The document discusses an experiment that tested the effect of Terminalia superba root on ovulation in gravid female catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Four treatments with different concentrations of T. superba root (0g/kg, 50g/kg, 100g/kg, 150g/kg) were tested with three replicates each. The results showed that T. superba root had a positive effect on decreasing the latency period of ovulation. The treated fish also had higher fecundity counts compared to the control. The plant was found to contain various medicinal compounds that could explain its effects on the fish.
Phytochemical screening and proximate composition of the sea grasses Enhalus ...Innspub Net
Knowledge of the chemical composition of seagrass is important both for the assessment of the nutritional value of marine invertebrate or vertebrate herbivores and for the evaluation of potential sources of protein, carbohydrates, and lipids for commercial use or for possible human consumption. While phytochemical screening provides basic information about the medicinal importance of the plant extract and are lead compound for drug discoveries. Proximate composition and phytochemical analyses were determined on the seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii using standard methods on a dry basis. The result of the proximate composition showed that Enhalus acoroides contained 9.35% crude protein, 0.07% crude lipid, 54.94% carbohydrate contents and 35.64% ash. While Thalassia hemprichii contained 14.98% crude protein, 0.17% crude lipid, 52.87% carbohydrate contents and 31.98% ash. The phytochemicals detected in the methanolic extracts of Enhalus acoroides were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, and steroids. While for Thalassia hemprichii were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, triterpenoids and steroids. The results indicate that seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii are good potential sources of highly nutritious feed stuff and the different active secondary metabolites along with significant bioactive potential might be helpful for the future pharmaceutical applications.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Twenty two genotypes of quality protein maize (QPM) and two local checks were assessed for their lysine and tryptophan levels, as well as grain yield characteristics at the Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority station, Oke-Oyi, Ilorin, Nigeria for three years (2009-2011). The results showed that the QPM genotypes and the standard checks varied from one another, with respect to crude protein, zein dry matter, zein crude, lysine and tryptophan. The best QPM hybrids for grain yield (Dada-ba, ART98-SW5-OB, ART98-SW4-OB and TZPB-OB had percentage lysine and tryptophan advantage of 34% compared with the local checks. These hybrids also out-yielded other genotypes with yield advantage of 10, 24 and 26% over the best inbred, open pollinated variety and the standard check respectively. However, grain yield showed positive association with all the characteristics except crude protein content. Kernel number per cob had maximum correlation with grain yield followed by kernel rows per cob, cob diameter and cob weight. The direct effect for crude protein was positive but the correlation was negative. Conclusively, the QPM hybrids that combined high yield with the essential amino acids could be tested in different savanna agro-ecologies to identify those that could be released to farmers, while the superior inbreds could be introgressed for further breeding programs.
Phytochemical screening and proximate composition of the sea grasses Enhalus ...Innspub Net
Knowledge of the chemical composition of seagrass is important both for the assessment of the nutritional value of marine invertebrate or vertebrate herbivores and for the evaluation of potential sources of protein, carbohydrates, and lipids for commercial use or for possible human consumption. While phytochemical screening provides basic information about the medicinal importance of the plant extract and are lead compound for drug discoveries. Proximate composition and phytochemical analyses were determined on the seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii using standard methods on a dry basis. The result of the proximate composition showed that Enhalus acoroides contained 9.35% crude protein, 0.07% crude lipid, 54.94% carbohydrate contents and 35.64% ash. While Thalassia hemprichii contained 14.98% crude protein, 0.17% crude lipid, 52.87% carbohydrate contents and 31.98% ash. The phytochemicals detected in the methanolic extracts of Enhalus acoroides were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, and steroids. While for Thalassia hemprichii were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, triterpenoids and steroids. The results indicate that seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii are good potential sources of highly nutritious feed stuff and the different active secondary metabolites along with significant bioactive potential might be helpful for the future pharmaceutical applications.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Twenty two genotypes of quality protein maize (QPM) and two local checks were assessed for their lysine and tryptophan levels, as well as grain yield characteristics at the Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority station, Oke-Oyi, Ilorin, Nigeria for three years (2009-2011). The results showed that the QPM genotypes and the standard checks varied from one another, with respect to crude protein, zein dry matter, zein crude, lysine and tryptophan. The best QPM hybrids for grain yield (Dada-ba, ART98-SW5-OB, ART98-SW4-OB and TZPB-OB had percentage lysine and tryptophan advantage of 34% compared with the local checks. These hybrids also out-yielded other genotypes with yield advantage of 10, 24 and 26% over the best inbred, open pollinated variety and the standard check respectively. However, grain yield showed positive association with all the characteristics except crude protein content. Kernel number per cob had maximum correlation with grain yield followed by kernel rows per cob, cob diameter and cob weight. The direct effect for crude protein was positive but the correlation was negative. Conclusively, the QPM hybrids that combined high yield with the essential amino acids could be tested in different savanna agro-ecologies to identify those that could be released to farmers, while the superior inbreds could be introgressed for further breeding programs.
Effect of Herbal Medicine Supplementations (Arsilvon Super, Bedgen40 and Hepa-cure Herbal Medicines) on Growth Performance, Immunity and Haematological Profile in Broilers
Advantages and Nutritional Value of Organic Food on Human Healthijtsrd
This paper deals with the nutritional value of organic food and advantages of organic food on human health. This paper makes special reference on health benefit of organic food and environmental benefit of organic food production. This paper concludes with some interesting findings. Dr. R. Gopalakrishnan ""Advantages and Nutritional Value of Organic Food on Human Health"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23661.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/23661/advantages-and-nutritional-value-of-organic-food-on-human-health/dr-r-gopalakrishnan
Pesticides toxicity assessment in occupational workers in Dir Lower, Khyber P...Innspub Net
Pesticides are chemical compounds used to control insects and weeds to enhance food and crops productivity. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of pesticides on health status of dealers and farmers in district Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Blood samples were collected from different groups viz: farmers, dealers (exposed to pesticides), and control (not exposed to pesticides) and the history was recorded on a questioner. For Blood Profiling and Serum Biomarkers analysis, Sysmex Kx-21 (Japan) and Shiamadzu Double Beam Spectrophotometer 1700 Pharma (Japan) were used. Upon pesticides exposure the blood cholesterol, Triglyceride, Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, Uric Acid, Total Lipid, Low density lipoprotein, High density lipoprotein, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration, Platelets and White Blood Cells count were increased in dealers and farmers as compared to control group. While, Hemoglobin, Red Blood Cells, hematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Volume, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin, Lymphocytes and Neutrophils counts decreased in farmers and dealers as compared to control. The present findings suggest that pesticides exposure adversely affect dealers and farmers health status by significantly altering their liver and kidney functions as well as blood biochemistry and hematology.
