This document is a standard specification for carbon and alloy steel externally threaded metric fasteners. It covers 9 property classes of metric fasteners from M1.6 to M100 diameter. The specification provides requirements for chemical composition and mechanical properties for each class. It references other standards for test methods, practices, and related specifications. When ordering fasteners to this specification, the order must include quantity, product name, dimensions, property class, and whether zinc coating is required.
This document summarizes the adoption of ASME Y14.5-2009, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, by the Department of Defense as an international standard for engineering drawings and related documentation practices. Key aspects include:
- ASME Y14.5-2009 was adopted on February 9, 2009 for use by the DoD. Proposed changes must be submitted to the DoD Adopting Activity.
- Copies of the standard may be purchased from ASME.
- The standard was developed under procedures accredited by the American National Standards and provides opportunity for public review and comment.
Este documento resume los procedimientos para evaluar daños por corrosión en forma de picado (pitting corrosion) en componentes presurizados según el Nivel 1 de la API 579. Explica que el Nivel 1 evalúa el área y profundidad máxima de los picados y los compara con gráficos para determinar el grado de daño. Luego calcula una razón de espesor remanente y la compara con valores de aceptabilidad para determinar si el daño es aceptable o no. Proporciona ejemplos numéricos para ilustrar
The passage discusses the importance of summarization for processing large amounts of text data. It notes that automatic summarization systems aim to condense long documents into shorter summaries while maintaining the most important concepts and entities. The challenges of building such systems include identifying the most salient pieces of information, understanding natural language at a deeper level, and generating coherent summaries.
ASME B16.5 ASTM A105 material, it is including the chemical composition, physical properties, mechanical properties, heat treatment, hydrostatic tests, surface finish, corrosion protection, pipingpipeline.com could used to carbon steel forging flanges, it include WN flanges, blind flanges, slip on flanges, socket weld flanges, plate flanges, orifice flanges, threaded flanges, Spectacle flanges, tailor flanges.
This document provides specifications and load data for Hilti HST stud anchors. It includes:
- Descriptions of HST, HST-R, and HST-HCR anchors made of carbon steel, stainless steel, or high-corrosion resistant stainless steel.
- Tables with mean ultimate resistance, characteristic resistance, design resistance, and recommended load for various anchor sizes in tension and shear for non-cracked and cracked concrete.
- Details on installation equipment, setting operations, and mechanical properties of anchor bolts.
- An explanation of the detailed design method for tension and concrete capacity design method used to determine load values.
This document summarizes the adoption of ASME Y14.5-2009, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, by the Department of Defense as an international standard for engineering drawings and related documentation practices. Key aspects include:
- ASME Y14.5-2009 was adopted on February 9, 2009 for use by the DoD. Proposed changes must be submitted to the DoD Adopting Activity.
- Copies of the standard may be purchased from ASME.
- The standard was developed under procedures accredited by the American National Standards and provides opportunity for public review and comment.
Este documento resume los procedimientos para evaluar daños por corrosión en forma de picado (pitting corrosion) en componentes presurizados según el Nivel 1 de la API 579. Explica que el Nivel 1 evalúa el área y profundidad máxima de los picados y los compara con gráficos para determinar el grado de daño. Luego calcula una razón de espesor remanente y la compara con valores de aceptabilidad para determinar si el daño es aceptable o no. Proporciona ejemplos numéricos para ilustrar
The passage discusses the importance of summarization for processing large amounts of text data. It notes that automatic summarization systems aim to condense long documents into shorter summaries while maintaining the most important concepts and entities. The challenges of building such systems include identifying the most salient pieces of information, understanding natural language at a deeper level, and generating coherent summaries.
ASME B16.5 ASTM A105 material, it is including the chemical composition, physical properties, mechanical properties, heat treatment, hydrostatic tests, surface finish, corrosion protection, pipingpipeline.com could used to carbon steel forging flanges, it include WN flanges, blind flanges, slip on flanges, socket weld flanges, plate flanges, orifice flanges, threaded flanges, Spectacle flanges, tailor flanges.
This document provides specifications and load data for Hilti HST stud anchors. It includes:
- Descriptions of HST, HST-R, and HST-HCR anchors made of carbon steel, stainless steel, or high-corrosion resistant stainless steel.
- Tables with mean ultimate resistance, characteristic resistance, design resistance, and recommended load for various anchor sizes in tension and shear for non-cracked and cracked concrete.
- Details on installation equipment, setting operations, and mechanical properties of anchor bolts.
- An explanation of the detailed design method for tension and concrete capacity design method used to determine load values.
Worked examples - Wind webinar to AS1170.2 - ClearCalcsClearCalcs
1. The document provides wind load calculations for a building project based on AS1170.2 standards.
2. Key inputs include a regional wind speed of 45m/s, building dimensions of 14m x 10m x 6m height, gable roof with 30 degree pitch, and terrain category of numerous closely spaced obstructions.
3. Wind loads are calculated for multiple building surfaces and directions including design ultimate and serviceability wind speeds and internal/external wind pressures.
The document provides specifications for various pipe fittings and flanges including malleable fittings, black and galvanized steel fittings, unions, and stainless steel fittings. It includes information on materials, dimensions, threading, finishes, pressure ratings and stock ranges for items like elbows, tees, caps and flanges. Standard carbon steel flanges are covered along with temperature and pressure ratings for carbon and alloy steel flanges per Australian standards.
Especificación de procedimiento de soldaduraDavid Lunar
Este documento establece los requisitos para la especificación de procedimientos de soldadura (EPS) de acuerdo con el Reglamento CIRSOC 304. Describe dos tipos de EPS, precalificada y calificada. Para las EPS precalificadas, especifica los procesos, metales base y de aporte permitidos, así como las temperaturas mínimas de precalentamiento. También proporciona una tabla con la selección del metal de aporte en función del grupo y requisitos del metal base.
Este catálogo de productos de Hierrobeco, C.A. incluye información sobre su historia, valores y una amplia gama de productos siderúrgicos. Presenta detalles técnicos de vigas, ángulos, tuberías, tubos estructurales, productos planos y otros. Incluye tablas con especificaciones de dimensiones, áreas, pesos y momentos de inercia de las vigas.
1. O documento apresenta tabelas com as dimensões de flanges de acordo com padrões ASME/ANSI, DIN, ABNT, ISO e AWWA.
2. Inclui especificações técnicas de aços usados na fabricação de flanges e exemplos de especificações.
3. As tabelas fornecem as dimensões principais de flanges para diferentes classes de pressão e diâmetros nominais.
The document discusses weld defect acceptance criteria according to different codes such as ASTM B31.1, ASME VIII, ASME B31.3, and AWS D1.1. It provides details on acceptance limits for various weld defects depending on the examination method, material thickness, loading conditions, and material application. Defects discussed include cracks, lack of fusion, incomplete penetration, undercuts, porosity, and reinforcement. Acceptance criteria include maximum defect sizes, numbers of defects allowed, cumulative lengths of defects, and distances between defects.
Nbr 13231 proteção contra incêndio em subestações elétricasmjmcreatore
O documento concede uma licença de uso exclusivo para a Target Engenharia e Consultoria Ltda para utilizar o sistema CENWin em 09/05/2005. A licença permite apenas o uso da Target Engenharia.
