Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.
Snake bite is one of the major public health problems in the tropics. It is also emerging as an occupational disease of agricultural workers. In view of their strong beliefs and many associated myths, people resort to magico –religious treatment for snake bite thus, causing delay in seeking proper treatment.
Snake bites is a particularly important public health problem in rural areas of tropical and subtropical countries situated in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America.
Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.
Snake bite is one of the major public health problems in the tropics. It is also emerging as an occupational disease of agricultural workers. In view of their strong beliefs and many associated myths, people resort to magico –religious treatment for snake bite thus, causing delay in seeking proper treatment.
Snake bites is a particularly important public health problem in rural areas of tropical and subtropical countries situated in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America.
Iv fluid therapy (types, indications, doses calculation)kholeif
All what you need to know intravenous fluids, types, indications, contraindications, how to calculate fluid rate and drug dosages.
Embed code (http://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/16138690)
This PPT gives an idea to MBBS students about the Type of fluids, Calculating the daily requirements as well as the drop rate to be used in day today clinical practice.
Snake bite ppt by
Dr Sujith Chadala,
Consultant Physician Diabetologist
Ankura Hospitals, Banjara hills, Nanakaramguda,Hyderabad,
Yello Clinics Diagnostics, Kokapet, Hyderabad.
MD,IDCCM,PGPC, CCEBDM,FIDM.Snake envenimation,AntiSnake Venom,Fistaid to Snakebite,Management of Snake bite,Complications of Snakebite,Cobra bite,Viper bite,Krait bite, Complications of Snakebite, ASV indications,20min Whole blood clotting time,Antibiotic in snake bite,average yield per venom, Hemotoxicity of snake bite,Neurotoxicity of snake bite,ASV test dose,ASV administration,ASV reactions,ASv route,ASV in children and pregnant, Hemodialysis in Snakebite,compartment syndrome in Snakebite,local bite management,maximum ASV vials,blood transfusions in snake bite,early and late ASV reactions,discharge criteria in snake bite,Snake bite local tissue care,Snakebite Management,fluids in snakebite,ASV reactions management,Neostigmine test,Intubation in snake bite,ABC management in snakebite,timing of ASV,saw scaled viper bite,ASV forms,fluid resuscitation,vasopressors,torniquet,ICU, Russell's viper,sea snakes,snakebite mortality,pit viper,Kingcobra,Neurotoxins,snake venom composition,hemotological complications of snake bite,neurological complications of Snakebite,local complications of snakebite,generalised complications of snakebite ,Snakebite guidelines,WHO snakebite guidelines, cardiovascular complications of snake bite,renal complications of snakebite,electrotherapy,pressure immobilisation
Iv fluid therapy (types, indications, doses calculation)kholeif
All what you need to know intravenous fluids, types, indications, contraindications, how to calculate fluid rate and drug dosages.
Embed code (http://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/16138690)
This PPT gives an idea to MBBS students about the Type of fluids, Calculating the daily requirements as well as the drop rate to be used in day today clinical practice.
Snake bite ppt by
Dr Sujith Chadala,
Consultant Physician Diabetologist
Ankura Hospitals, Banjara hills, Nanakaramguda,Hyderabad,
Yello Clinics Diagnostics, Kokapet, Hyderabad.
MD,IDCCM,PGPC, CCEBDM,FIDM.Snake envenimation,AntiSnake Venom,Fistaid to Snakebite,Management of Snake bite,Complications of Snakebite,Cobra bite,Viper bite,Krait bite, Complications of Snakebite, ASV indications,20min Whole blood clotting time,Antibiotic in snake bite,average yield per venom, Hemotoxicity of snake bite,Neurotoxicity of snake bite,ASV test dose,ASV administration,ASV reactions,ASv route,ASV in children and pregnant, Hemodialysis in Snakebite,compartment syndrome in Snakebite,local bite management,maximum ASV vials,blood transfusions in snake bite,early and late ASV reactions,discharge criteria in snake bite,Snake bite local tissue care,Snakebite Management,fluids in snakebite,ASV reactions management,Neostigmine test,Intubation in snake bite,ABC management in snakebite,timing of ASV,saw scaled viper bite,ASV forms,fluid resuscitation,vasopressors,torniquet,ICU, Russell's viper,sea snakes,snakebite mortality,pit viper,Kingcobra,Neurotoxins,snake venom composition,hemotological complications of snake bite,neurological complications of Snakebite,local complications of snakebite,generalised complications of snakebite ,Snakebite guidelines,WHO snakebite guidelines, cardiovascular complications of snake bite,renal complications of snakebite,electrotherapy,pressure immobilisation
It has been prepared according to national guideline on snake bite management in Bangladesh. It would be very much helpful for health care professionals working in Bangladesh
This is a slide presentation for group discussion on snake bites. We were given some situation and the task was to gather resources and discuss on how to address the given situation. Suitable for medical students, housemen and s general knowledge on snake bites. Credit also goes to my groupmates in preparing the presentation.