Study on Production Performance and Economic Benefits between Mixed-sex and M...Premier Publishers
The study was conducted to assess the comparison at the production performance and profitability between mixed-sex and mono-sex tilapia reared in cage culture. The experiment was carried out with two treatments and each was represented by six replicates for a period of 99 days in 12 cages each with the size of 1.5m3 (1.5m×1m×1m) situated in a pond. In the first treatment, six cages of mixed-sex tilapia and in the second treatment, 6 cages of mono-sex male tilapia were stocked. After 99 days of the culture period, mono-sex tilapia attained a significantly higher mean final weight of 189.67 gm ± 19.142 in comparison to mixed-sex tilapia which was 167.15 gm ± 13.297. However, there was no significant difference in food conversion ratio, specific growth rate, and survival rate between the treatments at the end of the study. The benefit-cost ratio was calculated as 1.47:1 and 1.59:1 for mixed-sex and mono-sex male tilapia respectively. The study revealed that there was no significant difference in individual weight, biomass, and the gross yield of tilapia between two treatments up to 72 days of the culture period. The comparative study suggested that within 2.5 months of the culture period, mixed-sex tilapia can be cultured successfully and could be used as an alternative source to the general people who usually avoid the consumption of hormone-treated fish.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
WHAT IS GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS,OBJECTIVES OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD ,GENETIC ENGINEERING,BENEFITS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS,EXISTING GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD,FDA SAFETY REQUIREMENTS,TOXICITY STANDARDS FOR GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS,ALLERGENICITY OF GM FOODS,SUBSTANTIAL EQUIVALENCE ,
Selective breeding in fish and conservation of genetic resources for aquacultureWorldFish
Invited presentation given by Dr Curtis Lind at the 17th International Congress on Animal Reproduction (ICAR), Vancouver, Canada, 31st July, 2012.
SUMMARY: To satisfy increasing demands for fish as food, progress must occur towards greater aquaculture productivity whilst retaining the wild and farmed genetic resources that underpin global fish production. We review the main selection methods that have been developed for genetic improvement in aquaculture, and discuss their virtues and shortcomings. Examples of the application of mass, cohort, within family, and combined between-family and within-family selection are given. In addition, we review the manner in which fish genetic resources can be lost at the intra-specific, species and ecosystem levels and discuss options to best prevent this. We illustrate that fundamental principles of genetic management are common in the implementation of both selective breeding and conservation programmes, and should be emphasized in capacity development efforts. We highlight the value of applied genetics approaches for increasing aquaculture productivity and the conservation of fish genetic resources.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02084.x/abstract
An integrated approach to assessing and improving meat and milk safety and nu...ILRI
Presentation by Tamsin Dewé, Kristina Roesel, Aklilu Fekele, Getachew Legese and Delia Grace at the First African Regional Conference of the International Association on Ecology and Health (Africa 2013 Ecohealth), Grand-Bassam, Côte d'Ivoire, 1-5 October 2013.
Genetically modified foods or GM foods, also known as genetically engineered foods, bioengineered foods, genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering.
EnduraCell, Australia manufactures health products that are made of 100% whole broccoli sprouts powder. These products are proven to release an abundant amount of sulforaphane glucosinolate that helps in preventing multiple diseases including cancer and liver problems. We advise you to make it your daily health supplement to help diagnose and treat illness.
Effect of Herbal Medicine Supplementations (Arsilvon Super, Bedgen40 and Hepa-cure Herbal Medicines) on Growth Performance, Immunity and Haematological Profile in Broilers
Advantages and Nutritional Value of Organic Food on Human Healthijtsrd
This paper deals with the nutritional value of organic food and advantages of organic food on human health. This paper makes special reference on health benefit of organic food and environmental benefit of organic food production. This paper concludes with some interesting findings. Dr. R. Gopalakrishnan ""Advantages and Nutritional Value of Organic Food on Human Health"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23661.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/23661/advantages-and-nutritional-value-of-organic-food-on-human-health/dr-r-gopalakrishnan
Pesticides toxicity assessment in occupational workers in Dir Lower, Khyber P...Innspub Net
Pesticides are chemical compounds used to control insects and weeds to enhance food and crops productivity. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of pesticides on health status of dealers and farmers in district Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Blood samples were collected from different groups viz: farmers, dealers (exposed to pesticides), and control (not exposed to pesticides) and the history was recorded on a questioner. For Blood Profiling and Serum Biomarkers analysis, Sysmex Kx-21 (Japan) and Shiamadzu Double Beam Spectrophotometer 1700 Pharma (Japan) were used. Upon pesticides exposure the blood cholesterol, Triglyceride, Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, Uric Acid, Total Lipid, Low density lipoprotein, High density lipoprotein, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration, Platelets and White Blood Cells count were increased in dealers and farmers as compared to control group. While, Hemoglobin, Red Blood Cells, hematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Volume, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin, Lymphocytes and Neutrophils counts decreased in farmers and dealers as compared to control. The present findings suggest that pesticides exposure adversely affect dealers and farmers health status by significantly altering their liver and kidney functions as well as blood biochemistry and hematology.
Study on Production Performance and Economic Benefits between Mixed-sex and M...Premier Publishers
The study was conducted to assess the comparison at the production performance and profitability between mixed-sex and mono-sex tilapia reared in cage culture. The experiment was carried out with two treatments and each was represented by six replicates for a period of 99 days in 12 cages each with the size of 1.5m3 (1.5m×1m×1m) situated in a pond. In the first treatment, six cages of mixed-sex tilapia and in the second treatment, 6 cages of mono-sex male tilapia were stocked. After 99 days of the culture period, mono-sex tilapia attained a significantly higher mean final weight of 189.67 gm ± 19.142 in comparison to mixed-sex tilapia which was 167.15 gm ± 13.297. However, there was no significant difference in food conversion ratio, specific growth rate, and survival rate between the treatments at the end of the study. The benefit-cost ratio was calculated as 1.47:1 and 1.59:1 for mixed-sex and mono-sex male tilapia respectively. The study revealed that there was no significant difference in individual weight, biomass, and the gross yield of tilapia between two treatments up to 72 days of the culture period. The comparative study suggested that within 2.5 months of the culture period, mixed-sex tilapia can be cultured successfully and could be used as an alternative source to the general people who usually avoid the consumption of hormone-treated fish.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
WHAT IS GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS,OBJECTIVES OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD ,GENETIC ENGINEERING,BENEFITS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS,EXISTING GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD,FDA SAFETY REQUIREMENTS,TOXICITY STANDARDS FOR GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS,ALLERGENICITY OF GM FOODS,SUBSTANTIAL EQUIVALENCE ,
Selective breeding in fish and conservation of genetic resources for aquacultureWorldFish
Invited presentation given by Dr Curtis Lind at the 17th International Congress on Animal Reproduction (ICAR), Vancouver, Canada, 31st July, 2012.