This document provides a summary of Module 7, which covers Weld Procedure Qualification according to ASME Section IX. It discusses the 5 step process for qualifying a welding procedure and the variables that must be addressed in the Procedure Qualification Record (PQR). These include joint design, base metal, filler metal, position, preheat, post-weld heat treatment, gas, and electrical characteristics. An example procedure qualification is provided for a manual GTAW and GMAW weld on 0.75-inch thick A36 steel in the flat position, with no preheat or PWHT, using ER80S-D2 wire for GTAW and ER70S-6 wire for GMAW
O documento discute o aço ASTM-A36 e seu uso em diferentes temperaturas. Ele explica que o ASTM-A36 é um aço de carbono comum, mas não atende aos requisitos de tenacidade necessários para trabalhos entre 60°C e -20°C, e recomenda o uso de aços navais ou ASTM A131 para essas condições.
ASME B16.21 (2016) - Non metallic flat gaskets..pdfbarrantes1974
time this Standard was issued.)
Chair:
Members:
Vice Chair:
Consultants:
Secretary:
vi
CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE B16 COMMITTEE
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights or copyrights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this Standard. Users of this Standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as government or industry endorsement of this Standard.
Guidelines for NDT of GRP pipe systems and tanksOsama Lari
This document provides guidelines for non-destructive testing and examination of glass-reinforced plastic pipe systems and tanks used in the Norwegian oil and gas industry. It summarizes defect types that should be inspected for, recommended non-destructive testing methods, and acceptance criteria. The guidelines are intended to standardize inspection practices and provide clarity on defect acceptance, which will help reduce costs associated with overconservative or nonconservative responses to defects found during inspection. The document provides information on inspection objectives, strategies and responsibilities at different stages of the product lifecycle from manufacture to operation.
O documento apresenta o catálogo de produtos da Comercial Gerdau, incluindo aços longos, telas, barras, perfis, chapas, tubos e serviços de corte. O documento descreve as especificações técnicas de cada produto como diâmetros, pesos e normas aplicáveis.
The document provides an overview of the ASME B31.3 Process Piping Code. It discusses the code's philosophy, organization, history, scope, fluid service categories, and application. Key points include that B31.3 applies to process piping systems in chemical, petroleum, and other plants. It covers piping for various fluids and has specific requirements for Category M and high pressure fluid services. The code is organized into chapters that address design, materials, components, fabrication, inspection, and other topics.
This document discusses discontinuities and defects that can occur in welded joints. It lists various types of discontinuities such as misalignment, undercut, incomplete fusion, porosity, and cracks. Defects are defined as flaws that cause a part to not meet acceptance standards. The document provides classifications of welding defects according to their appearance as outlined in welding standard DIN 8524.
Maferbul - Proveedor de Sistemas de Fijación es una empresa joven integrada por un equipo humano calificado que cuenta con vasta experiencia en el rubro y dispuesto a lograr las mejores soluciones aportando calidad y excelencia en el servicio de tal manera, que su empresa encuentre en nosotros un proveedor responsable y eficiente.
Especialmente dedicados a líneas de producción y compañías donde las compras son programadas, Maferbul - Proveedor de Sistemas de Fijación le entrega los materiales en su planta, obra o en expresos (para envíos al interior) ya que contamos con una flota de vehículos propios para entregarle en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y el Gran Buenos Aires.
Nuestros productos cumplen con estrictas normas de calidad. Podemos proveerle piezas de línea o especiales en los más diversos materiales como el Acero SAE 1008/1010, Acero SAE 1026, Acero SAE 1038/1040, bronce o latón, acero inoxidable en AISI 304 (A2) y AISI 316 (A4), plásticos varios como polipropileno o nylon 6.6, y aluminio.
Ofrecemos un amplio catálogo de elementos normalizados (DIN, ISO, ANSI, ASTM, etc) y todo tipo de bulonería especial para todo tipo de industrias entre los que se destacan Abrazaderas, Tornillos Allen, Anclajes Metálicos y Químicos, la línea completa de tornillos autoperforantes, bulones G2, G5, 8.8, 10.9, A325, varillas roscadas y Espárragos ASTM A193 B7.
Podemos proveer los materiales con tratamientos superficiales corrosivos según su conveniencia, como Zincado electrolítico (bicromatizado), Galvanizado por inmersión en caliente, Dacromet, Zinc-Niquel, Dorrltech, Zinc Laminar, entre otros.
El documento resume los principales puntos del código API 510 para la inspección de recipientes a presión. El código establece estándares para determinar la integridad mecánica y reparaciones efectivas de recipientes a presión. Cubre temas como organización de inspección, prácticas de inspección, evaluación de datos e intervalos de inspección. También describe exclusiones y aplicaciones específicas del código para recipientes de exploración y producción.
This document provides standards and specifications for piping components used in process piping systems. It lists dimensional standards for piping components in Table 326.1 and specifies that components must meet pressure design and mechanical strength requirements. It also states that pressure-temperature ratings of listed components are accepted for design, while unlisted components must meet provisions for rating. Dimensional requirements in appendices must also be considered.
This Webinar presentation includes pipe clamps, hold-down clamps, riser clamps and structural supports. Learn how the appropriate type of pipe support is chosen based on the different design conditions. Find out how Finite Element Analysis is used in the design process and view the custom pipe supports designed for extreme applications.
Curso inspector de soldadura AWS QC1:2007, Instituto Chileno de SoldaduraALBERTO LEON
Este documento presenta un curso para la certificación de inspectores de soldadura según la norma AWS QC1:2007. El capítulo 1 introduce la función del inspector de soldadura y la importancia de la certificación a través de programas y normas. Se describen los requisitos, niveles de certificación, responsabilidades del inspector y esquemas de certificación internacionales. También se abordan aspectos éticos y el proceso de re-certificación.
Steel codes used in steel structure 5th semester word documentpresentationsinfo
what are steel codes and their standard notions.uses of different hot rolled steels in steel structures.physical and chemical properties of different steels.
Клуб креативных директоров при организационной поддержке Adindex.ru провел отраслевое исследование влияния постоплат на рынке креативных и диджитал-услуг. Результаты исследования помогут сформулировать план по дальнейшим действиям для оздоровления обстановки в финансовых отношениях между заказчиками услуг и исполнителями.
Worked examples - Wind webinar to AS1170.2 - ClearCalcsClearCalcs
1. The document provides wind load calculations for a building project based on AS1170.2 standards.
2. Key inputs include a regional wind speed of 45m/s, building dimensions of 14m x 10m x 6m height, gable roof with 30 degree pitch, and terrain category of numerous closely spaced obstructions.
3. Wind loads are calculated for multiple building surfaces and directions including design ultimate and serviceability wind speeds and internal/external wind pressures.
The document provides specifications for various pipe fittings and flanges including malleable fittings, black and galvanized steel fittings, unions, and stainless steel fittings. It includes information on materials, dimensions, threading, finishes, pressure ratings and stock ranges for items like elbows, tees, caps and flanges. Standard carbon steel flanges are covered along with temperature and pressure ratings for carbon and alloy steel flanges per Australian standards.
Especificación de procedimiento de soldaduraDavid Lunar
Este documento establece los requisitos para la especificación de procedimientos de soldadura (EPS) de acuerdo con el Reglamento CIRSOC 304. Describe dos tipos de EPS, precalificada y calificada. Para las EPS precalificadas, especifica los procesos, metales base y de aporte permitidos, así como las temperaturas mínimas de precalentamiento. También proporciona una tabla con la selección del metal de aporte en función del grupo y requisitos del metal base.
Este catálogo de productos de Hierrobeco, C.A. incluye información sobre su historia, valores y una amplia gama de productos siderúrgicos. Presenta detalles técnicos de vigas, ángulos, tuberías, tubos estructurales, productos planos y otros. Incluye tablas con especificaciones de dimensiones, áreas, pesos y momentos de inercia de las vigas.
