The study was conducted to assess the comparison at the production performance and profitability between mixed-sex and mono-sex tilapia reared in cage culture. The experiment was carried out with two treatments and each was represented by six replicates for a period of 99 days in 12 cages each with the size of 1.5m3 (1.5m×1m×1m) situated in a pond. In the first treatment, six cages of mixed-sex tilapia and in the second treatment, 6 cages of mono-sex male tilapia were stocked. After 99 days of the culture period, mono-sex tilapia attained a significantly higher mean final weight of 189.67 gm ± 19.142 in comparison to mixed-sex tilapia which was 167.15 gm ± 13.297. However, there was no significant difference in food conversion ratio, specific growth rate, and survival rate between the treatments at the end of the study. The benefit-cost ratio was calculated as 1.47:1 and 1.59:1 for mixed-sex and mono-sex male tilapia respectively. The study revealed that there was no significant difference in individual weight, biomass, and the gross yield of tilapia between two treatments up to 72 days of the culture period. The comparative study suggested that within 2.5 months of the culture period, mixed-sex tilapia can be cultured successfully and could be used as an alternative source to the general people who usually avoid the consumption of hormone-treated fish.
This document summarizes a review on the potential of water buffalo in world agriculture. It discusses water buffalo's role in agriculture, their global population distribution, and phylogenetic classification. It then reviews the current state of knowledge on the molecular determinants of economically important traits in water buffalo like longevity, disease resistance, milk production, and growth. It finds that while knowledge is available, more data is still needed on these traits through genome sequencing and functional genomics to enable precision breeding and farming. Future research using systems approaches can help advance science and technology for sustainable water buffalo production.
This document provides a summary of how biotechnology has been applied in aquaculture and fisheries. It discusses four main areas: 1) genetic improvements and control of reproduction through hybridization, selective breeding, chromosome manipulation, and genetic engineering; 2) biosecurity and disease control using techniques like PCR; 3) environmental management and bioremediation; and 4) biodiversity conservation and fisheries management using molecular markers. While these biotechnology tools exist globally, the document notes they have hardly been applied programmatically in Africa to make a meaningful impact. It recommends immediate programs in genetic improvement, feed improvement, and disease control/biosecurity for Africa's aquaculture sector.
The document discusses the importance of crop wild relatives (CWR) for adapting crops to climate change and other threats. It notes that CWR cover half the Earth's land and have provided genes for disease resistance and other traits. However, CWR populations are threatened by climate change and land use changes. The Global Crop Diversity Trust's CWR initiative aims to collect, conserve and use CWR diversity for climate change adaptation. It discusses challenges like identifying useful traits in wild species and removing undesirable linkages when introducing genes into crops. Genomics approaches may help address these challenges by discovering cryptic variation in CWR.
The role of ex situ crop diversity conservation in adaptation to climate changeLuigi Guarino
Keynote delivered on behalf of Cary Fowler at international conference on Food Security and Climate Change in Dry Areas -- 1-4 February 2010 -- Amman, Jordan. Thanks to Colin Khoury for putting this together.
The study examined feeding dynamics of juvenile blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) collected from Florida Gulf waters. Six crabs were fed pieces of fish every 12 hours to determine if feeding time, growth rate, or time of day affected feeding. There was no correlation between growth rate and feeding time or preference for morning vs. night feeding. However, larger crabs consumed food significantly faster than smaller crabs, suggesting intraspecific competition could impact the population based on body size. The flexible feeding behavior allows blue crabs to withstand changes in prey availability.
1. There are various patterns of distribution for different species based on factors like habitat, geography, and climate. No two species have an identical distribution.
2. The causes of distribution patterns vary depending on the taxonomic level from broad families to specific genera.
3. Distribution patterns also vary depending on the spatial scale examined from global to local levels. Key factors that influence patterns include geological history, climate, food and habitat availability, competition, and human activities.
Poster describing a global occurrence database of over 5 million records of the distributions of crops and their wild relatives, including taxonomic and geographic information.
This document summarizes a review on the potential of water buffalo in world agriculture. It discusses water buffalo's role in agriculture, their global population distribution, and phylogenetic classification. It then reviews the current state of knowledge on the molecular determinants of economically important traits in water buffalo like longevity, disease resistance, milk production, and growth. It finds that while knowledge is available, more data is still needed on these traits through genome sequencing and functional genomics to enable precision breeding and farming. Future research using systems approaches can help advance science and technology for sustainable water buffalo production.