SUMMARY: To satisfy increasing demands for fish as food, progress must occur towards greater aquaculture productivity whilst retaining the wild and farmed genetic resources that underpin global fish production. We review the main selection methods that have been developed for genetic improvement in aquaculture, and discuss their virtues and shortcomings. Examples of the application of mass, cohort, within family, and combined between-family and within-family selection are given. In addition, we review the manner in which fish genetic resources can be lost at the intra-specific, species and ecosystem levels and discuss options to best prevent this. We illustrate that fundamental principles of genetic management are common in the implementation of both selective breeding and conservation programmes, and should be emphasized in capacity development efforts. We highlight the value of applied genetics approaches for increasing aquaculture productivity and the conservation of fish genetic resources.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02084.x/abstract
An integrated approach to assessing and improving meat and milk safety and nu...ILRI
Presentation by Tamsin Dewé, Kristina Roesel, Aklilu Fekele, Getachew Legese and Delia Grace at the First African Regional Conference of the International Association on Ecology and Health (Africa 2013 Ecohealth), Grand-Bassam, Côte d'Ivoire, 1-5 October 2013.
Genetically modified foods or GM foods, also known as genetically engineered foods, bioengineered foods, genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering.
EnduraCell, Australia manufactures health products that are made of 100% whole broccoli sprouts powder. These products are proven to release an abundant amount of sulforaphane glucosinolate that helps in preventing multiple diseases including cancer and liver problems. We advise you to make it your daily health supplement to help diagnose and treat illness.
Context Driven School of testing w prostych przykładachRadoslaw Smilgin
Szkoła testowanie sterowanego kontekstem to jedno z najważniejszych metod testowania promująca testerów myślących i krytycznych względem produktu.
Slajdy z darmowego webinarium.
What the World can Learn from Finnish Lessons
In the course of about 3 decades ( 1980-2010) , the national education system of Finland progressed from one which was “ nothing special” to one that produces students whose academic achievement is so consistently outstanding that Finland’s system is often referred to as the best in the world. This book describes how Finland achieve that transformation.
In this books , Pasi Sahlberg details the policy decisions that guided that transformation. He documents the choice of polices that chose not to embrace “ tougher competition, more data, abolishing teacher unions, opening more charter schools, or employing corporate world management models in education systems”. To the contrary, Finnish policies focused on “ improving the teaching force, limited student testing to a necessary minimum , placing responsibility and trust before accountability and handing over school and district-level leadership to education professionals. The result is an educational system that “ lacks school inspection, standardized curriculum, high-stakes student assessments, test based accountability and a race-to-the-top mentality with regard to educational change?
Sahlberg characterizes the policies of the current system as
Having a vision of education committed to building a publicly financed & locally governed basic schools for every child
Building on educational ideas from other nations to produce unique “ Finnish way” that preserves the best traditions and present good practices
Systematically developing respectful and interesting working conditions for teachers and leaders in Finnish schools.
The Finnish experience in building an education system in which all students learn well is one that has focused on equity and cooperation rather than choice and competition and that rejects the paying of teachers based on students test scores or converting public schools to private schools.
Importance of cinnamon as a growth and immunity promoter in Ctenopharyngodon ...Innspub Net
Aquaculture practices always strive for the betterment of human lives and for providing cheaper resources for fish production. As fish is the most common food source all over the world, its sustainable production is very important. The use of herbs provides a cheaper way towards the progress of aquaculture. Herbs are used in place of expensive chemicals and growth enhancers. Like others, cinnamon is also a good alternate for growth chemicals. Cinnamon is an aggregate of many related species with different names depending on the environmental conditions of different landmasses. Cinnamon contains many compounds and chemicals which are important for fish growth. Cinnamon when added to fish feed makes the fish fight against stress and grow healthy than before. Cinnamaldehydes, polyphenols, carbohydrates, flavonoids, etc., boost up the immune system of fish and act as an important antioxidant and antibiotic species. It fastens the growth rate of fish and enhances the other growth and blood parameters as compared to other aquaculture systems using chemicals. Moreover, the use of cinnamon as a growth and immunity promotor is cheaper and environmentally friendly.
A study on growth performance of Spirulina platensis in different concentrati...AbdullaAlAsif1
An experiment was conducted on culture and growth performance of Spirulina platensis in various concentrations of rotten apple medium (RAM) and Kosaric Medium (KM). The observation was conducted for three months from March to May at the Live Food Culture Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University. Culture of S. platensis was performed in 1.0L glass flasks in three different media such as 2.5, 5.0 and 10% and KM with three replications under fluorescent light in light : dark (12 hr : 12 hr) condition of a period of 14 days. Growth performances of S. platensis varied from one medium to another. The initial cell weight of S. platensis was 0.0023 mg/L and a maximum cell weight of 12.44 mg/L was found in KM and 10.468 mg/L in RAM on 10 th day of culture. It was also observed that, the initial chlorophyll a content of S. platensis was 0.0015 mg/L which was attained at a highest content of 10.54 mg/L in KM and 12.35 mg/L in RAM on 10 th day of culture. A decreasing trend of cell weight was observed from 10 th day of culture. The growth of S. platensis was significantly (p<0.05) better in 5.0% Digested Rotten Apple Medium (DRAM) than other concentrations 2.5% DRAM and 10% DRAM. From the results obtained in the present study, it was summarized that the growth of S. platensis was better in the concentrations of 5.0% DRAM than other concentrations of RAM. Thus, the concentration of 5.0% DRAM is most suitable for S. platensis culture compare with standard KM. These media are easily available and most inexpensive in contrast of Bangladesh. So digested rotten apple can be used for commercially and economically viable mass culture of S. platensis.
With the continued expansion of cultured fish and shellfish species, aquaculture has become a key component of the animal health industry. Aquaculture is the fastest growing industry around the world with around 80 million tonnes produced annually. With an average annual growth rate of 7 percent, more then 60 percent of the global seafood is currently supplied from aquaculture. However, this growth is not without its problems, as demonstrated by the latest outbreak of Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) in the shrimp industry, sea lice in the salmon industry and an array of other diseases.
The study was carried out to determine the effect of fungi contaminated feed on the growth and survival of catfish, Clarias gariepinus juveniles. This research was carried out for a period of twelve weeks. Forty catfish juveniles were stocked at a rate of twenty juveniles per plastic tank. Catfish juveniles in one tank were fed with moldy feed and the control was served with non -moldy feed and was observed for twelve weeks to determine and compare their growth and survival. Catfish juveniles fed with moldy feed had the highest mortality as well as slower growth as compared to the control fed with non-moldy feed. The survival rate of juveniles stocked was 55% and mortality rate was 45% and majority of mortality was from juveniles fed with moldy feed and majority of the survival rate was from juveniles fed with non-moldy feed. Some water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were also taken and no significant difference was observed. Moldy feed or feedstuff should not be used as this can cause great mortality and therefore loss to fish farmers.
22-24 November 2017. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. AU Conference Centre. Regional Meeting on Agricultural Biotechnologies in Sustainable Food Systems and Nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Presentation by Emmanuel Kaunda, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi A review of the use of biotechnology in aquaculture and fisheries (PAEPARD supported consortium)
Pak J Pharm Sci. 2014 May;27(3):607-16.
Review: Ajwa date (Phoenix dactylifera)- an emerging plant in pharmacological research.
Mallhi TH1, Qadir MI2, Ali M2, Ahmad B3, Khan YH4, Rehman A1.
Author information
1College of Pharmacy, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
3Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
4School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang Pulau, Malaysia.