1. O documento apresenta tabelas com as dimensões de flanges de acordo com padrões ASME/ANSI, DIN, ABNT, ISO e AWWA.
2. Inclui especificações técnicas de aços usados na fabricação de flanges e exemplos de especificações.
3. As tabelas fornecem as dimensões principais de flanges para diferentes classes de pressão e diâmetros nominais.
The document discusses weld defect acceptance criteria according to different codes such as ASTM B31.1, ASME VIII, ASME B31.3, and AWS D1.1. It provides details on acceptance limits for various weld defects depending on the examination method, material thickness, loading conditions, and material application. Defects discussed include cracks, lack of fusion, incomplete penetration, undercuts, porosity, and reinforcement. Acceptance criteria include maximum defect sizes, numbers of defects allowed, cumulative lengths of defects, and distances between defects.
Nbr 13231 proteção contra incêndio em subestações elétricasmjmcreatore
O documento concede uma licença de uso exclusivo para a Target Engenharia e Consultoria Ltda para utilizar o sistema CENWin em 09/05/2005. A licença permite apenas o uso da Target Engenharia.
This document provides a summary of Module 7, which covers Weld Procedure Qualification according to ASME Section IX. It discusses the 5 step process for qualifying a welding procedure and the variables that must be addressed in the Procedure Qualification Record (PQR). These include joint design, base metal, filler metal, position, preheat, post-weld heat treatment, gas, and electrical characteristics. An example procedure qualification is provided for a manual GTAW and GMAW weld on 0.75-inch thick A36 steel in the flat position, with no preheat or PWHT, using ER80S-D2 wire for GTAW and ER70S-6 wire for GMAW
O documento discute o aço ASTM-A36 e seu uso em diferentes temperaturas. Ele explica que o ASTM-A36 é um aço de carbono comum, mas não atende aos requisitos de tenacidade necessários para trabalhos entre 60°C e -20°C, e recomenda o uso de aços navais ou ASTM A131 para essas condições.
ASME B16.21 (2016) - Non metallic flat gaskets..pdfbarrantes1974
time this Standard was issued.)
Chair:
Members:
Vice Chair:
Consultants:
Secretary:
vi
CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE B16 COMMITTEE
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights or copyrights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this Standard. Users of this Standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as government or industry endorsement of this Standard.
Guidelines for NDT of GRP pipe systems and tanksOsama Lari
This document provides guidelines for non-destructive testing and examination of glass-reinforced plastic pipe systems and tanks used in the Norwegian oil and gas industry. It summarizes defect types that should be inspected for, recommended non-destructive testing methods, and acceptance criteria. The guidelines are intended to standardize inspection practices and provide clarity on defect acceptance, which will help reduce costs associated with overconservative or nonconservative responses to defects found during inspection. The document provides information on inspection objectives, strategies and responsibilities at different stages of the product lifecycle from manufacture to operation.
O documento apresenta o catálogo de produtos da Comercial Gerdau, incluindo aços longos, telas, barras, perfis, chapas, tubos e serviços de corte. O documento descreve as especificações técnicas de cada produto como diâmetros, pesos e normas aplicáveis.
The document provides an overview of the ASME B31.3 Process Piping Code. It discusses the code's philosophy, organization, history, scope, fluid service categories, and application. Key points include that B31.3 applies to process piping systems in chemical, petroleum, and other plants. It covers piping for various fluids and has specific requirements for Category M and high pressure fluid services. The code is organized into chapters that address design, materials, components, fabrication, inspection, and other topics.
This document discusses discontinuities and defects that can occur in welded joints. It lists various types of discontinuities such as misalignment, undercut, incomplete fusion, porosity, and cracks. Defects are defined as flaws that cause a part to not meet acceptance standards. The document provides classifications of welding defects according to their appearance as outlined in welding standard DIN 8524.
Maferbul - Proveedor de Sistemas de Fijación es una empresa joven integrada por un equipo humano calificado que cuenta con vasta experiencia en el rubro y dispuesto a lograr las mejores soluciones aportando calidad y excelencia en el servicio de tal manera, que su empresa encuentre en nosotros un proveedor responsable y eficiente.
Especialmente dedicados a líneas de producción y compañías donde las compras son programadas, Maferbul - Proveedor de Sistemas de Fijación le entrega los materiales en su planta, obra o en expresos (para envíos al interior) ya que contamos con una flota de vehículos propios para entregarle en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y el Gran Buenos Aires.
Nuestros productos cumplen con estrictas normas de calidad. Podemos proveerle piezas de línea o especiales en los más diversos materiales como el Acero SAE 1008/1010, Acero SAE 1026, Acero SAE 1038/1040, bronce o latón, acero inoxidable en AISI 304 (A2) y AISI 316 (A4), plásticos varios como polipropileno o nylon 6.6, y aluminio.
Ofrecemos un amplio catálogo de elementos normalizados (DIN, ISO, ANSI, ASTM, etc) y todo tipo de bulonería especial para todo tipo de industrias entre los que se destacan Abrazaderas, Tornillos Allen, Anclajes Metálicos y Químicos, la línea completa de tornillos autoperforantes, bulones G2, G5, 8.8, 10.9, A325, varillas roscadas y Espárragos ASTM A193 B7.
Podemos proveer los materiales con tratamientos superficiales corrosivos según su conveniencia, como Zincado electrolítico (bicromatizado), Galvanizado por inmersión en caliente, Dacromet, Zinc-Niquel, Dorrltech, Zinc Laminar, entre otros.
El documento resume los principales puntos del código API 510 para la inspección de recipientes a presión. El código establece estándares para determinar la integridad mecánica y reparaciones efectivas de recipientes a presión. Cubre temas como organización de inspección, prácticas de inspección, evaluación de datos e intervalos de inspección. También describe exclusiones y aplicaciones específicas del código para recipientes de exploración y producción.
This document provides standards and specifications for piping components used in process piping systems. It lists dimensional standards for piping components in Table 326.1 and specifies that components must meet pressure design and mechanical strength requirements. It also states that pressure-temperature ratings of listed components are accepted for design, while unlisted components must meet provisions for rating. Dimensional requirements in appendices must also be considered.
This Webinar presentation includes pipe clamps, hold-down clamps, riser clamps and structural supports. Learn how the appropriate type of pipe support is chosen based on the different design conditions. Find out how Finite Element Analysis is used in the design process and view the custom pipe supports designed for extreme applications.
Curso inspector de soldadura AWS QC1:2007, Instituto Chileno de SoldaduraALBERTO LEON
Este documento presenta un curso para la certificación de inspectores de soldadura según la norma AWS QC1:2007. El capítulo 1 introduce la función del inspector de soldadura y la importancia de la certificación a través de programas y normas. Se describen los requisitos, niveles de certificación, responsabilidades del inspector y esquemas de certificación internacionales. También se abordan aspectos éticos y el proceso de re-certificación.
Steel codes used in steel structure 5th semester word documentpresentationsinfo
what are steel codes and their standard notions.uses of different hot rolled steels in steel structures.physical and chemical properties of different steels.
Клуб креативных директоров при организационной поддержке Adindex.ru провел отраслевое исследование влияния постоплат на рынке креативных и диджитал-услуг. Результаты исследования помогут сформулировать план по дальнейшим действиям для оздоровления обстановки в финансовых отношениях между заказчиками услуг и исполнителями.
The document lists three categories: Airport, Food, and Dessert. It appears to be a menu or listing of items available at an airport that includes both food and dessert options for travelers. The short listing suggests only the high-level categories are included without providing details on specific dishes.
Всероссийская интернет-площадка teach4teach.ru предназначена для продажи и обмена цифровыми учебно-методическими материалами и продвижения инновационных разработок педагогов. Авторы получают возможность не только дополнительного заработка от продажи своих материалов, но и возможность обсуждения инноваций, обмена опытом с молодым или опытными учителями.
