The document discusses attribution theory in social psychology. Attribution theory focuses on how people explain the causes of behaviors and events. There are two main types of attributions: internal/dispositional attributions which attribute causes to internal characteristics, and external/situational attributions which attribute causes to external factors. Common biases that affect attributions are the fundamental attribution error, culture bias, actor-observer bias, and self-serving bias. The document also provides two examples from the author's experiences that relate to attribution theory.

1. 27th November 2015, 12.10 am
Attribution
Attribution, in the context of social psychology, is the process by which individuals explain
the causes of behaviour and events. The theories of attribution focus on the methods we use to
interpret another person’s behaviour and to infer its sources. Research into this particular concept
first began with the work of Fritz Heider in the year 1958 and subsequently developed by others
such as Harold Kelley. In this theory of attribution, there are two main types of attributions that
people tend to make.
The first would be the external attributions and the other would be the internal attributions,
or also known as situational and dispositional attributions respectively. Now to explain these two
types of attribution. The situational attribution is basically assuming that the cause of an action is
due to the environmental factors that the person is in. On the other hand, dispositional attribution is
the attribution that assumes the cause of a certain action is due to the person’s internal
characteristics or behaviour. An example would be when a student receives an A for their test, they
would usually make a dispositional attribution by saying that they had studied extensively prior to
the test. In contrast, when a student fails to achieve a grade that they aim for, they would probably
make a situational attribution, saying that the test was too difficult in general.
Talking about attributions, when people try to find reasons for behaviours, they are often
trapped into making bias assumptions. Our perceptions of causality are often interrupted by certain
cognitive biases. There are several examples of attributional biases. One of them would be the
fundamental attribution error, which is basically describing our tendency to make dispositional
attributions for other peoples’ behaviours. It tends to happen when we do not possess enough
information to make a more accurate attribution. There is also culture bias, in which attributions are
affected by either the individualist or collectivist culture. The actor-observer bias would be making
dispositional attributions for others’ behaviours but making situational attributions for our own
behaviour, which is negative. Lastly, would be the self-serving bias. It is basically the tendency for
us to attribute positive effects to dispositional factors while attributing negative effects to situational
factors.
I would like to share some experiences I have faced that is related to this particular concept.
One such experience would be during a shot put between sports houses competition which
happened about a year ago. I tried to be the best tosser from my sports house, which is the yellow
house. For days, I trained endlessly trying to become the best, even after school hours just to perfect
my technique in tossing. So when the day of the competition arrived, I was feeling confident that I
could at least get to the top three. My turn eventually arrived and I was given two tries in an attempt
to get the furthest distance. In both of my tries, I failed miserably because the ball would be in an
awkward position in my grasp just when I was about to toss the ball and it would end up not
reaching the distance that I had expected, unlike when I was training. I ended up losing and I blame
the ball for being slippery and not being wiped properly prior to my throw.

2. Another experience of mine is quite recent, when I was 16 years old. An exam was
approaching and everyone was studying for it. I did my studies as well. I felt that I had studied
enough for the exams. As we went through our exams, I realised that I could not answer a
considerable amount of questions. In the end, I answered those questions in a rather clueless manner
At the time, I thought that the exams were generally difficult and I thought I should blame the test
itself for being too difficult to answer. I had failed to make a dispositional attribution for my own
failure at the time and instead only manage to make a situational attribution by only blaming the test
being difficult. As of that moment, I had started to try to make a dispositional attribution for my
own failure and try to improve myself from there.
As a conclusion, attribution can help in explaining causes of certain behaviours of people
and events that occur. It is something that people always do and it can be accurate and can be
useful. But in order to do so, the element of bias must get mixed up in order to avoid an inaccurate
attribution on a certain event. As bias is already a negative aspect, it would most of the time create
an inaccurate attribution due to rejection of some details that contradicts to a person’s belief.