This pptx is on recognition of different snakes, snake bite management particularly in children. At the end of the slide show you will definitely able to recognize and manage snake bites.
Snake bite and its management by first aid and antivenomShwetaKhadka
about snake bite ,venom,types of venom,first aid,antivenom,and management ,epidemiology ,dosage and route of antivenom administration , anaphylactic reaction due to antivenom , general symptoms of snake bite,immobilization process , formation of antivenom
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
1. Management of snake bite
Dr. Prasenjit Gogoi
MBBS, MEM(SEMI), PGDHHM
Attending Consultant,
Emergency Dept., Apollo Hospitals Guwahati
2. Introduction
• India is estimated to have the highest snakebite
mortality in the world.
• 2.8 million cases of snakebite annually with 46,900
deaths annually in India (WHO)
• Snake bite is an occupational hazard in an agricultural
country like India.
• Snake bites are more common in rural areas especially
during monsoon season.
3. The Big 4
Common spectacled cobra(Naja naja) Common Krait(Bungarus caeruleus)
Saw-scaled viper(Echis carinatus) Russel’s viper(Daboia Russelii)
Hemotoxic
Neurotoxic
4. Composition of snake venom
• Procoagulant enzymes
(Viperidae)
• Haemorrhagins (zinc
metalloproteinases)
• Cytolytic or necrotic
toxins
• Haemolytic and myolytic
phospholipases A2
• Pre-synaptic neurotoxins
(Elapidae and some
viperidae)
• Post-synaptic
neurotoxins (Elapidae)
5. Clinical features
• General – fear and anxiety
• Local envenoming
– Local pain at bite site
– Local swelling
– Tenderness
– Painful swelling of regional lymph nodes
– Other signs : fang marks, persistent local bleeding,
bruising, lymphangitis, inflammation, blistering,
infection, abscess formation, necrosis
12. First aid (cont.)
• CARRY = Do not allow victim to walk.
• No = Tourniquet, No-electrotherapy, No-cutting, No-pressure
immobilization, No-sucking of venom
• R = Reassure the patient.
• I = Immobilize the limb.
• GH = Get to hospital immediately.
Traditional remedies - NO PROVEN benefit
• T = Tell the doctor of any systemic symptoms that manifest on the
way to hospital.
13. Pre - hospital management
• Manage airway/breathing/circulation
• Immobilization
• Identify neurological
symptoms
• Watch for paradoxical
respiration
• Secure IV line
14. Emergency hospital management
Initial management
• Access ABCDE
• CPR if needed
• Tetanus toxoid if skin is breached
• Antibiotic if cellulitis or local necrosis present
• Specific treatment after history and physical
examination
18. Treatment phase
• Pain management – oral paracetamol/tramadol
~NO APRIRIN/NSAIDS~
• Handling tourniquets
– Sudden removal -> neurological paralysis and hypotension.
– Remove after ASV administration + doctor present
– Test for the presence of a pulse distal to the tourniquet. If
no distal pulse, apply blood pressure cuff & reduce the
pressure slowly.
19. Anti Snake Venom
• ASV is Ig (usually the enzyme refined F(ab)2
fragment of IgG) purified from the serum/plasma
of a horse/sheep immunised with the venoms of
one or more species of snake.
• It neutralises the free, unbound venom and to
some extent also dissociates bound toxin.
• WHO has included ASV in the list for Essential
Medicines and should be part of any primary
healthcare package where snakebites occur.
20. Anti Snake Venom
• In India, polyvalent ASV, effective against all the
four common species; Russell’s viper, common
cobra, common Krait and saw-scaled viper is
available.
• ASV is produced both in liquid and lyophilized
forms.
– Liquid ASV requires a reliable cold chain and has 2-
year shelf life.
– Lyophilized ASV, in powder form, has 5-year shelf life
and requires only to be kept cool.