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) and how to develop them. It provides information on different types of KPIs, including process, input, output, leading, lagging, outcome, qualitative and quantitative KPIs. The document also outlines steps for creating KPIs, common mistakes to avoid, and how KPIs should be designed to link to strategy and empower employees. Top materials mentioned include a list of 2436 free KPIs, 28 performance appraisal forms, and information on 11 performance appraisal methods.
A girl waits alone on a train platform, focused on her phone with headphones on. She is unaware of a shadowy figure approaching her from behind. When the train arrives, both the girl and the figure are gone.
The story then cuts to an abandoned warehouse, where the girl's scratched and bloody hands are shown as she struggles to get up from the floor. Her clothing is torn and she is bleeding from the legs. She exits the warehouse barefoot with matted hair and makes her way slowly up a nearby hill, turning occasionally to look back at the ominous building.
Reaching a country road, the exhausted girl screams when she turns and sees her kidnapper has caught up to her once more.
This document analyzes and compares several musical artists through their images, including:
1) Fall Out Boy is described as having both pop rock and alternative rock elements, with members displaying both masculine and nerdy styles.
2) Ed Sheeran is portrayed as an acoustic or pop singer, looking simple in a casual shirt and denim jacket to contrast typical pop stars.
3) Justin Timberlake is identified as a pop and R&B singer, looking tough and stern in a suit to fit those genres' humble yet charismatic personalities.
4) The Beatles are called an old-fashioned rock group through their suits and hairstyles, though they had a competitive drive and
SmartShoot presents tips for real estate photography including ensuring proper lighting, keeping the camera focused and leveled, and discussing post processing and deliverables.
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for product managers. It provides information on developing KPIs, including defining objectives, identifying key result areas and tasks, and determining methods to measure results. The document discusses common mistakes in creating KPIs, such as having too many KPIs not linked to key result areas. It also describes different types of KPIs, such as process, input, output, leading, lagging, outcome, qualitative and quantitative KPIs. Additional resources on KPIs can be found on the provided website.
This document provides specifications for welded large diameter austenitic steel pipe for corrosive or high-temperature service. It specifies requirements for materials, manufacture, chemical composition, ordering information, and general requirements. The document references other industry standards and provides tables of chemical requirements for different pipe grades. Purchase orders for pipe to these specifications should include quantity, name of material, grade, size, length, end finish, and any optional requirements.
A493 09(2013) standard specification for stainless steel wire and wire rods f...diep phan hoang
This document outlines standard specifications for stainless steel wire and wire rods intended for cold heading and forging applications where corrosion resistance is important. It specifies the chemical composition, mechanical properties, manufacturing process requirements, packaging and marking standards for various grades of austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel wire. Key information purchasers must provide with orders and supplementary testing requirements are also defined.
This standard specification covers carbon steel shapes, plates, and bars of structural quality for use in bridges, buildings, and general structural purposes. It provides requirements for the material's chemical composition, mechanical properties determined by tension testing, appurtenant materials that can be used with it, delivery requirements, and supplementary requirements that are optional but can be specified by the purchaser such as Charpy V-notch impact testing or limitations on the steel production process. The specification references other ASTM standards for related materials and test methods.
This document is the ASTM standard specification for carbon structural steel. It covers the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and testing requirements for carbon steel plates, shapes, and bars used in bridges, buildings, and other structural applications. Key points include:
- It specifies the chemical composition limits for carbon as well as other elements like manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur.
- The steel must meet minimum tensile strength properties when tested according to Section 8.
- It provides requirements for appurtenant materials like bolts, nuts, and castings that are used with the structural steel.
- Supplementary requirements for additional testing can be specified by the purchaser if needed for the intended use.
This document outlines specifications for carbon structural steel, including:
1. It covers carbon steel shapes, plates, and bars for use in bridges, buildings, and general structural purposes.
2. Chemical composition and mechanical properties such as tensile strength are specified. Steel must meet requirements for carbon content, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and other elements as outlined in tables.
3. Supplementary requirements can be specified for additional testing or restrictions, such as Charpy V-notch impact testing for some wide flange shapes used in tension.
This document provides a draft revision to the Indian Standard specification for hot rolled medium and high tensile structural steel. Some key changes in the revision include:
1) The title has been modified and the word 'low' has been deleted to reflect the grades of steel covered.
2) Nine grades of steel are now specified, with some grades having two to four sub-qualities indicating impact test requirements and deoxidation method.
3) The manufacturing clause has been modified to allow for different steelmaking and rolling practices.
4) Requirements have been aligned with international standards like EN and ASTM to make the Indian standard more comparable globally.
Zhejiang Dewei Stainless Steel Pipe Industry CO., Ltd is one of the largest manufacturer of welded pipe and tube (stainless steel, Duplex, Super Duplex, Nickel Alloys, Copper-NIckel Alloys) in east China. www.deweigroup.cn Contact: Simon Zhang Mobile/Whatsapp:+86 13586303108 Tel/Fax:+86 (0)573 89979557 / +86 (0)573 82219767 Email:youngadm@126.com
This document summarizes Standard Specification A 105/A 105M for carbon steel forgings used in piping applications. It outlines the scope, covers chemical composition and mechanical property requirements, and references other relevant standards. Forgings must meet requirements for chemistry, mechanical properties, and heat treatment as specified in tables. Testing includes tension tests, hardness tests, and optional hydrostatic tests. Repair by welding is allowed if approved by the purchaser.
This document provides specifications for carbon steel forgings used in piping applications. It begins with an overview and scope, noting that the specification covers forged carbon steel components like flanges, fittings, and valves. It then provides 3 sections summarizing key points:
1. General requirements and applicability of other specifications. It states the forgings must meet the requirements of Specification A961 and be made through forging as defined in A788.
2. Chemical composition and mechanical properties. It lists requirements for the steel chemistry and mechanical properties like tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation that must be met.
3. Tests and inspections. It describes required tension tests, hardness tests, and options for
The document discusses various ASTM bolt specifications. It provides details on specifications for bolts made of different materials, intended for different applications and temperature ranges. Specifications cover bolts made of steel, alloy steel and stainless steel. Each specification lists the grades of bolts it covers along with the minimum mechanical properties requirements for each grade.
1) This document provides specifications for carbon steel forgings used in piping applications. It covers dimensions, chemical composition, mechanical properties, heat treatment requirements, and referenced standards for flanges, fittings, valves, and other forged carbon steel piping components.
2) Forgings must meet chemical composition limits for carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and other elements as defined in Table 1. Mechanical properties including tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and reduction of area must meet the minimum requirements in Tables 2 and 3.
3) Heat treatment is required for certain high pressure or large diameter components and must be annealing, normalizing, or quenching and tempering according to Specification A961.
Sme spokane heat treating seminar by dan tabishDave Davidson
This document provides information on steel alloys and heat treating. It defines the differences between iron, steel, and cast iron, explaining that steel is an alloy of iron with carbon and other elements. It describes various steel alloy compositions and specifications, including carbon steel, tool steel, stainless steel, and aerospace materials specifications. Heat treating processes are also discussed for improving steel properties.
B16 c360 free-cutting brass rod, bar and shapes for use in screw machines1Yirlany Mesén Mejías
This document is an ASTM specification for free-cutting brass rod, bar and shapes. It establishes requirements for material composition, mechanical properties, dimensions, ordering information, and other testing and certification requirements. The material is Copper Alloy UNS No. C36000, containing 60-63% copper, 2.5-3.7% lead, and the remainder zinc. Requirements include tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, hardness limits that vary based on shape and size. The specification references other ASTM standards and provides details for ordering, inspection, and certification to ensure products meet standards.
