“State of socio-economic research on climate change and policy implications in the Philippines” presented by Mercedita A. Sombilla, SEARCA at the ReSAKSS-Asia Conference, Nov 14-16, 2011, in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Presented by: Dr Rosie Day, Senior Lecturer of Environment and Society in the School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Birmingham
Environment and development are interlinked expressions. In fact there are the two sides of the same coin. The environmental degradation, in fact, started with the advent of human civilization. There is a mythological statement that the process of Adam and Eve who ate an apple and threw away the peels led to the onset of environmental degradation.
This is the 5th lesson of the course - Foundation of Environmental Management taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
This is the 7th lesson the course - Climate Change & Global Environment taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Sustainable marine and fisheries development policy frameworks: 1) implementing good ocean governance: integrated sea use management and ecosystem-based management, 2) developing blue economy zone: integrated land and ocean-based development such as ICZM, and 3) blue economy model investment.
In December 2014 the European Commission released a communication to the European Parliament and the Council setting up the European Energy Security Strategy (COM(2014)330).
The communication specifies eight key pillars to deliver energy in a secure way, coherently with the competitive and low-carbon targets of the European Union, through the promotion of a close cooperation among Member States.It is targeted to primary energy sources and vectors, market design and infrastructures, short and long run measures.
The webinar reviews the status quo, the need of a coordinated action, the key elements and the way forward set up by the European Energy Security of Supply.
This presentation was delivered as part of ICEM and PACT training course on Strategic Environmental Assessments in the context of energy development in the Greater Mekong Subregion in May 2016.
World Environment Day is celebrated on June 5 every year. It is the United Nations' flagship day for promoting worldwide awareness and action for the environment. Over the years, it has grown to be the largest global platform for environmental public outreach and is celebrated by millions of people across the world. This year, the day is being hosted by our neighboring country Pakistan in partnership with the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) with the theme of 'ecosystem restoration.' With the Covid19 pandemic, the climate has been suffering evermore with the increased use of plastic and non-biodegradable things including PPE kits, masks and other things. This year, the urgency of preventing, halting and reversing the degradation of ecosystems worldwide is the main focus.
UNEP Executive Director Inger Andersen said, "2020 was a year of reckoning, facing multiple crises, including a global pandemic and the continued crises of climate, nature and pollution. In 2021, we must take deliberate steps to move from crisis to healing: and in so doing, we must recognize that the restoration of nature is imperative to the survival of our planet and the human race."
Philippine Envaironmental Impact System System. This my presentation in one of my subject Mining 103.. i tried my best just to finish this.. although this report did not cover all the sections in the PEISS.
Presented by: Dr Rosie Day, Senior Lecturer of Environment and Society in the School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Birmingham
Environment and development are interlinked expressions. In fact there are the two sides of the same coin. The environmental degradation, in fact, started with the advent of human civilization. There is a mythological statement that the process of Adam and Eve who ate an apple and threw away the peels led to the onset of environmental degradation.
This is the 5th lesson of the course - Foundation of Environmental Management taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
This is the 7th lesson the course - Climate Change & Global Environment taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Sustainable marine and fisheries development policy frameworks: 1) implementing good ocean governance: integrated sea use management and ecosystem-based management, 2) developing blue economy zone: integrated land and ocean-based development such as ICZM, and 3) blue economy model investment.
In December 2014 the European Commission released a communication to the European Parliament and the Council setting up the European Energy Security Strategy (COM(2014)330).
The communication specifies eight key pillars to deliver energy in a secure way, coherently with the competitive and low-carbon targets of the European Union, through the promotion of a close cooperation among Member States.It is targeted to primary energy sources and vectors, market design and infrastructures, short and long run measures.
The webinar reviews the status quo, the need of a coordinated action, the key elements and the way forward set up by the European Energy Security of Supply.
This presentation was delivered as part of ICEM and PACT training course on Strategic Environmental Assessments in the context of energy development in the Greater Mekong Subregion in May 2016.
