- Tosh felt better about his exam results through downward social comparison after learning Calvin scored lower. He also engaged in upward counterfactual thinking about how he could have done better. - Calvin helped Crystal carry books through altruistic behavior without expecting a reward. He learned to be helpful by observing his aunt's behavior. - Tosh persuaded Calvin to attend a concert by using the scarcity tactic of telling him tickets were almost sold out, exploiting people's desire for opportunities that may disappear.