This document outlines specifications for carbon steel forgings intended for piping components between -20 to 650°F where inherent notch toughness is desired but notch toughness testing is not required. It specifies requirements for materials, manufacturing, heat treatment, chemical composition, mechanical properties, inspection, rejection criteria, certification, and marking. Forgings must conform to ASTM A961/A961M and meet chemical composition limits, tensile property limits, and maximum hardness of 187HB after heat treatment if quenched and tempered.
This document summarizes revisions made to the Chinese national standard GB/T 3077-1988 "Alloy Structure Steel". Key changes include:
- Renaming the standard to "Alloy Structure Steel"
- Allowing bar stock diameters greater than 250mm to be provided
- Adding chapters on "Order Content" and unified digital codes for steel grades
- Canceling and adding certain steel grades
- Adding limits for molybdenum content and deleting some clauses
- Adjusting heat treatment processes and parameters for individual steel grades
This document specifies requirements for steel sheet used in pressure vessels. It defines 7 grades of carbon steel based on minimum tensile and yield strengths. Chemical compositions and mechanical properties are specified for each grade. Test procedures define how samples are taken and properties measured. Requirements cover ordering, dimensions, markings, inspections, certifications and other aspects of manufacturing the steel sheets according to this specification.
Zhejiang Dewei Stainless Steel Pipe Industry CO., Ltd is one of the largest manufacturer of welded pipe and tube (stainless steel, Duplex, Super Duplex, Nickel Alloys, Copper-NIckel Alloys) in east China. www.deweigroup.cn Contact: Simon Zhang Mobile/Whatsapp:+86 13586303108 Tel/Fax:+86 (0)573 89979557 / +86 (0)573 82219767 Email:youngadm@126.com
This document outlines specifications for nine classes of carbon steel billets, blooms, slabs, and bars intended for forgings. It specifies requirements for chemical composition, mechanical properties, dimensional tolerances, freedom from defects, sampling procedures, and testing methods. The standard aims to ensure the materials meet the needs of users for various forgings applications.
This document outlines specifications for carbon and alloy steel forgings used in high-pressure transmission piping systems. It describes the intended scope and grades of materials covered, as well as general requirements regarding chemical composition, mechanical properties, manufacturing processes, inspections, markings and certifications. Several steel grades with minimum yield strengths ranging from 42 to 70 ksi are defined based on their required tensile strength and elongation properties. The specification references other ASTM and industry standards for dimensional and chemical requirements and provides supplementary criteria that can be specified for special applications.
This specification covers two grades of steel rivets and bars used to manufacture the rivets for boilers and pressure vessels. Grade A bars have a minimum yield point of 23,000 psi with no carbon content controls, while Grade B bars have a minimum yield point of 29,000 psi with a maximum carbon content of 0.28%. The specification defines chemical composition requirements, mechanical properties for bending and tensile tests, permissible variations in dimensions for rivets and bars, inspection methods, certification processes, and other testing details.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
2. TABLE 1 Chemical Composition Requirements
Property
Class
Nominal Product
Diameter, mm
Material and Treatment
Product Analysis Element (% by weight) Tempering
Temperature, °C
C Mn B P S
Min Max Min Min Max Max Min
4.6 M5–M100 low or medium carbon steel . . . 0.55 . . . . . . 0.048 0.058 . . .
4.8 M1.6–M16 low or medium carbon steel, partially or fully annealed as required . . . 0.55 . . . . . . 0.048 0.058 . . .
5.8 M5–M24 low or medium carbon steel, cold worked 0.13 0.55 . . . . . . 0.048 0.058A
. . .
8.8 M20–M80 medium carbon steel, product is quenched and temperedB
0.25 0.55 . . . . . . 0.048 0.058C
425
8.8 M20–M36 low carbon martensite steel, product is quenched and temperedD
0.15 0.40 0.74 0.0005 0.048 0.058 425
8.8.3 M20–M36 atmospheric corrosion resistant steel, product is quenched and
tempered
see Table 2 425
9.8 M1.6–M16 medium carbon steel, product is quenched and tempered 0.25 0.55 . . . . . . 0.048 0.058 425
9.8 M1.6–M16 low carbon martensite steel, product is quenched and temperedD
0.15 0.40 0.74 0.0005 0.048 0.058 425
10.9 M5–M20 medium carbon steel, product is quenched and temperedE,F
0.25 0.55 . . . . . . 0.048 0.058 425
10.9 M5–M100 medium carbon alloy steel, product is quenched and temperedE
0.20 0.55 . . . . . . 0.040 0.045 425
10.9 M5–M36 low carbon martensite steel, product is quenched and temperedE,F
0.15 0.40 0.74 0.0005 0.048 0.058 340
10.9.3 M16–M36 atmospheric corrosion resistant steel, product is quenched and
temperedE
see Table 2 425
12.9 M1.6–M100 alloy steel, product is quenched and temperedE,G
0.31 0.65 . . . . . . 0.045 0.045 380
A
For studs only, sulfur content may be 0.33 %, max.
B
At the manufacturer’s option, medium-carbon-alloy steel may be used for nominal thread diameters over M24.
C
For studs only, sulfur content may be 0.13 %, max.
D
Products made using this material shall be specially identified as specified in Section 15.
E
Steel for Classes 10.9, 10.9.3, and 12.9 products shall be fine grain and have a hardenability that will achieve a structure of approximately 90 % martensite at the center
of a transverse section one diameter from the threaded end of the product after oil quenching.
F
Carbon steel may be used at the option of the manufacturer for products of nominal thread diameters M12 and smaller. When approved by the purchaser, carbon steel
may be used for products of diameters larger than M12 through M20, inclusive.
G
Alloy steel shall be used. Steel is considered to be alloy by the American Iron and Steel Institute when the maximum of the range given for the content of alloying
elements exceeds one or more of the following limits: manganese, 1.65 %; silicon, 0.60 %; copper, 0.60 %; or in which a definite range or a definite minimum quantity of
any of the following elements is specified or required within the limits of the recognized field of constructional alloy steels: aluminum, chromium up to 3.99 %, cobalt,
columbium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, or any other alloying elements added to obtain a desired alloying effect.
TABLE 2 Chemical Composition Requirements for Classes 8.8.3 and 10.9.3
Element Composition, %A
A B C D E F
Carbon:
Heat analysis
Product analysis
0.33–0.40
0.31–0.42
0.38–0.48
0.36–0.50
0.15–0.25
0.14–0.26
0.15–0.25
0.14–0.26
0.20–0.25
0.18–0.27
0.20–0.25
0.19–0.26
Manganese:
Heat analysis
Product analysis
0.90–1.20
0.86–1.24
0.70–0.90
0.67–0.93
0.80–1.35
0.76–1.39
0.40–1.20
0.36–1.24
0.60–1.00
0.56–1.04
0.90–1.20
0.86–1.24
Phosphorus:
Heat analysis
Product analysis
0.040 max
0.045 max
0.06–0.12
0.06–0.125
0.035 max
0.040 max
0.040 max
0.045 max
0.040 max
0.045 max
0.040 max
0.045 max
Sulfur:
Heat analysis
Product analysis
0.050 max
0.055 max
0.050 max
0.055 max
0.040 max
0.045 max
0.050 max
0.055 max
0.040 max
0.045 max
0.040 max
0.045 max
Silicon:
Heat analysis
Product analysis
0.15–0.35
0.13–0.37
0.30–0.50
0.25–0.55
0.15–0.35
0.13–0.37
0.25–0.50
0.20–0.55
0.15–0.35
0.13–0.37
0.15–0.35
0.13–0.37
Copper:
Heat analysis
Product analysis
0.25–0.45
0.22–0.48
0.20–0.40
0.17–0.43
0.20–0.50
0.17–0.53
0.30–0.50
0.27–0.53
0.30–0.60
0.27–0.63
0.20–0.40
0.17–0.43
Nickel:
Heat analysis
Product analysis
0.25–0.45
0.22–0.48
0.50–0.80
0.47–0.83
0.25–0.50
0.22–0.53
0.50–0.80
0.47–0.83
0.30–0.60
0.27–0.63
0.20–0.40
0.17–0.43
Chromium:
Heat analysis
Product analysis
0.45–0.65
0.42–0.68
0.50–0.75
0.47–0.83
0.30–0.50
0.27–0.53
0.50–1.00
0.45–1.05
0.60–0.90
0.55–0.95
0.45–0.65
0.42–0.68
Vanadium:
Heat analysis
Product analysis
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
0.020 min
0.010 min
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
Molybdenum:
Heat analysis
Product analysis
. . .