World Environment Day is celebrated on June 5 every year. It is the United Nations' flagship day for promoting worldwide awareness and action for the environment. Over the years, it has grown to be the largest global platform for environmental public outreach and is celebrated by millions of people across the world. This year, the day is being hosted by our neighboring country Pakistan in partnership with the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) with the theme of 'ecosystem restoration.' With the Covid19 pandemic, the climate has been suffering evermore with the increased use of plastic and non-biodegradable things including PPE kits, masks and other things. This year, the urgency of preventing, halting and reversing the degradation of ecosystems worldwide is the main focus.
UNEP Executive Director Inger Andersen said, "2020 was a year of reckoning, facing multiple crises, including a global pandemic and the continued crises of climate, nature and pollution. In 2021, we must take deliberate steps to move from crisis to healing: and in so doing, we must recognize that the restoration of nature is imperative to the survival of our planet and the human race."
Philippine Envaironmental Impact System System. This my presentation in one of my subject Mining 103.. i tried my best just to finish this.. although this report did not cover all the sections in the PEISS.
Financing in Transforming Potato Value Chain in Bangladesh: Policy Recommendations by K A S Murshid, DG, BIDS, Former Chairman, SMDF, and Dr. Kazi Iqbal, Research Fellow, BIDS
Presentation at the policy roundtable in Kenya, February 2012.
http://www.future-agricultures.org/climate-change/7664-policy-dialogue-climate-chaos-policy-dilemma-in-kenya
Issues and Solutions for SFM in a Changing Climate in the AP regionCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered at the third Asia-Pacific Forestry Week 2016, in Clark Freeport Zone, Philippines.
The five sub-thematic streams at APFW 2016 included:
Pathways to prosperity: Future trade and markets
Tackling climate change: challenges and opportunities
Serving society: forestry and people
New institutions, new governance
Our green future: green investment and growing our natural assets
Adaptation of forest management to climate change in the Asia Pacific RegionCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered at the third Asia-Pacific Forestry Week 2016, in Clark Freeport Zone, Philippines.
The five sub-thematic streams at APFW 2016 included:
Pathways to prosperity: Future trade and markets
Tackling climate change: challenges and opportunities
Serving society: forestry and people
New institutions, new governance
Our green future: green investment and growing our natural assets
Climate change is altering forest ecosystems, with many changes expected by the end of the 21st century. Forests vary widely, and not all forests are equally at risk; vulnerabilities are strongly influenced by regional differences in climate impacts and adaptive capacity. Further, as an increasing amount of scientific information on forest vulnerability to climate change becomes available, natural resource managers are searching for ways to realistically use this information to meet specific management needs, ranging from landscape-level planning and coordination to on-the-ground implementation.
Forest Ecology and Management Webinar Series - August 13, 2019
The History of Cooking Oil Fortification in Indonesia: Government Support for the Program and Challenges by Idrus Jus’at, Senior Lecturer, Esa Unggul University, Indonesia. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Food Fortification Policies in the Asia Region by Dennis Bittisnich, Food Fortification Initiative. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Wheat and Cooking Oil/Ghee Fortification in Pakistan by Amna Ejaz, IFPRI- Pakistan. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
China's Food Safety regulatory system: Achievements, Challenges and Suggestions by Prof. Jiehong Zhou, Zhejiang University, China. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Institutional and Governance Innovation in Thailand’s Food System: The Role of the Private Sector in Food Safety by Kamphol Pantakua and Natthida Wiwatwicha, TDRI. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Compliance of Producers and Adoption of Consumers in the Case of Food Safety Practices: Cases from South Asia by Devesh Roy, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Current Status of Agricultural Biotechnology in Thailand by Orachos Napasintuwong, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Kasetsart University. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Creating and Implementing Biosafety Regulations: The Philippine Experience by Carlo G. Custodio Jr., Philippines Country Coordinator, Program for Biosafety Systems. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Making Vegetable Markets Work by Ye Htut, Grow Asia, Myanmar. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Soybean Value Chains for Rural Development by Nimish Jhaveri, Winrock Myanmar. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Findings from the Study on Nutrition-Sensitive Value Chains in the Feed the Future Zone of Influence in Tajikistan by Abduaziz Kasymov, Tajikistan. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Farm Production, Market Access and Dietary Diversity in China’s Poor Rural Households: Evidence from a Panel Data by Kevin Chen, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI- Beijing.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