21. Each ml of ASVS neutralizes
1. 0.60 mg of Indian Cobra venom
2. 0.45 mg of Common Krait venom
3. 0.60 mg of Russel’s Viper venom
4. 0.45 mg of Saw-scaled Viper venom
22. Prophylaxis of ASV reactions
• hydrocortisone (100 mg) + antihistamine
or
0.25–0.3 mg adrenaline subcutaneously
• In asthmatics inhaled adrenergic beta2 agonist
may prevent bronchospasm
Test dose of ASV is not recommended.
23. National Snakebite Treatment Protocol
• For neurotoxicity: 10 vials stat as infusion over 30 mins
followed by 2nd dose of 10 vials after 1 hour (if no
improvement within 1st hour)
• For hemotoxicity :
Low dose infusion therapy – 10 vials for russels viper or 6
vials for saw scaled viper as stat infusion over 30 mins
followed by 2 vials every 6 hours as infusion in 100 ml ns
till clotting time normalizes or 3 days whichever is earlier
High dose intermittent bolus therapy – 10 vials of asv over
30 mins as infusion followed by 6 vials 6 hourly as bolus
therapy till clotting time normalizes or local swelling
subsides
24. • For saving surgery - high initial dose of ASV is
justified (up to 25 vials)
Local administration of ASV – not recommended.
Criteria for repetition of ASV
Persistence/recurrence of blood incoagulopathy
after 6 hours or bleeding after 1-2 hours
Deteriorating neurotoxic or cardiovascular signs
after 1 hour
25. Victims presenting late
• Often after several days -> acute renal failure.
• Perform a 20WBCT. Positive -> ASV.
Negative -> ARF -> dialysis.
• Neurotoxic envenoming –
10 vials of ASV + respiratory support.
26. ASV reactions
• Early anaphylactic reactions – within minutes to
180 miutes.
• Pyrogenic reactions – within 1-2 hours after
treatment.
• Late reactions (serum sickness type) – within 1-12
days (mean 7) after treatment.
27. Treatment of early ASV reaction
Discontinue ASV
• Epinephrine: 0.5 mg for adults & 0.01 mg/kg
for children IM (1:1000)
• Antihistamine + Corticosteroids
*ASV can be restarted slowly after 10 to 15
minutes under observation
28. Role of neostigmine in neurotoxic
envenomation
• Anticholinesterase – prolongs life of
acetylcholine.
• Reverses respiratory failure and neurotoxic
symptoms.
• Effective against postsynaptic neurotoxins -
cobra
29. Neostigmine test
Step 1 : Administer atropine 0.6 mg IV
Step 2 : Administer neostigmine 1.5 to 2 mg IM
Step 3 : Observe for 1 hour for effectiveness
Responding Not responding
0.5 mg IM ½ hourly + 0.6 mg
atropine IV for 5 doses and then
2-12 hourly according to recovery.
Stop neostigmine
33. Snakebite prevention
• Use a torch.
• Avoid sleeping on the ground
• Use mosquito net.
• Away - animal feed and rubbish from your house.
34. References
• Jesudasan JE, Abhilash KP. Venomous snakebites: Management and anti-snake
venom. Curr Med Issues 2019;17:66-8
• Himmatrao Saluba Bawaskar, Pramodini Himmatrao Bawaskar. Snake bite:
prevention and management in rural Indian settings. The Lancet Glocal Health,
Vol.7, Issue9, sept2019; Page e1178
• Mohan G, Singh A, Singh T. Guidelines for the Management of Snakebites. Curr
Trends Diagn Treat 2018;2(2):102-108.
• Guidelines for the management of snakebite, 2nd edition; South east asia WHO
publication 2016. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/searo/india/health-
topic-pdf/who-guidance-on-management-of-snakebites.pdf?sfvrsn=5528d0cf_2
• Shibendu Ghosh, Prabuddha Mukhopadhyay, Tanmoy Chatterjee: Management of
Snake Bite in India. https://www.japi.org/r2a48494/management-of-snake-bite-in-
india#.YPbjVzpSUO8.link
• Surjit Singh, Gagandip Singh. Snake Bite: Indian Guidelines and Protocol. Available
at http://www.apiindia.org/medicine_update_2013/chap94.pdf
• Ahmed SM, Ahmed M, Nadeem A, Mahajan J, Choudhary A, Pal J. Emergency
treatment of a snake bite: Pearls from literature. J Emerg Trauma Shock.
2008;1(2):97-105. doi:10.4103/0974-2700.43190