This document provides a summary of how biotechnology has been applied in aquaculture and fisheries. It discusses four main areas: 1) genetic improvements and control of reproduction through hybridization, selective breeding, chromosome manipulation, and genetic engineering; 2) biosecurity and disease control using techniques like PCR; 3) environmental management and bioremediation; and 4) biodiversity conservation and fisheries management using molecular markers. While these biotechnology tools exist globally, the document notes they have hardly been applied programmatically in Africa to make a meaningful impact. It recommends immediate programs in genetic improvement, feed improvement, and disease control/biosecurity for Africa's aquaculture sector.
The document discusses the importance of crop wild relatives (CWR) for adapting crops to climate change and other threats. It notes that CWR cover half the Earth's land and have provided genes for disease resistance and other traits. However, CWR populations are threatened by climate change and land use changes. The Global Crop Diversity Trust's CWR initiative aims to collect, conserve and use CWR diversity for climate change adaptation. It discusses challenges like identifying useful traits in wild species and removing undesirable linkages when introducing genes into crops. Genomics approaches may help address these challenges by discovering cryptic variation in CWR.
The role of ex situ crop diversity conservation in adaptation to climate changeLuigi Guarino
Keynote delivered on behalf of Cary Fowler at international conference on Food Security and Climate Change in Dry Areas -- 1-4 February 2010 -- Amman, Jordan. Thanks to Colin Khoury for putting this together.
The study examined feeding dynamics of juvenile blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) collected from Florida Gulf waters. Six crabs were fed pieces of fish every 12 hours to determine if feeding time, growth rate, or time of day affected feeding. There was no correlation between growth rate and feeding time or preference for morning vs. night feeding. However, larger crabs consumed food significantly faster than smaller crabs, suggesting intraspecific competition could impact the population based on body size. The flexible feeding behavior allows blue crabs to withstand changes in prey availability.
1. There are various patterns of distribution for different species based on factors like habitat, geography, and climate. No two species have an identical distribution.
2. The causes of distribution patterns vary depending on the taxonomic level from broad families to specific genera.
3. Distribution patterns also vary depending on the spatial scale examined from global to local levels. Key factors that influence patterns include geological history, climate, food and habitat availability, competition, and human activities.
Poster describing a global occurrence database of over 5 million records of the distributions of crops and their wild relatives, including taxonomic and geographic information.
Food insecurity is increasing due to population growth and declining agricultural productivity. Entomophagy, or consuming edible insects, has the potential to address this issue as insects are a natural, renewable source of nutrients. Many cultures already incorporate insects into their diets. Edible insects are high in protein, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. They also have a higher feed conversion efficiency than traditional livestock. Insect farming could help alleviate food insecurity by providing additional nutrients in a sustainable way.
Integrated management of Helicoverpa armigera on different genotypes of Kabul...Innspub Net
Gram Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) is the most imperative constraint in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production causing severe losses or there may be complete crop failure in spite of several rounds of insecticidal applications. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of neem application in controlling Pod borer on six different genotypic varieties (AZ-CM2, AZ-CM4, AZ-CM6, AZ-CM10, AZ-CM12 and Noor-91). The experiment was designed in a Split-Plot Design with three replicates. Different agronomic traits were recorded such as plant population, plant height, percentage flowering, physical maturity, number of pod per plant, infestation of pod borer and yield of chickpea. The results showed that plants treated with neem have high population (maximum in Noor-91 with 16.8 plants/m2 and minimum in AZ-CM12 with 2.9 plants/m2, plant height (46.7 cm in AZ-CM4 and 34.7cm in Noor-91), flowering (AZ-CM10 gave 50% flowers after 100.3 days), physical maturity (AZ-CM4 took maximum time (139.7 days) to attain 90% physical maturity while AZ-CM2 and AZ-CM4 took only 136.0 days to attain 90% physical maturity), average number of pods (Noor 91 has higher 19.4 and AZ-CM2 has lowest 12.1). Infestation of pod borer and % damage was found lower in neem sprayed plant. Overall highest yield was observed in plants treated with neem as compared to control and genotype dependent. It is concluded from the results that neem application has a significant effect in controlling pod borer and this effect varies from genotype to genotype. Noor-91 was found to be more resistant towards pod borer.
This study compared the production and profitability of three strains of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) for small-scale commercial cage farming in Ghana. The three strains studied were the Akosombo strain, Huawei strain, and Fish Reit strain. The Huawei strain showed significantly higher final mean weight, absolute growth rate, yield, and profitability indicators compared to the other two strains. While the Akosombo strain had the lowest feed conversion ratio, it also had the highest mortality and lowest mean yield. Overall, the Huawei strain performed best for small-scale commercial cage farming based on production and economic analyses.