. . .
0.06 max
0.07 max
. . .
. . .
0.10 max
0.11 max
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
Titanium:
Heat analysis
Product analysis
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
0.05 max
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
A
A, B, C, D, E, and F are types of material used for Property Classes 8.8.3 and 10.9.3 bolts, screws, and studs. Selection of a composition shall be at the option of
the product manufacturer except that sizes M20 and larger shall conform to Composition A or B only.
F 568M – 04
2
3. A 588/A 588M Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy
Structural Steel with 50 ksi [345 MPa] Minimum Yield
Point to 4-in. [100-mm] Thick
A 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for
Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
B 695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically
Deposited on Iron and Steel
D 3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
F 606 Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Prop-
erties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,
Washers, and Rivets
F 606M Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical
Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,
Washers, and Rivets [Metric]
F 788/F 788M Specification for Surface Discontinuities of
Bolts, Screws, and Studs, Inch and Metric Series
F 1470 Guide for Fastener Sampling for Specified Mechani-
cal Properties and Performance Requirements
G 101 Guide for Estimating the Atmospheric Corrosion
Resistance of Low-Alloy Steels
2.2 ISO Standard:3
ISO 898-1, Mechanical Properties of Fasteners, Part I,
Bolts, Screws, and Studs
2.3 ASME Standards:3
B 18.2.3.1M Metric Hex Cap Screws
B 18.2.3.2M Metric Formed Hex Screws
B 18.2.3.3M Metric Heavy Hex Screws
B 18.2.3.4M Metric Hex Flange Screws
B 18.2.3.5M Metric Hex Bolts
B 18.2.3.6M Metric Heavy Hex Bolts
B 18.5.2.1M Metric Round Head Short Square Neck Bolts
B 18.5.2.2M Metric Round Head Square Neck Bolts
3. Ordering Information
3.1 Orders for products referencing this specification shall
include the following:
3.1.1 Quantity (number of pieces),
3.1.2 Name of product (that is, type and style of bolt, screw,
or stud),
3.1.3 Dimensions, including nominal thread diameter,
thread pitch, and length (see Section 7),
3.1.4 Property class,
3.1.5 Zinc Coating—Specify the zinc coating process re-
quired, for example, hot dip, mechanically deposited, or no
preference (see 4.5),
3.1.6 Other Finishes—Specify other protective finish, if
required,
3.1.7 ASTM designation and year of issue, and
3.1.8 Any special requirements (for example, mechanical
requirements, see Tables 3 and 4, or proof load testing, see
Tables 5 and 6; stud marking, see 15.2.3; additional testing, see
Section 9).
3.1.9 Test reports if required, see Section 14.
4. Materials and Manufacture
4.1 Steel for bolts, screws, and studs shall be made by the
open-hearth, basic-oxygen, or electric-furnace process.
4.2 Heading Practice:
4.2.1 Methods other than upsetting or extrusion, or both, are
permitted only by special agreement between purchaser and
producer.
4.2.2 Class 4.6 may be hot or cold headed at the option of
the manufacturer.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
TABLE 3 Mechanical Requirements for Bolts, Screws, and Studs
Property
Class
Nominal
Diameter of
Product
Full Size Bolts, Screws, and Studs Machined Test Specimens of Bolts, Screws,
and Studs
Surface
Hardness
Product Hardness
Proof LoadA
Tensile
Strength,
MPaA
Yield
Strength,
MPaB
Tensile
Strength,
MPa
Elonga-
tion, %
Reduction
of
Area, %
Rockwell
30N
Rockwell Vickers
Length
Measurement
Method,
MPa
Yield
Strength
Method,
MPa
Min Min Min Min Min Max Min Max Min Max
4.6 M5–M100 225 240 400 240C
400 22 35 . . . B67 B95 120 220
4.8 M1.6–M16 310 340 420 340 420 14 35 . . . B71 B95 130 220
5.8 M5–M24D
380 420 520 420 520 10 35 . . . B82 B95 160 220
8.8 M20–M80 600 660 830 660 830 12 35 53 C23 C34 255 336
8.8.3 M20–M36 600 660 830 660 830 12 35 53 C23 C34 255 336
9.8 M1.6–M16 650 720 900 720 900 10 35 56 C27 C36 280 360
10.9 M5–M100 830 940 1040 940 1040 9 35 59 C33 C39 327 382
10.9.3 M16–M36 830 940 1040 940 1040 9 35 59 C33 C39 327 382
12.9E
M1.6–M100 970 1100 1220 1100 1220 8 35 63 C38 C44 372 434
A
Proof load and tensile strength values for full size products of each property class are given in Table 5.
B
Yield strength is stress at which a permanent set of 0.2 % of gage length occurs.
C
Yield point shall apply instead of yield strength at 0.2 % offset for Class 4.6 products.
D
Class 5.8 applies only to bolts and screws with lengths 150 mm and shorter and to studs of all lengths.
E
Caution is advised when considering the use of Class 12.9 bolts, screws, and studs. Capability of the bolt manufacturer, as well as the anticipated in-use environment,
should be considered. High-strength products of Class 12.9 require rigid control of heat-treating operations and careful monitoring of as-quenched hardness, surface
discontinuities, depth of partial decarburization, and freedom from carburization. Some environments may cause stress corrosion cracking of nonplated as well as
electroplated products.
F 568M – 04
3
4. 4.2.3 Classes 4.8, 5.8, 8.8, 8.8.3, 9.8, 10.9, 10.9.3, and 12.9
bolts and screws in nominal thread diameters up to M20
inclusive with lengths up to ten times the nominal product size
or 150 mm, whichever is shorter, shall be cold headed, except
that they may be hot headed by special agreement with the
purchaser. Larger diameters and longer lengths may be cold or
hot headed at the option of the manufacturer.
4.3 Threading Practice:
4.3.1 Threads on Class 4.6 bolts and screws and on all
classes of studs may be cut, rolled, or ground at the option of
the manufacturer.
4.3.2 Threads on Classes 4.8, 5.8, 8.8, 8.8.3, 9.8, 10.9,
10.9.3, and 12.9 bolts and screws in nominal thread diameters
up to M20 inclusive, and product lengths up to 150 mm
inclusive, shall be roll threaded, except by special agreement
with the purchaser. Threads of these classes on bolts and
screws larger than M20 or longer than 150 mm or both, may be
rolled, cut, or ground at the option of the manufacturer.
4.4 Heat Treatment:
4.4.1 Class 4.6 bolts and screws and Classes 4.6, 4.8, and
5.8 studs need not be heat treated.