The Livestock Sector in India: Progress and Challenges by Vijay Sardana, Poultry Federation of India.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Production Diversity and Market Access for Predicting Animal-source Food Consumption by Jytoi Felix, Catholic Relief Services. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
The Quiet Revolution in Myanmar’s Aquaculture Value Chain by Ben Belton, Michigan State University. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Does e-commerce Increase Food Consumption in Rural Areas? Evidence from China by Xiaobo Zhang, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Impacting at Scale: From .5% to + 40% by Grahame Dixie, Executive Director, Grow Asia.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Regulatory Cooperation in ASEAN Good Agricultural Practices by Catherine Frances J. Corpuz, Senior Program Officer, ASEAN-Australia Development Cooperation Program.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Traditional Versus Modern Milk Marketing Chains in India: Implications for Smallholder Dairy Farmers by Anjani Kumar, Research Fellow, IFPRI- Delhi.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Pakistan’s Multi-Sectoral Nutrition Strategy by Amna Ejaz, Research Analyst, IFPRI-Pakistan.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
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State of socio-economic research on climate change and policy implications in the Philippines
1. STATE OF THE ART ON THE
SOCIO-ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Dr. Asa Jose U. Sajise
Associate Professor
Department of Economics, CEM, UPLB
Dr. Mercedita A. Sombilla
Manager, Research and Development Department
SEARCA
Philippine Council for Agriculture,
Forestry and Natural resources
Research and Development (PCARRD)
Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
Technical Workshop and Conference on Knowledge Tools and Lessons for
Informing the Design and Implementation of Food Security Strategies in Asia
13-16 November 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal
2. OUTLINE
• What the literature is saying
– What are Climate Change risks the country is facing
– Impacts of these risks on selected AFNR sectors
– What is being done: Mitigation Literature
– What is being done: Adaptation Literature
• Analysis of the Literature: Trends and Other
Observations
• Recommendations for Future Research Areas
4. EVIDENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Documented/Observed
● Temperature Increase (observed increase in mean, minimum, and
maximum temperatures; increased frequency of hot and cold days)
● Increased precipitation and rainfall since 1960 with pronounced
geographical differences in precipitation: Luzon and Mindanao is
getting drier while Eastern and Western Visayas is getting wetter
● Extreme weather events particularly typhoons are also increasing in
frequency (?) and strength.
● Sea level rise observed in certain areas such as Manila Bay, Northern
Luzon (La Union), and Cebu
Hazards are hydrometeorological in nature
5. Simulated Studies
•Simulated Studies mostly on temperature, precipitation
and sea level rise: Patterned from IPCC simulations and
scenarios
•Most studies done during the mid and late 1990’s by
PAGASA (Atmospheric and Geological Center in
thePhilippines) researchers: Results/predictions usually at
the national and region levels
•A lot of cross referencing and citation of these studies in
later years
EVIDENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE
IN THE PHILIPPINES
7. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON MAJOR CC
LITERATURE IN THE PHILIPPINES
• 1990-2000
– Evidence (Science) of Changing Climate as environmental awareness
was heightened due to issues on the country’s accelerated natural
resource degradation
– Impacts and Adaptation Options as they relate to farming practices,
natural resource protection (mostly centered on rice)
– Mostly done by PAG-ASA scientists
– Physical Vulnerability (hazard/ risk identification)
• Early to mid-2000
– Impact and Adaptation Option Studies: in the form of simulations and
modeling; economic valuation studies; vulnerability and risk
assessments; adaptation studies, etc
– Mitigation studies (Forestry and Carbon Stocks)
• Late 2000
– Impact, Vulnerability, and Adaptation Options
– Economic Vulnerability (Physical Vulnerability + Adaptive Capacity)
– Adaptation Behavior (Autonomous Adaptation) Studies (Micro level)
8. Summary of Literature Review
• Literature reviewed categorized into the
following NRE sectors (adapted from the ADB
study):
– Water stress
– Decline in agricultural production
– Effects on forests
– Effects on Coastal and Marine Areas
● Studies are either observed or simulated
9. WATER STRESS: IMPACTS
Observed
•Observed or documented impacts are related to extreme events like
typhoons, massive flooding, and El Niño.
