Chapter 1 introduction to radio communication systems

Dr. Cuong HuynhTelecommunications DepartmentHCMUT 1
Huynh Phu Minh Cuong
hpmcuong@hcmut.edu.vn
Department of Telecommunications
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS
Chapter 1
Introduction to RF Communication Systems
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS FOR COMMUNICATIONS

Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications DepartmentHCMUT
Comm.
Engineering
Comm.
Network
Signal
processing
RF/Microwave
Engineering
& Integrated
Circuits
Telecommunications Engineering
-an introduction-

Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications DepartmentHCMUT
Radar Systems
Thiết kế, chế tạo các mạch, thành phần
và hệ thống siêu cao tần cho các hệ
thống viễn thông vô tuyến và Radar.
 Vi mạch siêu cao tần
 Mạch và hệ thống siêu cao tần
 Anten và truyền sóng
Comm. Systems

Dr. Cuong HuynhTelecommunications DepartmentHCMUT
1.1 Wireless Communication Systems
 A system allows the communication of information between two points using Radio
Waves.
 Radio waves are generated (then propagate) and received by antenna.
 The word radio refers to techniques that are used in transmitting and receiving information
or power in the atmosphere or free space, or in transmission lines utilizing electromagnetic
waves—so-called radio waves.
Radio Waves = Electromagnetic waves = Radio Frequency (RF) signal
 Radio waves propagate in a vacuum with the speed of light, c = 3.108 m/s.
 Each radio wave is characterized by magnitude (power), frequency and phase.
 The frequency of a radio wave is f , then the wavelength is = c /f.
 The radio waves are classified based on their frequencies or applications.
 The field of RF engineering generally covers the behavior of RF signals with frequencies
in range of 300 KHz to 300 GHz.
 RF signals : 300 KHz to 300 GHz  Wave length: 1 Km – 1mm
 Microwave signals: 0.3 GHz – 300 GHz  Wave length: 1 m – 10mm
 Millimeter-wave signals: 30 GHz – 300 GHz  Wave length: 10 mm – 1mm

ISM: Industrial, scientific and medical
DBS: Direct broadcast satellite
1.2 Frequency Spectrum
 The radio waves are classified based on their frequencies or applications.

Major Worldwide Cellular and PCS Telephone Systems
1.3 Wireless communication systems

Cellular Communication System

 A typical communication system can be partitioned into a transmitter, a channel,
and a receiver.
 In this course we will study the circuits that interface from the channel to the
receiver/transmitter. These circuits are at the “front-end'” of the transceiver and
operate at high frequency : TX Front-End and RX Front-End
Transmitter
Front-End
Receiver
Front-End
TX
RX
TX
1.3 Wireless communication systems

TX: Drive antenna with
high power level
RX: Sense small signal
(amplify with low noise)
Generic RF Transceiver
Modulation refers to
a process of turning
information into
(electrical) signals
which are suitable
for transmission.

Generic RF Transceiver
 Signals are upconverted/downconverted at TX/RX, by an oscillator controlled by a
Frequency Synthesizer

A cell phone

Block diagram of the CC1020 IC – Texas Instrument

2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee-ready RF Transceiver

1.4 Fabrication Technologies for RF Circuits
Microwave/RF Integrated Circuits (MIC’s) consist of three
types of circuit elements:
– Distributed transmission lines (microstrip, strip, etc.)
– Lumped elements (R, L and C)
– Solid state/Semiconductor devices (FETs, BJTs, diodes, etc.)
Microwave integrated circuits (MICs) Technologies replace
bulky and expensive waveguide and coaxial components with small
and inexpensive planar components for smaller size, lighter weight,
lower power requirements, lower cost, and increased complexity.
MICs can be fabricated in forms of HMIC and MMIC/RFIC
Hybrid MICs
MIC
MMIC/RFIC
Hybrid Microwave Integrated Circuits
Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits
Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits

 Hybrid Microwave Integrated Circuits (HMICs): where
solid state devices and passive elements (both lumped and
distributed) are bonded to its dielectric substrate.
 Single/multiple-level metallization for conductors &
transmissionl ines with discrete circuit elements (such as
transistors, inductors, capacitors, etc.) bonded to the substrate

 Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMICs): is a
type of circuit in which all active and passive elements as well as
transmission lines are integrated into a bulk or onto the surface of a
substance by some special processes such as: deposition, epitaxy,
ion implantation, sputtering, evaporation, diffusion.

Hybrid MICs MMIC/RFIC
Designed by
Cuong Huynh

 Hybrid versus Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits:
MMIC/RFIC has advantages over HMIC for Cost, Size and weight,
Design flexibility, Broadband performance, Reproducibility, Reliability.
 RF/MW MMIC circuits are important as :
• The trend in advanced microwave electronic systems is toward
increasing integration, reliability, and volume of production with lower
costs.
• The new millimeter-wave circuit applications demand the effects of
bond-wire parasitics to be minimized and use of discrete elements to be
avoided.
• New developments in military, commercial and consumer markets
demand a new approach for mass production and for multi-octave
bandwidth response in circuits.