Weeding and plant density effects on weed density, agronomic traits and grain...Sheku kanteh
The document summarizes a study that examined the effects of weeding and plant density on weed density, agronomic traits, and grain weight of cowpea in Sierra Leone. Twenty-seven weed species from 25 genera and 14 families were identified at the study site, with the dominant weeds being Diodia scandens, Croton hirtus, Oldenlandia herbacea, and Cyperus difformis. The results showed that weeding and plant density significantly affected cowpea growth and yield, with weeding every 3-6 weeks and lower planting density enhancing lower weed density, better vegetative growth, and higher grain weight.
This document discusses various ecological diversity indices used to quantify biodiversity, including the Shannon Species Index, Pielou Index of Evenness, Species Richness, and Margalef Species Richness. It provides objectives of determining the importance of these indices and using their formulas to solve ecological studies. Formulas and examples are given for calculating the Shannon Index and Pielou's Index of Evenness using sample data on species abundances. Species richness is defined as the total number of species in a community.
1. The document discusses plant genetic resources and their utilization, covering topics such as the historical perspective on plant genetic resource conservation, importance of plant genetic resources, classification, centers of origin, exploration and collection, evaluation, conservation strategies, and the roles of organizations like NBPGR.
2. It notes that plant genetic resources are critical for agriculture as the backbone for developing new cultivars and stresses. It outlines India's rich diversity as a center of origin for many crops and importance conserving resources.
3. Methods of ex situ conservation like seed banks, plant banks, shoot tip cultures, and DNA banks are described as well as evaluation and the work of groups like NBPGR in India to collect, conserve,
Biodiversity declines with increasing distance from the equator, such that tropical regions near the equator harbor more species than temperate or polar regions further from the equator. This pattern is demonstrated by countries like Colombia, located near the equator, having over 1400 bird species, compared to places like New York at 41°N only having 105 bird species. Tropical forests at the equator can have ten times more vascular plant species than forests of equal area in temperate regions. This distribution of species can be studied under latitudinal gradients and species-area relationships.
This document discusses key concepts in population ecology including:
1. Population ecology is the study of processes that affect the distribution and abundance of animal and plant populations. Populations can be closed, open, or exist as metapopulations connected across broader geographic ranges.
2. Population size is determined by birth rates, death rates, and factors like immigration/emigration. Population growth can be exponential, logistic, or geometric depending on life history traits and environmental constraints.
3. Biotic and abiotic factors like food availability, predators, competition, disease, climate, and human activities influence population size, fluctuations, and limitations. Natural selection and genetic variation also impact populations over time.
A global perspective on CWR- ASA/CSSA/SSSA Tampa 2013CWR Project
Presentation regarding gap analysis results for crop wild relatives of over 80 of the world's most important crops, for the annual international ASA/CSSA/SSSA conference, 3-6 November 2013, Tampa, Florida
Presentation made as a discussion opener in the Climate Chance and Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture: State of Knowledge, Risks and Opportunities Special Information Seminar in the Commision on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture meetings in FAO, 16th July 2011. Presentation made by Andy Jarvis.
Ecology and biodiversity of agriculturally important rice field arthropods Diraviam Jayaraj
This document is a thesis submitted by J. Diraviam to the University of Madras for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. It discusses the ecology and biodiversity of arthropods in rice fields in India. The introduction provides background on rice cultivation and discusses how indiscriminate pesticide use has reduced biodiversity and caused other issues. The review of literature discusses previous studies on arthropod biodiversity in rice ecosystems. The objectives section outlines the goals of the study, including quantifying species diversity and studying the effects of factors like weather, agronomic practices, and predator-prey relationships. The materials and methods section describes the study sites and approaches used to collect and identify arthropod species and calculate various
This document summarizes key concepts in population ecology, including factors that influence population size and distribution patterns. Populations can exhibit clumping, uniform, or random dispersion patterns depending on resource availability and other factors. A population's size is determined by the balance between birth and death rates, which are influenced by biotic potential and environmental resistance. Humans can impact ecosystems through activities like habitat degradation and overharvesting. Sustainable practices can be informed by principles seen in nature, such as nutrient recycling and population control.
The document discusses key concepts in population ecology including:
1) Ecology studies the interactions between organisms and their environment at different levels from populations to the biosphere.
2) Population structure is determined by density and distribution which can be affected by resource availability.
3) Population growth rates depend on birth rates, death rates, and immigration/emigration, with biotic potential representing the highest possible growth rate.
4) Survivorship curves illustrate how mortality varies with age in populations.
1. There are three main types of biodiversity indices: species richness indices, evenness indices, and taxonomic indices.
2. Biodiversity can be measured at different scales: alpha diversity looks at diversity within an area, beta diversity compares diversity between areas, and gamma diversity measures overall diversity across multiple areas in a region.
3. Biodiversity measurements make some key assumptions - that all species are equal, all individuals are equal, and species abundance has been accurately recorded using consistent units.