Abstract
Date Fruits are consumed in Arab areas for a long time as a part of essential diet. Phoenix dactylifera belongs to family Arecaceae and its leaves, barks, pits, fruits and pollens have anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antiulcertavie, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antimutagenic, antidiarheal, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potential. Besides these, Dates also increase level of estrogen, testosterone, RBCs, Hb, PCV, reticulocytes and platelet counts. It can also cure lead induced heamotoxicity, side effects of methylprednisolon, male and female infertility. It has also cerebroprotective, neuroprotective and haemopoietic activity. Phoenix dactylifera can be used for number of complications if further evaluated and isolated. The present paper is an overview of pharmacological properties of Phoenix dactylifera reported in literature.
Hepatoprotective and stress - reducing effects of dietary Moringaoleifera ext...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and stress-reducing effects of Moringaoleifera extract against A. hydrophila infection and transportation- induced stress in Nile tilapia, Oreochromisniloticus fingerlings. Fish were fed diets representing different supplementation levels of Moringaoleifera leaf extract. The graded levels of M. oleifera leaf extract were 0.00g (control), 0.05g, 0.10g, 0.15g, 0.20g, 0.25g per 100g for each diet. After six weeks of the feeding trial, fish previously fed each experimental diet were exposed to pathogenic strain of Aeromonashydrophila at a concentration of 9.3 × 105 CFU /mL. After bath exposure, fish from each dietary treatment was placed into the aquaria culture system. They were fed their respective diets at 5% body weight twice daily, and mortality was monitored for the remaining 4 weeks of the feeding trial. After the feeding trial, fish previously fed each experimental diet were kept in plastic tanks for a 2-hour journey. Blood and liver samples were collected for hepatocellular assessments (Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) tests) and stress biomarkers (survival, cortisol and glucose). Results showed that the increases of the AST, ALT, LDH, MDH, cortisol and glucose induced by stressors were significantly reduced (P< 0.05) by supplementing the fish with M. oleifera leaf extract in the diets. Based on the result of this study, a dose of 0.10g/100g dietary Moringa leaf supplementation was sufficient as a hepatoprotective and stress reducing agent in Nile tilapia, O. niloticus.
Effect of feeding management of broodstock on breeding performance of bata (L...AbdullaAlAsif1
Labeo bata is one of the important minor carps in Bangladesh with great demand as good table fish. The study was conducted to observe the breeding performance at different management practices in Mafatema, Rupali, Modhumoti and Anan fish hatchery and disinfection treatments of water, eggs and fry in Jessore, Bangladesh during 10 March 2014 to 15 May 2015. An improvement in broodstock nutrition and feeding has been shown to greatly improve seed production. Protein and lipid percentage of broodstock diet have been identified as major dietary factors. Protein level was 24.77%, 23.47%, 18.08%, 17.78% and lipid level was 11.07%, 9.50%, 7.74%, 8.14% in Mafatema, Rupali, Modhumoti and Anan fish hatchery respectively. Three concentrations of four chemical-formalin (10, 20, 30 mg/L), malachite green (1, 3, 5 mg/L), NaCl (1, 2, 3 g/L) and methylene blue ( 1, 3, 5 mg/L) treatment regimes and a control were compared for efficacy in treating L. bata eggs to prevent fungus and bacterial infection and improve hatch and survival rate of fry. Highest correlation value between absolute fecundity and body weight (r=.938, p<.05) and total length (r=.891, p<.05) and gonadosomatic index (26.2%) were found in Mafatema fish hatchery among four experimental hatcheries at 24.77% protein and 11.07% lipid level. Better fertilization rate (84.2±5.17%) and hatching rate (82.0±4.30%) were found in Mafatema and Rupali fish hatchery respectively that has significant difference (P<0.05) from that of Modhumoti and Anan fish hatchery at higher protein and lipid level. Lowest deformity rate (6.05+2.65) was observed in Mafatema fish hatchery that was significantly different (P<0.05) from that of Modhumoti fish hatchery. In case of disinfection treatment, methylene blue at 1mg/L bath treatment daily for 4 days showed significantly higher hatching rate (92.33±3.51%) and survival rate (94.33±4.73%).
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
We investigated the effects of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) on zootechnical performance and immune response of the Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer Bloch. Experimental fish were fed with 3 diets: a local commercial diet (control), coated or not, with 2 and 3% FPH (w/w). Twelve thousand Asian Seabass juveniles (5.88±0.56 g) were divided into three groups and two replicates reared in nursery tanks (2000 L). The remaining fish were then used for grow-out experiment in floating net cages (1m x 1 m x 3 m). Zootechnical performances were assessed at both stages with following indicators: total weight gain (TWG), % relative weight gain (% RWG), % specific growth rate (% SGR), final weight (g) and final length (cm). At the end of each trial period, fish immune status was assessed through blood sampling and the measurement of Neutrophile (%), Monocyte (%), Lymphocyte (%), Macrophage (105 cell/mL), Leukocyte (103 cell/mL) and Phagocytes activity (%). At the end of the nursery trial, an immersion bacterial challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus (105 cells mL-1) was implemented. The results showed that dietary FPH supplementation significantly influenced the growth and immune status of Asian Seabass when compared to the control group. Fish fed FPH supplemented diet yielded higher growth rates and survival rates than non supplemented group. Fish phagocytic activity and resistance to a bacterial challenge were also improved by dietary FPH supplementation. These results may be related to the significant changes observed in fish leukocyte profiles, when fed FPH supplemented diets. Altogether, these results show the positive contribution of FPH to the sustainability of Asian seabass farming.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. i
ABSTRACT
The effect of Terminalia superba was tested on the ovulation of a gravid
female catfish (Clarias gariepinus) using four treatments with three
replicates each, D2, D3, and D4 contains 50, 100, 150g/kg of T. superba
root respectively while DI contains 0.00m/kg of T. superba which
serves as the control experiment. The result of the experiment reveals a
very positive effect of T. superba root on the Latency period of a gravid
C. gariepinus which was 4hours 30minutes. The Data on fecundity of
the control D1 was compared with the treated female C. gariepinus D2,
D3, and D4. The result showed no significant difference, P < 0.05. D1
which serves as the control was revealed to have the lest fecundity count
( 1496) while the treated fish D2, D3, and D4 had the highest fecundity
count (2001, 1808 and 2331) respectively. This was traced to the
presence of flavonoid and xanthrone .The Phytochemical screening of
the plant also established the presence of medicinally active constituents
like Flavonoids, alkaloid, phenols, tannins, steroid, saponin,
3. 1
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Fish and fisheries products are integral part of most societies and make
important contributions to economic and social health and well being in many
countries and areas. It has been estimated that approximately 12.5million people
are employed in fishery related activities and in recent years, global production
from capture fisheries has tended to vary between approximately 85 and 90 million
tons (FAO 2000) estimates that in 1999, 47% of the 441 stocks for which some
information on status was available were fully exploited, 18% over exploited,9%
depleted and 1% recovery. This pattern is broadly consistent with similar statistic
from other region.There are many reasons for this unacceptable state of affairs in
Fisheries, but the primary reason all comes down to the failure in fisheries
governance in most countries. This is responsible for declining stock and falling
economic returns and employment opportunities. However all too often, the
fisheries manager remains either unaware of the state of the resources, or fails to
act sufficiently as the fisheries slip further and further into decay and crisis or both.