•Studies have little by way of physical quantification of impacts but often
end with some estimate of total damages
“... from 1975 to 2002, intensified tropical cyclones caused an annual
average of 593 deaths and annual damage to property worth $83 million,
including damage to agriculture of around $55 million” (Amadore, 2005)
“... Historical data for Ormoc flash flood showed that the estimated damage
cost was about PhP620 million plus other non-quantified damages” (Predo,
2010)
Simulated
• Increased precipitation results to more impacts than temperature
– Decreased run-off from modest increase in temperature and decrease in
precipitation
– Increased run-off from modest increase in temperature and increase in
precipitation
• Unlike observed impacts, simulation studies end in physical
quantification of impacts and no monetary valuation of these impacts
10. DECLINE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION:
IMPACTS
Observed impacts: on agriculture in general but could be
linked to particular crop based on location.
•Decline in agricultural production is associated with extreme
events in particular typhoons and El Niño
•Impacts in terms of quantity and value.
Simulation studies: uses a combination of IPCC story lines
linked with crop yield model (ORYZA, CERES models)
• Impacts mostly on yield decilnes in rice and corn at the
national level. One study (Lansigan and Salvacion, 2007)
contextualized simulations for some provinces (e.g. Ilagan,
Isabela; Los Baños, Laguna; and Malaybalay, Bukidnon)
• No monetary valuation of impacts
11. EFFECTS ON FOREST AREAS
• Impacts mostly observed
• Linked to typhoons: flashfloods, landslides, loss of forest
covers;
• Linked with El Niño events: forest fires
• Casual mention of changing species composition, e.g.
endemic trees like the Philippine teak (Tectona
philippinensis), has been threatened by increasing
temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns (ADB,
2008)
• Very little information on quantification both in physical and
monetary terms
12. EFFECTS ON COASTAL AND MARINE AREAS:
IMPACTS
Observed and simulation studies focused on impacts of:
•temperature increase that have resulted to coral
bleaching;
• sea level rise (for simulated studies) that is projected
to affect vast areas in the Philippines
– By 2045, 2,000 ha and about 500,000 people along
the coast of Manila Bay ( 30 cm rise under B2-mid
and A1-mid scenarios)
– By 2080, inundate over 5,000 ha of the Manila Bay
coastal area and will affect over 2.5 million people
(A2-high scenario, which shows a 100-cm)
– Coast of Manila Bay could succumb to a 1 m sea level
rise by 2100
• Note again physical quantification and very little
monetary estimates with studies based on simulation
13. WHAT IS BEING DONE
TO ADDRESS CC AND
IT’S IMPACTS
Adaptation Literature
14. ADAPTATION
• Adaptation has been classified either as:
– “Autonomous” adaptation - autonomous reaction to actual or
expected climate change (without policy interventions)
– “Planned” or “policy-driven” adaptation - result of deliberate
policy decisions/have local public good characteristics provided
by the state
– Adaptation can also be “reactive” or “proactive”, the former in
response to actual climate change impact and the latter to
anticipated climate change
15. ADAPTATION STUDIES: WHAT WE FOUND OUT
• The type of shocks matter. Households may adapt/react
differently to different shocks (e.g. permanent temperature
increases versus temporary extreme weather events).
• Household heterogeneity matters and adaptation
behavior is a product of constrained choice. Different
adaptation strategies are employed by different income and
occupational groups.
• Households tend to cope more rather than adapt to
extreme weather - thus the need for efficient social, economic
institutions and strong rural organizations.