4.4.2 Classes 4.8 and 5.8 bolts and screws shall be stress
relieved if necessary to assure the soundness of the head to
shank junction. When stress relieving is specified by the
purchaser, Class 5.8 bolts and screws shall be stress relieved at
a minimum stress-relief temperature of 470°C. Where higher
stress-relief temperatures are necessary to relieve stresses in
severely upset heads, mechanical requirements shall be agreed
upon between the purchaser and producer.
4.4.3 Classes 8.8, 8.8.3, and 9.8 bolts, screws, and studs
shall be heat treated by quenching in a liquid medium from
above the transformation temperature and reheating to the
tempering temperature given in Table 1.
4.4.4 Classes 10.9, 10.9.3, and 12.9 bolts, screws, and studs
shall be heat treated by quenching in oil from above the
transformation temperature and reheating to the tempering
temperature given in Table 1.
TABLE 4 Mechanical Testing Requirements for Bolts, Screws, and Studs A
F 568M – 04
4
6. 4.4.5 Tempering-Temperature-Audit Test— This test is a
means for checking whether products were tempered at the
specified temperature. The hardness (mean hardness of three
hardness readings) of a bolt, screw, or stud as manufactured
shall be measured. The product shall then be retempered for a
minimum of 30 min per 25 mm of nominal diameter, but not
less than 30 min, at a temperature 10°C less than the minimum
tempering temperature specified for the property class and
material in Table 1. The hardness of the retempered product
shall then be measured. The difference between the hardness of
the product before and after retempering shall not exceed 20
HV points.
4.5 Zinc Coatings, Hot-Dip, and Mechanically Deposited:
4.5.1 When zinc-coated fasteners are required, the pur-
chaser shall specify the zinc coating process, for example, hot
dip, mechanically deposited, or no preference.
4.5.2 When hot-dip is specified, the fasteners shall be zinc
coated by the hot-dip process in accordance with the require-
ments of Class C of Specification A 153/A 153M.
4.5.3 When mechanically deposited is specified, the fasten-
ers shall be zinc coated by the mechanical deposition process
in accordance with the requirements of Class 50 of Specifica-
tion B 695.
4.5.4 When no preference is specified, the supplier may
furnish either a hot dip zinc coating in accordance with
Specification A 153/A 153M, Class C, or a mechanically
deposited zinc coating in accordance with Specification B 695,
Class 50. All components of mating fasteners (for example,
bolts, nuts, and washers) shall be coated by the same zinc
coating process, and the suppliers option is limited to one
process per item with no mixed processes in a lot.
4.6 Bolts, screws, and studs of Classes 10.9 and 12.9 should
not be hot-dip zinc-coated.
NOTE 1—Research conducted on bolts with properties equivalent to
Class 10.9 indicated that hydrogen-stress corrosion cracking may occur in
hot-dip zinc-coated fasteners of Classes 10.9 and 12.9.
5. Chemical Composition
5.1 For all classes except 8.8.3 and 10.9.3, the bolts, screws,
and studs shall conform to the chemical composition specified
in Table 1.
5.2 Classes 8.8.3 and 10.9.3:
5.2.1 Sizes M20 and smaller shall conform to any one of the
compositions (A, B, C, D, E, or F) specified in Table 2, at the
suppliers option.
5.2.2 Sizes larger than M20 shall conform to Compositions
A or B specified in Table 2, at the suppliers option.
5.2.3 See Guide G 101 for methods of estimation corrosion
resistance of low alloy steels.
5.3 Material analyses may be made by the purchaser from
finished products representing each lot. The chemical compo-
sition thus determined shall conform to the requirements
specified for the product analysis in Table 1 and Table 2.
5.4 Use of heats of steel to which bismuth, selenium,
tellurium, or lead has been intentionally added shall not be
permitted.
5.5 Chemical analyses shall be performed in accordance
with Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A 751.
6. Mechanical Properties
6.1 Bolts, screws, and studs shall be tested in accordance
with the mechanical testing requirements for the applicable
type, property class, size, and length of product as specified in
Table 4, and shall meet the mechanical requirements specified
for that product in Tables 3-5.
6.2 For products on which both hardness and tension tests
are performed, acceptance based on tensile requirements shall
take precedence over low readings of hardness tests.
7. Dimensions
7.1 The dimensions shall be in accordance with the appli-
cable ASME standard below, as specified by the purchaser on
the purchase order.
7.1.1 B18.2.3.1M Metric Hex Cap Screws,
7.1.2 B18.2.3.2M Metric Formed Hex Screws,
7.1.3 B18.2.3.3M Metric Heavy Hex Screws,
7.1.4 B18.2.3.4M Metric Hex Flange Screws,
7.1.5 B18.2.3.5M Metric Hex Bolts,
7.1.6 B18.2.3.6M Metric Heavy Hex Bolts,
7.1.7 B18.5.2.1M Metric Round Head Short Square Neck
Bolts, and
7.1.8 B18.5.2.2M Metric Round Head Square Neck Bolts.
TABLE 6 Tension Test Wedge Angle
Product Property Class Nominal Product
Diameter, (D)
Wedge Angle,°
Hex bolts and screws threaded 1D or closer to underside of head 4.6, 4.8, 5.8 through M24 10
over M24 6
8.8, 8.8.3, 9.8, 10.9, 10.9.3 through M20 6
over M20 4
Hex bolts and screws with unthreaded length greater than 1D 4.6, 4.8, 5.8, 8.8, 8.8.3, 9.8, 10.9, 10.9.3 through M24 10
over M24 6
Hex bolts and screws threaded 2D or closer to underside of head 12.9 all 4
Hex bolts and screws with unthreaded length greater than 2D 12.9 through M20 6
over M20 4
Hex flange screws 5.8, 9.8, 10.9 all 6
Studs all through M20 6
over M20 4
F 568M – 04
6
7. 8. Workmanship
8.1 Surface discontinuity limits shall be in accordance with
Specification F 788/F 788M.
9. Number of Tests
9.1 Testing Responsibility:
9.1.1 Each lot shall be tested by the manufacturer prior to
shipment in accordance with the production lot identification-
control quality assurance plan in 9.2-9.5.
9.1.2 When fasteners are furnished by a source other than
the manufacturer, the responsible party, as defined in 12.1 shall
be responsible for ensuring that all tests have been performed
and the fasteners comply with the requirements of this speci-
fication.
9.2 Purpose of Lot Inspection—The purpose of a lot inspec-
tion program is to ensure that each lot conforms to the
requirements of this specification. For such a plan to be fully
effective, it is essential that secondary processors, distributors,
and purchasers maintain the identification and integrity of each
lot until the product is installed.
9.3 Lot Processing—All fasteners shall be processed in
accordance with a lot identification-control quality assurance
plan. The manufacturer, secondary processors, and distributors
shall identify and maintain the integrity of each lot of fasteners
from raw material selection through all processing operations
and treatments to final packing and shipment. Each lot shall be
assigned its own lot identification number, each lot shall be
tested, and the inspection test reports for each lot shall be
retained.
9.4 Lot Definition:
9.4.1 Standard Lot—A lot shall be a quantity of uniquely
identified fastener product of the same nominal size and length
produced consecutively at the initial operations from a single
mill heat of material and heat treatment lot and processed at
one time by the same process in the same manner so that
statistical sampling is valid. The identity of the lot and lot
integrity shall be maintained throughout all subsequent opera-
tions and packaging.
9.4.2 Lots of 2000 Pieces or Fewer—Orders for 2000 pieces
or fewer of the same nominal diameter but varying in length
that has been processed essentially under the same conditions
from the same mill heat of material and submitted for inspec-
tion at one time are considered a lot for purposes of preparing
a single test report.