Since there is a gradual depletion of fisheries resources due to over exploitation
and mismanagement of our natural water bodies, there is a need to sensitize people
in the knowledge of aquaculture to meet the protein requirement of man.
4. 2
Aquaculture production is on the increase and the growing fish demand,
however, the growth may be dampened by high fuel and feed costs which are
forcing many producers to reduce their production. This sector alone accounts for
about a third of the world’s supply of fish products compared to only 4% in 1970
(Atanda, 2007). Fish is the cheapest source of animal protein and it is available in
different forms, it could be frozen, dried, smoked or fresh. Most fish are "cold-
blooded", or ectothermic, allowing their body temperatures to vary as ambient
temperatures change. Fish are abundant in most bodies of water. Among the
culturable fish in Nigeria includes C. gariepinus, which is a major tropical
aquaculture species in Africa (Ayinla and Akande 1988) and most popular with
fish farmer and consumers. C. gariepinus commands a very good commercial
value in Nigerian markets. In fish reproduction under controlled conditions,
attempts are made to obtain sperm of the highest quality and hence to produce the
highest possible numbers of good quality seeds. Several factors that affect fish
seeds quality includes different strains, genetics, nutrition, content of feed and
activities of modern agriculture which have introduced several substances such as
organic matter, chemical fertilizer and insecticides into the water used for cultured
medium. Common practices in hatcheries such as transportation, handling,
cleaning, crowding, use of chemicals, and problems with water quality are
stressors that may negatively influence reproduction (Billard et al 1995).These
factors affect fertilization success in artificial reproduction commonly used for
5. 3
aquaculture species. As a result, low quality fish seeds are produced. The need for
high quality fish seed has necessitated research into various ways of enhancing
fertility to meet the growing demand. However the continuing expansion of
aquaculture requires shifting from synthetic drugs to natural plant. Medicinal
plants that were once considered of no value are now being investigated, evaluated
and developed into drugs with little or no side effects (Adedeji et al.2006). The use
of medicinal plants as fertility enhancer in aquaculture has now being receiving
some attention. Dada and Ajiore (2009) used extract of G. kola seed to enhance
fertility in C. gariepinus. Kigelia africana (Lam) Benth, belongs to the family
bignoniaceae. It is abundant in the tropics and is widely used in southern Nigeria as
a herbal remedy for various ailments such as diarrhea, malaria, rheumatism,
retained placenta and dizziness. Sexual complaints such as infertility, poor libido,
sexual asthenia and impotence are treated with medicines containing the fruits,
roots or leaves of K. africana (Owolabi and Omogbai 2007). K. africana fruit
extracts had been used successfully as fertility enhancing agent in rats (Abioye et
al. 2003). It is therefore not out of place to expect a similar effect on fish.
6. 4
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
To check the effect of the root of T. superba base diet on the fecundity of a
gravid female C. gariepinus.
To check the effect of T. superba base diet on the latency period of a gravid
female C. gariepinus.
7. 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
There is an ongoing debate about the extent to which aquaculture should be seen as
a branch of Fisheries or as another form of farming. Although basically a non-
question, most people consider aquaculture as a form of animal husbandry, it must
be acknowledged that aquaculture is often viewed in isolation from other farming
practices. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO 1998)
defines aquaculture as “The farming of aquatic organisms including fish, mollusks,
crustaceans, and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of intervention in the
rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection
from predators and pests. Farming also involves individual or corporate ownership
of the stock being cultivated”.
Clarias is a genus of catfishes (order Siluriformes) of the family Clariidae, the air
breathing catfishes. The name is derived from the Greek chlaros, which means
lively, in reference to the ability of the fish to live for a long time out of water
(Froese et al 2007) Clarias has been found to be paraphyletic. It has been found
that a species of Heterobranchus (H. longifilis) clusters deeply inside the Clarias
group .
8. 6
The use of medicinal plant all over the world predict the introduction of antibiotic
and other modern drugs, medicinal plants are plants that have chemoprotective and
or therapeutic effect on ailment . The medicinal properties of plants are mainly
attributes to the presence of Flavonoids, but may also be influenced by their
organic and inorganic compounds like coumarin, phenolic acid antioxidant. Micro
nutrient like Cu, Mn, Zn. It is known that plants accumulate antioxidant chemical
e.g Flavonoids as secondary metabolites through evolution as natural means of
surveying in a hostile environment. In recent years, there has been a gradual
revival of interest in the use of medicinal plants in developed and developing
countries because herbal medicines have been reported to be safe and without any
adverse side effect especially when compared to synthetic drugs.
In relation with different concentration of Garcinia kola in the feed of the animal’s
e.g C. gariepinus .It causes alteration and degenerative change such as cytoplasm
shrinkage, rupturing of cell membrane and different vacuole sizes. The presence of
ethanolic extract in the feed of C. gariepinus shows increase in the egg size
(diameter).This shows that the ethanolic extracts of G. kola seeds possesses
promising infertility property which can be exploited in fish seeds production
under hatchery condition. It is therefore recommended that the dietary
concentration of ethanolic extracts of G. kola seeds between 0.25 and 0.59kg feed
can be tolerated by C. gariepinus and may be included in the diets for fertility
9. 7
enhancement because this will minimize the total dependence on synthetic drugs as
fertility enhances (Dada and Ajilore, 2009). The presence of ethanolic extract of G.
kola in the diet of a male wistar rats causes increment in the diameter of their
seminiferous tubule.(oluyemi et al, 2007). It also increases the peripheral
testosterone levels in wistar rats (Akpantah et al, 2005). There was recorded
increase in the sperm count of wistar rats treated with ethanolic extract of G. kola
for the period of 8 weeks. (Adesanya et al, 2007).
Other study in man, has shown that G. kola helps man with infertility, with
improvement in male fertility especially sperm characteristics. This might be as a
result of biflavonoid and xanthone in the plant. These compounds are protein anti
oxidants which are capable of increasing the production of oestrogen, the key
hormone involve in the production and maturation of eggs in the ovary (Adesanya
et al, 2007)
In a study carried out by Majumlar et.al (1995) Albino rats of either sexes
weighing 120-150g were feed on standard diet and water and libitum. The animals
were housed at worm temp (24±2oC) on a reversed day-night cycle (06.00hrs to
18.00hrs). Rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides was dried and made into powder. It
was defatted by extraction with petroleum ether (60-80c). The defatted plant
materials was then extracted with ethanol (95%), and dried under vacuum (4.08%
w/w). The extract was administrated to the albino rats subcutaneously for several
10. 8
days, like 30 days. The extract treated rat showed pronounced effects in term of
testis weight and histological alterations. Since the weight and the size of the testis
was greater in the extract treated rats the seminiferous tubule showed greater
diameter. The germinal epithulum cells appeared to be hyperactive. Large numbers
of different cells at different stage of spermatogenesis were evident. Lumen of the
seminiferous tubules had enormous number of spermatozoa. Sertoli cells were
enlarged highly processed and rich in nutrients as evidenced by highly granulated
cytoplasm. This was the normal response of the sertoli cells when they were in
readiness for providing nutritional supplement to large number of spermatozoa
(Majumlar et at, 1995). The leg dig cells showed hypertrophy with enlarged
nucleus and darkly stained cytoplasm. Increment in the volume of cells and
nucleus was strongly suggestive of steroid synthesis under the direct or indirect
influence of the drug. Almost all the tubules were over crowded with sperm
bundles. In some tubule, spermatids were found scattered amidst spermatozoa. The
blood vessels of testis were slightly dilated. Increase spermatogenesis was evident
by high number of spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules and which is evident
by increase spermatogenic elements. This also shows that there is increase in
attraction of male towards the female (Chauhan and Dixit, 2007).