 The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect
transistor (MOSFET) was first patented
by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925, well before
the invention of BJT.
 Due to the fabrication limitation, MOSFET
has not been used until the early years of 1960s.
 CMOS (Complementary MOS p- and n-type
device) was patented by Frank Wanlass in 1967,
initiating a revolution in the semiconductor
industry.
 CMOS initially dominates in the digital
circuit/systems while others for analog.
 Why CMOS now ? Low cost, high integration
and solution for SOC.
Technology
CMOS RFIC

CMOS Technology
 CMOS Transistors
 Interconnect
 Diodes
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Inductors
 Bipolar Transistors

CMOS Technology Intel 45 nm CMOS Process

 Wireless communications, radar and sensing systems play a very important role in our
information-age society in many areas.
 Wireless handheld devices become smaller, cheaper, and more complicated with multiple
functions, making the life of each individual more and more convenient.
 Integrated circuit (IC) is the only technology used to implement the modern electronic devices
and mainly drives the development of the wireless communication and sensing systems.
 Many new applications are emerging.
Cuong Huynh  Ph.D

What are Integrated Circuits ?
 All circuit components including transistors, diode, R, L, C, interconnect, TL, . . . . are implemented
on a semiconductor substrate.
Discrete Circuits (5cm x 5cm) Integrated Circuits (5mmx5mm)
Chip
Why Integrated ?
 Smaller size, reduced cost, increased performance.
 Motivate creativities for new circuits and applications.

 The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect
transistor (MOSFET) was first patented by Julius
Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925, well before the invention
of BJT.
 Due to the fabrication limitation, MOSFET has
not been used until the early years of 1960s.
 CMOS (Complementary MOS p- and n-type
device) was patented by Frank Wanlass in 1967,
initiating a revolution in the semiconductor
industry.
 CMOS initially dominates in the digital
circuit/systems while others for analog.
 Why CMOS now ? Low cost, high integration and
solution for SOC.
 Idea of integration was in the late 1950’s.
 Prediction of Gordon Moore (one of Intel
founders): the number of transistors on
integrated circuits doubles approximately every
two years.
Cuong Huynh  Ph.D

Dr. Cuong HuynhTelecommunications DepartmentHCMUTRadar Systems
Comm. Systems

PLL
LNA
PA
T/R
Switch
ADC
DAC
VGA
RF/Analog IC
BaseBandIC
CPU,DSP,Mem..
SPI
LNA
PA
T/R
Switch
VGARX Mixer
ADC
DAC
TX Mixer VGA
SPI
RF Analog
.

 A modern wireless system/device consists of Digital
(Baseband), Analog and RF sub-systems.
 Building these systems completely in single chips working in RF
and Microwave frequencies has been a reality.
 RF CMOS Technology: low-cost, small-size and high-integration
for single-chip solutions.
 Many applications have been developed in many countries in
the world.
(Wifi, WiMax, UWB, mobile (GSM, WCDMA, LTE), cordless phones, RFID,
ZigBee, Bluetooth, TV set top box, sensing and radar)

Introduction to CMOS RFIC Design

Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits: RFIC

Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits for Communications

Concept and Principles of mobile communication systems
 A significant application of RF techniques.
Establish connection between two users (voise, data,
multimedia)
Allow users moving.
Locate users
Mobile Communications

Mobile communication principles
MSC
MSC: Mobile Switching Center

Initial Design
Using one BTS (Base
Transceiver Station) with
high power to cover a
wide area.
 Limited users due to
limited frequency
resources.
 How to increase
system capability ?

Frequency Reuse – Cellular Network
 Reuse frequencies to increase
system capability and reduce spectral
congestion.
 Replaces single high power
transmitter (Large cell) with many
low power transmitters (Small cells),
each providing coverage to only a
small portion of the service area
 Cellular network
 Each cellular base station is
allocated a group of radio channels.
Frequency Reuse
 Base stations in adjacent cells are assigned channel groups which contain completely
different channels than neighboring cells.
 The same frequency groups can be reused at different cells which are located far enough.

Cluster : Group of cell having
different frequencies.
 All available frequencies of
system are assigned to all cell in a
cluster.
 N: cluster size = number of cell
in cluster.

 Cluster distribution
 Co-channel cells are far away enough

Forward Control Channel (FCC)  Reverse Control Channel (RCC)
 Forward Voice Channel (FVC)  Reverse Voice Channel (RVC)

MSC
Handover: In cellular communications, the term handover or handoff refers to the
process of transferring an ongoing call or data session from one channel/cell to
another channel on another cell to avoid call termination.

ESN (Electronic Serial Number), MIN Mobile Identification Number

48

49
Concept of Band and Channel

Frequency Spectrum

51
Overview of Wireless Standards

52

53

54

55

Chapter 1 introduction to radio communication systems

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