9.5 Number of Tests—The minimum number of tests from
each lot for the tests specified below shall be as follows:
Tests Number of Tests in Accordance With
Hardness and Tensile Strength Guide F 1470
Proof LoadA
Guide F 1470
Coating Weight/Thickness The referenced coating specificationB
Surface Discontinuities Guide F 1470
A
Proof load tests required only when specified on the original inquiry and
purchase order. See Table 4.
B
Use Guide F 1470 if the coating specification does not specify a testing
frequency.
10. Test Methods
10.1 Bolts, screws, and studs shall be tested in accordance
with the methods described in Test Methods F 606M, with
tension test wedge angles as specified in Table 6.
11. Inspection
11.1 If the inspection described in 11.2 is required by the
purchaser, it shall be specified in the inquiry, order, or contract.
11.2 The inspector representing the purchaser shall have
free entry to all parts of the manufacturer’s works that concern
the manufacture of the material ordered. The manufacturer
shall afford the inspector all reasonable facilities to satisfy the
inspector that the material is being furnished in accordance
with this specification. All tests and inspection shall be made
prior to shipment, and shall be so conducted as not to interfere
unnecessarily with the operation of the work.
12. Responsibility
12.1 The party responsible for the fastener shall be the
organization that supplies the fastener to the purchaser.
13. Rejection and Rehearing
13.1 Disposition of nonconforming material shall be in
accordance with Guide F 1470 section titled “Disposition of
Nonconforming Lots.”
14. Certification
14.1 When specified on the purchase order, the manufac-
turer or supplier, whichever is the responsible party in accor-
dance with Section 12, shall furnish the purchaser a test report
that includes the following:
14.1.1 Product description, grade, quantity, ASTM specifi-
cation number, and issue date;
14.1.2 Heat analysis and heat number;
14.1.3 Results of the hardness and tensile tests;
14.1.4 Statement of compliance with protective coating
specification;
14.1.5 Statement of compliance with the surface disconti-
nuity requirements of Specification F 788/F 788M;
14.1.6 Statement of compliance with dimensional and
thread fit specifications;
14.1.7 Report, describe, or illustrate manufacturer mark-
ings;
14.1.8 Lot number, purchase order number, and date
shipped;
14.1.9 Complete mailing address of responsible party; and
14.1.10 Title and signature of the individual assigned certi-
fication responsibility by the company officers.
14.2 Failure to include all the required information on the
test report shall be cause for rejection.
15. Product Marking
15.1 Bolts and Screws:
15.1.1 Bolts and screws of nominal thread diameters
smaller than M5 need not be marked. Additionally, slotted and
recessed screws of nominal thread diameters M5 and larger
need not be marked.
15.1.2 Bolts and screws, except those covered in 15.1.1,
shall be marked permanently and clearly to identify the
property class and the manufacturer. The property class sym-
bols shall be as given in Table 7. The manufacturer’s identifi-
cation symbol shall be of his design.
F 568M – 04
7
8. 15.1.3 For Classes 8.8.3 and 10.9.3, the manufacturer may
add other distinguishing marks indicating that the bolt or screw
is atmospheric corrosion resistant and of a weathering grade of
steel.
15.1.4 Markings shall be located on the top of the head with
the base of the property class symbols positioned toward the
closest periphery of the head. Markings may be either raised or
depressed at the option of the manufacturer. Alternatively, for
hex head products, the markings may be indented on the side
of the head with the base of the property class symbols
positioned toward the bearing surface.
15.1.5 Metric bolts and screws shall not be marked with
radial line symbols.
15.2 Studs:
15.2.1 Studs shall be marked permanently and clearly to
identify the property class. The property class symbols and
sizes to be marked shall be as given in Table 7.
15.2.2 Markings shall be located on the extreme end of the
stud and may be raised or depressed at the option of the
manufacturer. For studs with an interference-fit thread, the
markings shall be located on the nut end.
15.2.3 When ordered by the purchaser, studs shall be
marked on both ends.
16. Packaging and Package Marking
16.1 Packaging:
16.1.1 Unless otherwise specified, packaging shall be in
accordance with Practice D 3951.
16.1.2 When special packaging requirements are required,
they shall be defined at the time of the inquiry and order.
16.2 Package Marking:
16.2.1 Each shipping unit shall include or be plainly marked
with the following information:
16.2.1.1 ASTM designation and type,
16.2.1.2 Size,
16.2.1.3 Name and brand or trademark of the manufacturer,
16.2.1.4 Number of pieces,
16.2.1.5 Purchase order number, and
16.2.1.6 Country of origin.
17. Keywords
17.1 alloy steel; bolts; carbon steel; metric; screws; steel;
structural; weathering steel
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. CONVERSION GUIDANCE
X1.1 For guidance purposes only, to assist designers and
purchasers in the selection of a property class, the following
conversion guidance is provided:
X1.1.1 Class 4.6 mechanical properties are approximately
equivalent to those of Specification A 307, Grade A.
X1.1.2 Class 8.8 mechanical properties are approximately
equivalent to those of Specification A 449, and Specification
A 325, Types 1 and 2.
X1.1.3 Class 8.8.3 mechanical properties are approximately
equivalent to those of Specification A 325, Type 3.
X1.1.4 Class 9.8 mechanical properties are approximately
9 % higher than those of Specification A 449.
X1.1.5 Class 10.9 mechanical properties are approximately
equivalent to those of Specification A 354, Grade BD and
Specification A 490, Types 1 and 2.
X1.1.6 Class 10.9.3 mechanical properties are approxi-
mately equivalent to those of Specification A 490, Type 3.
X1.1.7 Class 12.9 mechanical properties are approximately
equal to those of Specification A 574.
X1.2 Class 9.8 is applicable to fasteners of nominal thread
diameters M16 and smaller; Class 8.8 is applicable to fasteners
larger than M16, except for Specification A 325M bolts where
M16 and larger bolt diameters are Class 8.8.
TABLE 7 Property Class Identification Symbols
Property Class
Identification Symbol
Specification
A 325M
Bolts
Specification
A 490M
Bolts
Other Bolts
and Screws
Studs
M4
and
Smaller
M5 to
M10
incl.
M12
and
Larger
4.6 A A
4.6 A A
4.6
4.8 A A
4.8 A A
4.8
5.8 A A
5.8 A A
5.8
8.8B
8S A
8.8 A A
8.8
8.8.3 8S3 A
8.8.3 A A
8.8.3
9.8B A A
9.8 A
+ 9.8
10.9B A
10S 10.9 A
h 10.9
10.9.3 A
10S3 10.9.3 A A
10.9.3
12.9 A A
12.9 A
D 12.9
A
Not applicable.
B
Products made of low-carbon martensite steel shall be additionally marked by
underlining the property class symbol.
F 568M – 04
8
9. X2. SIGNIFICANCE OF PROPERTY CLASS DESIGNATION
X2.1 Property classes are designated by numbers where
increasing numbers generally represent increasing tensile
strengths. The designation symbol has the following signifi-
cance:
X2.1.1 The one or two numerals preceding the first decimal
point approximates 1⁄100 of the minimum tensile strength in
MPa.
X2.1.2 The numeral following the first decimal point ap-
proximates 1⁄10 of the ratio, expressed as a percentage, between
minimum yield stress and minimum tensile strength.
X2.1.3 The numeral 3, following the second decimal point,
is an indicator that the material has atmospheric corrosion
resistance and weathering characteristics comparable to steels
covered in Specification A 588/A 588M.
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee F16 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue,
F 568M – 02, that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Aug. 1, 2004.)
(1) Revised Section 12, Responsibility. (2) Added Section 7, Dimensions.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org).
F 568M – 04
9