Male mice of 8 weeks old weighing 28-32g after proper quarantine services were
gauged with 0, 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/30g body weight /day of Moringa oleifera lam
11. 9
leaves hexane fraction for 21 days with tap water used. The administration of M.
oleifera lam hexane fraction at any dose did not alter the body weight of the
animals. The weight of epididymides in all the Moringa treated mice was
significantly increases in contract to the control mice. M.oleifera lam extract at the
dose of 50mg/30g also significantly induced the weight of the seminal vesicle of
the male mice. The weight gained May signifies the effect of M. oleifera and
reflect activation of spermatogenesis as a result of the presence of elongated
spermatids in the somniferous tubules. The study shows that the body weight of the
M. oleifera treated animals remained unchanged which shows that the doses
selected did not extent any harmful effect and the metabolic processes of the
treated animals were normal. The M. oleifera lam in enhancing male reproductive
is clearly manifested in all the treated mice. However, mice administered with the
high and medium doses of the plant extract are reproductively superior to those
that were given low doses. The testicular and epididymal weights, relative maturity
ratings, lumen formation and somniferous tubules diameter shows that hexane
fraction of M. oleifera has reproductive effect on the male mice.
It has also been discovered in the work by the bureau of plant industry (BPI) that a
steady diet of Moringa fruits boots the sperm count of men thus improves their
chances of fertilising an egg (Cabacumgan, 2008). In India the Moringa fruit is
said to increase sexual libido in male. Serrano and Pocsidio, (2008) reported an
12. 10
increase in the sperm count in male mice when 1% concentration of Moringa
ethanol leaf extract was administered subcutaneous for two weeks.
T. superba is a large tree in the family Combretaceae, native to tropical Western
Africa. It is also called black korina, limba or white afara (English name), Frake
(French name), Akom (Spanish), Mwalambe (Swahli),Afa or Afara(Yoruba name).
T. superba is a large tree, up to 50 m tall and 5 m in girth, bole cylindrical, long
and straight with large, flat buttresses, 6 m above the soil surface; crown open,
generally flattened, consisting of a few whorled branches. Bark fairly smooth,
graying, flaking off in small patches; slash yellow. Root system frequently fairly
shallow, and as the tree ages the taproot disappears. Buttresses, from which
descending roots arise at some distance from the trunk, then support the tree.
Leaves simple, alternate, in tufts at the ends of the branches; deciduous, leaving
pronounced scars on twigs when shed. Petiole 3-7 cm long, flattened above, with a
pair of sub opposite glands below the blade; lamina glabrous, obviate, 6-12 x 2.5-7
cm, with a short acuminate apex. Nerves 6-8 pairs: secondary reticulation
inconspicuous. Inflorescence a 7-18-cm, laxly flowered spike, peduncle densely
pubescent; flowers sessile, small, and greenish-white; calyx tube saucer shaped,
with 5 short triangular lobes. Petals absent. Stamens usually twice the number of
calyx lobes (usually 10), in 2 whorls, glabrous; filaments a little longer than calyx;
intrastaminal disc annular, flattened, 0.3 mm thick; densely woolly pubescent.
13. 11
Transversely winged, sessile, golden-brown smooth nut, 1.5-2.5 x 4-7 cm
(including the wings). Nut without the wing about 1.5 x 2 cm when mature, usually
containing 1 seed. The generic name comes from the Latin ‘terminalis’ (ending),
and refers to the habit of the leaves being crowded at the ends of the shoots.
Native to West tropical Africa from Sierra Leone to western Congo and northern
Angola; planted in plantations both within and outside its natural range, e.g. in
South and Central America, central and eastern Africa, Hawaii, Fiji and the
Solomon Islands. Within the Malesian region, trials have been carried out in
Sabah, Kalimantan and the Philippines. T. superba is essentially a tree of
deciduous forest and sheds its leaves in the dry season. It is characteristic of
tropical high secondary forest areas with a dry season of about 4 months, but it
does not respond well to long dry spells, especially on sandy soils. The species is
especially plentiful at some distance from the coast, but it gains at the expense of
the rainforest following clearances. The tree will withstand occasional flooding. It
is frequently struck by lightning, presumably because of its dominant position in
the forest. It is very fire sensitive. However, its wide spread owes a great deal to
the activities of man and to its pioneering characteristics; light demanding, wide
crown and production of regular quantities of viable seed.
Geographic distribution
14. 12
Native: Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Cote
d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana,
Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo
Exotic: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica,
Ecuador, Fiji, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Indonesia, Kenya,
Malaysia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Niger, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,
Solomon Islands, Surinam, Tanzania, Uganda, United States of America, Uruguay,
Venezuela, Zimbabwe.
Altitude: 150 – 1000 m, Mean annual temperature: 20 – 28oC, Mean annual
rainfall: 1000 – 1800 (3000) mm,
Soil type: It grows best on rich, well-drained alluvial soils, but is also found on
other types such as lateritic sands, gravel and clays, lava, black basaltic clays and
crystalline soils. T. superba reaches sexual maturity late and at variable ages, for
example 15 years in Cote d’Ivoire and 23 years in Congo. The dates of refoliation
and flowering are closely correlated; flowering, which lasts for 2 – 5 weeks, takes
place either as the new leaves are appearing or immediately afterwards. Rarely, 2
periods of flowering may occur if there are 2 deciduous periods. Terminalia has an
effective system of self-incompatibility. Various insects (Coleopterans, Dipteral,
Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera) pollinate flowers. Fruit develops during
the rains and mature at the onset of the dry season to coincide with the leafless
15. 13
period; the duration of fruiting varies from 6 to 9 months. If 2 dry seasons occur,
the maximum seed production occurs in the longer of them. Terminalia trees show
interprovenance variability with regard to early shedding of leaves, early shedding
being negatively correlated with vigour.