• Household Maladaptation can have social (and economic)
consequences.
16. RECOMMENDED ADAPTATION MEASURES:
A SUMMARY
• Sustainable development/ natural resource conservation
and management policies
• Economic Policies: mostly related to correct pricing of natural
resources and insurance
• Public Investment in Infrastructure: mostly related to
engineering solutions
• Production of Knowledge and Information
17. ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATION FOR
RESEARCH AREAS IN CC & THE AFNR SECTOR
A Proposed Platform for
Socio-Economic Research in the
Philippines
18. TWO KEY WORDS
• Downscaling
– Many important and significant studies on CC
are mostly global or regional in nature
– May not be useful for local level CC planning
– Action in CC would most likely be at the local
level
• Mainstreaming
– need to integrate policies and measures that
address climate change into development
planning and ongoing sectoral decision
making, so as to ensure the long term
sustainability of investments
19. SECTOR SPECIFIC STUDIES: FORESTRY
• Carbon Sequestration Studies
– Finding biomass equations to project tree growth; more accurate
carbon sequestration projections, etc.
• Vulnerability of Forest Ecosystems
– Assessing Vulnerability of different forest types and different
forest species to CC related threats
– Valuation of CC impacts/ damage on forest types and different
forest species from CC related threats
• Improving and Expanding Mitigation Options in
Forestry
– Exploring potential for participation in REDD programs through
PES schemes
– Valuation of Forest Ecosystem Services under CC
– Analysis/ Identification of effective provisions/ rules in CDM/
REDD contracts that would address leakage in forestry related
mitigation activities
20. SECTOR SPECIFIC STUDIES: AGRICULTURE
• Vulnerability Assessment of Agriculture
– Agricultural Vulnerability (Economic) Mapping
• Exploring Mitigation Options for Agriculture
– Assessing the mitigation potential of agricultural projects
and explore/identify “CDMable” agricultural projects
– Evaluating the net impact of agriculture or assessing the
carbon footprint of agriculture
– Explore PES for agricultural sequestration of carbon.
– Identifying negative tradeoffs bio-fuels
• Implementing Adaptation Options in Agriculture
– Use of weather indexed insurance for agriculture.
21. SECTOR SPECIFIC STUDIES: COASTAL
With CC, the problem or view is “seaward in” or from the
coast towards inland (as with typhoons and sea level rise).
Coastal areas are “sandwiched” by hazards but very little
information on impacts of CC related risks to coastal
fisheries, inland fishery, and aquaculture.
• Vulnerability Assessment
– Impact of Climate Change on Coastal and Inland
Fisheries Productivity.
• Implementing Adaptation Options for Coastal and
Inland Fisheries
– Evaluating and valuing the protective functions of
mangroves against sea level rise and storm surges
and creating a PES type scheme to encourage
mangrove conservation
• Exploring Mitigation Options for Coastal Areas
– Opportunities for Mangrove Conservation in REDD
program
22. CROSS CUTTING STUDIES
• Vulnerability Assessment
– Identify and develop community based vulnerability
assessment methodologies. Includes coming up with
Economic vulnerability measures/ indicators for the
different sectors
• Implementing Adaptation Options in the AFNR
– BCA of Adaptation Strategies/ Options in Agriculture,
Fisheries, and Forestry.
– Analyzing adaptation behavior (i.e. choice of adaptation
strategies) and adaptive capacity of natural resource
dependent households/ communities
– Analysis of coping mechanisms of natural resource
dependent households/ agrarian reform communities
– Increasing adaptive capacity through diversified and
sustainable livelihoods
– Assessing levels of adaptation deficit for AFNR at the
household and local government unit level.
23. CONCLUDING REMARKS
• In sum, the goal of any research initiative
related to climate change is to be
relevant. Relevance entails that these
studies either lead, aid, or permit local
level action that can contribute to solving
the global problem of Climate Change...
24. Thank you!
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and
Natural resources Research and Development
(PCARRD)
Department of Science and Technology (DOST)