. Paragraph 1 discusses Talcott Parsons' view of domestic division of labor versus feminist views. Paragraph 2 addresses how paid work impacts equality. Paragraph 3 covers decision making in households. Paragraph 4 analyzes domestic violence. The conclusion will summarize the key points across all paragraphs.
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This document defines and explains key demographic terms including birth rate, fertility rate, death rate, migration, and net migration. It describes birth rate as the number of live births per 1,000 people per year, and fertility rate as the average number of children born to each woman. It defines death rate as the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year, and migration as the movement of people between countries or regions. Net migration refers to the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants.
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Federal authorities have advised the public to remain vigilant but calm in response to the ongoing bird flu outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu.17062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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15062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
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Discover the life and times of Lalu Prasad Yadav with a comprehensive biography in Hindi. Learn about his early days, rise in politics, controversies, and contribution.
12062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
#WenguiGuo#WashingtonFarm Guo Wengui Wolf son ambition exposed to open a far...
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The Rise of Christian Persecution In Islamic Countries (1).pdfECSPE - Saving the Persecuted and Enslaved
Recent years have seen a disturbing rise in violence, discrimination, and intolerance against Christian communities in various Islamic countries. This multifaceted challenge, deeply rooted in historical, social, and political animosities, demands urgent attention. Despite the escalating persecution, substantial support from the Western world remains lacking.
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