The wood is either a light ('white limba') or with dark stripes ('black limba' or
'korina') hardwood. Used for making furniture and musical instruments and prized
for its workability and excellent colour and finish. The most famous example of its
use in guitars is when it was used by Gibson in producing their now highly sought-
after Flying V and Explorer guitars in 1958. When finished in a clear coat, 'White
Limba' results in an attractive light golden colour. Contrary to popular belief, it is
not rare and expensive due to overharvesting and there is plenty of supply due to
efforts in the 1950s to preserve natural supply of the wood. This species is reported
to be relatively secure, with little or no threat to its population within its natural
growth range, according to the World Conservation Monitoring Center in 1992.
17. 15
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 EXPERIMENTAL SITE
The experiment was carried out at the hatchery unit of a private fish farm at
Ughelli. The experiment consisted of four treatments with each representing
different inclusion level of T. superba meal. There were three replicates per
treatment. The graded level of T. superba used were 0.00 mg/kg feed, 50 g/kg feed,
100 g/kg feed and 150 g/kg feed in the treatment respectively designated as diets
D1 to D4.
3.2 PHYSICO CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
Temperature (°C)
Surface water temperature of the pond can be determined using a mercury-in-glass
thermometer with the range of 0 to 100°C. The thermometer was lowered into the
water for about 5 minutes and the reading was taken and recorded in degree
centigrade (°C)
Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)
18. 16
The pH of the sample was determined by electronic method using a standard pH
meter. The electrode response was checked occasionally measuring a standard
solution of different pH, before the pH of the water sample was tested. The
electrode was thoroughly washed with distilled water and then with the sample.
The system was allowed to sterilize before the final reading was taken.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
The dissolved Oxygen was determined using Winkler’s method. In this method,
the water sample was collected from the fish pond in a 250 ml stopper bottle which
was immersed in the water and adhered to get filled, and then cover under the
water to ensure that of collection by addition of 2ml of Winkler A and B reagent
using a pipette. The stopper was replaced and content were thoroughly mixed. A
whitish brown precipitate which settled at the bottom was observed. 2ml of conc.
H2SO4 was to dissolve the precipitate, leaving behind a golden brown solution used
for the titration. 100ml of the sample was taken and titrated against 0.025(N)
sodium thiosulphate (Na2SO3). A pale yellow colour was formed, 2 drops of starch
solution (indicator) was added to the sample. A dark blue colouration was formed
and is then titrated against Na2SO3 until the sample become colourless at the
endpoint. The titration was done 3 times and the average titre value was
determined as
T1+T2+T3
20. 18
PLANT MATERIALS AND TREATMENT
The plant materials, T. superba root were collected from Old Oyo National Park,
Oyo State, Nigeria. The roots were washed, sundried and grounded into fine
powder. Fish feeds were prepared by mixing the powder with basal feed of 40 %
crude protein, based on the formulation defined for African Catfish by Fagbenro
and Adebayo (2005) four treatment based on the mixture were used as follows 50,
100, and 150 g/kg of the powder in the basal feed designated as diets
D1(control)D2(50g/kg), D3(100g/kg) and D4(150g/kg).
3.2.1 FEED FORMULATION
Four diets were formulated from practical ingredients where the control basal diet
without T. superba roots meal and the other diets supplemented by 50, 100, and
150 g/kg of T. superba root meal respectively. The experimental diets were
formulated to contain almost 40 % crude protein. All dietary ingredients were
weighed with an electronic weigh. The ingredients were ground to a small particle
size. Ingredients including premix and T. superba roots meal were thoroughly
mixed in a pelleting and mixing machine to obtain a homogenous mass, cassava
starch was added as a binder. The resultant mash was then pressed without steam
through a mixer with 0.9mm die pore size attached to the pelleting machine. The
21. 19
produced pellets were dried at room temperature and kept frozen until the
beginning of the experiment.
Table1. Percentageoffeed ingredients in the Experimental diet
Ingredients Percentage (%)
Fish meal 22.8
Blood meal 19.5
Soybean meal 17.2
Dried Brewer Grain 15.0
Bone meal 1.50
Maize 20
Fish premix 1.0
Methionine 1.0
Lysine 1.0
Oil 1.0
Total 100
23. 21
3.3 PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF TERMINALIA SUPERBA
(ROOT)
Fresh roots of T. superba collected were taken to the faculty of science central
laboratory, Delta State University, Abraka for analysis. The root were oven dry for
three (3) days, powered and tested for the presence of tannin, alkaloid, Flavonoids,
phenol, glycosides, steroids, phlobatannin, saponin, cardenolides and
anthraquinones.
3.3.1 Procedure for Phytochemical Screening
Alkaloids: 5cm3 of 1% HCl was added to 3cm3 of the extract in a test tube. The
mixture was heated for 20minuutes and cooled; 1ml of the filtrate was drops of
piric acid solution. Turbidity or precipitation indicates the presence of alkaloids.
Tannins: 1cm3 of freshly prepared 10% KOH was added to 1cm3 of extract, a
dirty while precipitate indicates the presence of tannins.
Phenolic: 2 drops of 5% FeCl3 was added to 1cm3 of the extract in a test tube, a
green precipitation indicates the presence of phenolics.
Glycosides: 10cm3 of 50% H2SO4 was added to 1cm3 of the extract, the mixture
was heated in boiling water for 15minutes. 10cm3 of Fehling’s solution was added
24. 22
and the mixture boiled. A brick-red precipitate indicates the presence of
glycosides.
Flavonoids: 1cm3 of 10% NaOH was added to 3cm of the extract, a yellow
coloration indicates the presence of Flavonoids.
Steroids: 5 drops of concentrated H2SO4 was added to 1cm3of the extract, red
coloration indicates the presence of steroids.
Phlobatannins: 1cm3 of the extract was added to 1% HCl, a red precipitate
indicates the presence of phlobatannins.
Saponins: 0.5g of crude powder was shaken with water in a test tube and it was
warmed in a water bath and the persistent of froth indicates the presence of
saponins.
Anthraquinones: 0.5g of crude powder was shaken with 10 ml of benzene and
was filtered 0.5 ml of 10 % ammonia solution was added to the filtrate and the
mixture was shaken well and the presence of the violet color in the layer phase
indicated the presence of the anthraquinones.
3.4 EXPERIMENTAL FISH
Six sexually matured female broodfish were bought from Onosakevwe Agro
Ventures Ughelli, Delta State. The fishes had been subjected to four different diets
25. 23
with three replicate each. The broodfish were subjected to four experimental diets
at 3% body weight daily in a concrete pond for eight weeks. Diet one (D2), D3,
and D4 contains 50, 100, and 150 g/kg feed respectively while D1 which serves as
the control experiment contains 0.00 mg/kg feed. At the end of the eight weeks of
conditioning, they were subjected to artificial propagation to check the effect of the
plant on the latency period and the fecundity of the fish. The average weight of the
broodfish was 1.2±0.8kg.
3.4.1 Removal of pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is a round yellowish organ located under the brain of the fish,
the pituitary gland was collected a day prior the experiment by sacrificing the male
fish of the same weight with the female (1.2kg) broodfish. The pituitary gland was
removed through the ventral region (from the bucal cavity), the mouth of the fish
was cut off and the upper roof borne below the eye was removed which expose the
pituitary gland in a capsule form under the brain. After collection, the pituitary
gland was stored in acetone till the next day (the acetone which was poured at
inception was change once after eight hours and replaced with fresh one).
26. 24
3.4.2 Injection of Female broodfish
The injection was carried out in the morning at 9:45am, the preserved pituitary
gland was pulverized in a proclaim mortar, mixed with of physiological salt
solution (9 grams of common salt was mixed with 1 liter of clean water). The
dosage used was 1ml of pituitary to 1kg of fish. Injected fish were kept in separate
tanks.
3.4.3 Extraction of milt and Fertilization
At about 2:30pm in the evening, the brood stocks were ready to be stripped; this
was detected by the gushing out of eggs at a slight press of the anal region. Two
male catfish each were sacrificed for D1, D2, D3 and D4, their abdomen was cut
opened and the milt was extracted and cleaned with tissue paper. The matured eggs
from the female catfish were stripped into clean, dry bowls, weighed and the milt
was added to the bowl by using a clean blade to pierce the tinny lining of the milt.
The eggs was stripped into separate dry bowls, the milt was mixed gently with the
eggs with a plastic spoon for two minutes. Clean water was added to the mixture to
activate the sperm and fertilize the eggs, decanted and incubated in an improvised
incubator.
3.4.4 Incubation of egg.
27. 25
The eggs were incubated using a fibre glass tank of the dimension 2×1.2×0.5m3,
laid inside was a kakaban made with net and taped with PVC pipes at the edge, it
also consist an aerator made by using a hot nail to drill the sides of a PVC pipe.
Before starting the experiment the kakaban and the tank were disinfected with salt
and filled with clean and well aerated water to 1/3rd of it depth. The fertilized eggs
were spread on the kakaban to ensure a thin layer of egg. Water was made to flow
through the tank in such a way that the pressure was not much and the inflow of
water was regulated to the outflow of water. After 18-24 hours, the hatchlings were
seen swimming around the edges and sides of the tank.
3.6 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Data collected was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS
statistical package. The level of significant of means from each treatment was
determined using Least Square Method (LSD).
28. 26
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
The result of the physico-chemical parameters that was determined from the
broodfish pond are shown in Table1. Water Temperature ranged between 26.40-
28.40oC with a mean of 27.40oC, pH value ranged from 6.99 – 7.20 with a mean
pH of 7.10 and Dissolved oxygen ranged from 6.10 – 10.80mg/l with a mean of
8.45 mg/l during the study period.
The results of the photochemical screening of T.suparbaroot are shown in Table 2.
Where Alkaloids 2.12, Tannin 3.25, Phenol 6.35, Glycoside 1.12, Flavonids 2.64,
Steriods 2.33, Pholatannin 1.81, Saponin 10.34, Anthraquinones 3.56.
FISH AND SPAWNING
The effect of T.superba root was seen to reduce the latency period in the
experimental fish (D2, D3, and D4) to 4hours 30 minutes instead of the 10 –
12hours latency period seen in controlled fish (D1) and also it reduces the
fecundity counts of the treated fish as seen in Table 4 and 5 below.
The result of the latency period of the female broodfish is shown in Table 3.
Where9:45_10:45 is the time of injection, 2:30_3pm is the time for stripping and
the latency period lasted for 4hours 3ominutes. The result of the fecundity counts
29. 27
are represented in Table 5 with control asD1, D2, D3 and D4as the % of T.superba
root concentration in the feed, and the following result were obtained.
30. 28
Table1. Physico ChemicalParameters ofthe Water
PARAMETER Minimum Maximum Mean±S.D
Temperature oC 26.40 28.40 27.4±1.0
pH 6.99 7.20 7.10±0.11
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mg/l 6.1 10.80 8.45±2.35
35. 33
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 DISCUSSION
The phytochemical study carried out on the root of T. superba revealed the
presence of medicinally active constituents like Alkaloids, Flavonoids, saponin,
tannins, phenol, glycoside, steroid, phlobatannin, and anthraquinones. Various
phytosteroids have been shown to promote fertility (Ruiz-Luna et al., 2005).
However, the type of steroid present in T. superba has not been evaluated but this
may have a contributory effect on its profertility properties. Also, flavonoids
present in this plant have been shown to possess many pharmacological properties
such as: anti-oxidant activities, anti-inflammatory activities, anti-cancer activities
and anti-microbial effects hence, flavonoids also may have a contributory effect on
its pro-fertility properties and other pharmacological effects that the plant
possesses (Uche and Obianime, 2008; Uche, et al., 2008; Okwu and Josiah, 2006).
The results of this study on the use of T. superba root meal affects the fecundity
and latency period of C. gariepinus.
36. 34
The data obtained from the fecundity counts shows that the mean fecundity of the
female brood fish fed diets D2, D3, and D4 (2001, 1808, and 2331) was
significantly higher (p < 0.05) than what was obtained from the ovary of fish fed
the control diet D1.
A significant increase was observed in the mean fecundity count as the diet
increases against the control. This may suggest that the effect of T. superba root
meal on the fecundity counts of C. gariepinus was being enhanced after the
treatment of different dosages of the root meal. The increase in mean fecundity of
C. gariepinus in this study could be attributed to the presence of flavonoid and
xanthone in the plant. These compounds are potent anti-oxidants which are capable
of increasing the production of estrogen, the key hormone involved in the
production and maturation of eggs in the ovary.
Dada and Ajilore (2009) recorded an increase in the fecundity and egg size of C.
gariepinus fed on ethanol extract of G. kola seed diets at different inclusion level..
Adesanya et al, (2007) reported an increase in the sperm count of wistar rats after
treatment with ethanol extract of G. kola seed for 6 weeks. In another study by
Adewumi et al., (2005) they reported that C. gariepinus broodstock fed differently
with heated soybean based diets had smaller eggs and produced lower hatching
rates on fish meal-based diet.
37. 35
The result of this study therefore reveals that the root of the plant is very useful as
fecundity enhancer in C. gariepinus broodstocks management since all the
fecundity variables in this present study increased with increasing level of the T.
superba root that is dose-dependent increase.
Although the egg sizes were not determined in this study, it has however been
reported by Sule and Adikwu (2004) that species of the genus Clarias with larger
eggs also have a higher viability and endurance to starvation than those with
smaller eggs and that larger female catfish produce larger eggs.
The latency period in this study which is the difference between the time of
stripping and time of injection was 4 hours 30 minutes as against the ideal and
normal latency period of between 8 and 12 hours for C. gariepinus when using a
synthetic hormone which is also dependent on the temperature. The 4hours
30minutes latency period therefore reveals a positive effect in terms of the
reduction in the time (latency) of T. superba root on the broodstock.
The results obtained in the dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature in this study
were within the acceptable range recommended for catfishes (Viveen et al., 1985).
38. 36
5.2 CONCLUSION
The result shows that the root of T. superba induced breeding on gravid female of
C. gariepinus.
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
It is therefore recommended that T. superba root can be used to induce breeding on
gravid female of C. gariepinus, instead of relying on synthetic hormones which
may be unavailable in many Africa developing countries.
39. 37
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