This document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including population size, density, distribution, growth patterns, biotic potential, carrying capacity, r-selected and K-selected species, environmental resistance, and predator-prey cycles. It provides examples and explanations of exponential and logistic growth curves, and compares characteristics of r-selected and K-selected species.
This document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including the five characteristics of a population: geographic distribution, density, dispersion, growth rate, and age structure. It provides examples and explanations of each characteristic. Geographic distribution describes the area inhabited by a population. Density is the number of individuals per unit area. Dispersion describes the spatial distribution of individuals as either clumped, even, or random. Growth rate measures changes in population size over time. Age structure diagrams show population breakdown by age and sex.
Partnering on CWR research at three scales: commonalities for successCWR Project
The potential for crop wild relatives (CWR) to contribute to crop improvement is growing due to improvements in information on species and their diversity, advancements in breeding tools, and the growing need for exotic genetic diversity to address compounding agronomic challenges. As wild plants, CWR are subject to a myriad of human caused threats to natural ecosystems, and their representation ex situ is often far from comprehensive. Ex situ conservation of many of these wild plants is also technically challenging, particularly in an environment of insufficient resources. Enhancing conservation, availability, and access to CWR requires a spectrum of action spanning basic and applied research on wild species to inform on-the-ground collecting, ex situ maintenance, and germplasm utilization. The development of effective information channels and productive partnerships between diverse organizations are essential to the success of these actions. Here we report on a spectrum of CWR activities involving broad partnerships, at three levels: a) the collaborative compilation and distribution on over 5 million occurrence data records on the CWR of major food crops, b) the analysis of conservation concerns and genetic resources potential of the CWR of potato, sweetpotato, and pigeonpea, and c) ongoing efforts to map the diversity and conservation concerns for CWR in the USA. Although differing in scales and depth of collaborations, the success of these initiatives are largely due to commonalities in research orientation, e.g., inclusiveness, offering clear incentives for involvement, and service providing to the crop science community.
M S Swaminathan Research Foundation has worked for over 30 years on pro-nature, pro-women, pro-poor development and dissemination of technologies. Some key milestones include developing salt tolerant rice with mangrove genes, innovations in below sea level farming, identifying life-saving crop varieties, establishing genetic gardens of biofortified crops, and collaborating internationally on agricultural education and research. The foundation has received long-standing political support and aims to ensure food and nutrition security for all through community-led approaches and linking ecological sustainability with livelihoods.
GOOD COPY individual paper, St. Andrews Field CourseRachel Brodie
This document summarizes an experiment that examined the effects of predator interactions between green crabs and dogwhelks on the consumption of blue mussel prey. The experiment tested single-predator treatments of just dogwhelks or just crabs, as well as a multiple-predator treatment with both species present. Results showed that dogwhelk feeding rates decreased significantly in the presence of green crabs, while crab foraging increased when dogwhelks were present. Additionally, significantly more total mussels were consumed in the multiple-predator treatment than in the single-predator treatments. This indicates that the presence of another predator species impacts the feeding behavior and rates of these invertebrate predators.
Brood stock management and induced breeding of Thai Pangus (Pangasius hypopht...AbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted on brood stock management and induced breeding of Thai Pangus in a hatchery of Jessore region. Brood fishes were reared in the brood rearing pond by providing artificial diet for good health and full maturation. The water quality parameters; temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and transparency were recorded from 25-300C, 7-8.5, 4.5-7.1 ppm and 23- 31 cm in the brood rearing ponds respectively. The experiment was conducted on the induced breeding of Pangasius hypophthalmus in a hatchery by using pituitary gland (PG) hormone. The present study consisted of three treatments (TI, T2 and T3) with three replications of each. The eggs and sperms were obtained just by stripping and then fertilization was done by artificial insemination. Nine pairs of male and five pairs of female were selected for induced breeding and the average body wt. of the female and male were 4.47±0.55 kg and 3.65±0.44 kg respectively. To observe the effective dose for induced breeding, the females were injected at the rate of 8 (TI), 10 (T2) and 12 (T3) mg PG/kg body wt. and correspondingly the males were administered a dose of 1 mg PG/kg body wt. in all treatments. The male and female ratio was maintained as 2:1 for each treatment. The fertilization rate, hatching rate, deformity rate and survival rate were determined. The fertilized eggs were hatched within 22-24 hours respectively. The water temperature was recorded between 27 to 28.50C during the experiment period. Among the three treatments T3showed the best result in terms of fertilization rate (87%), hatching rate (82%), deformity of larvae (6%) and survival rate (80%). The present findings can be used in induced breeding of P. hypophthalmus for the development of hatchery propagation. The overall breeding performances of P. hypophthalmus were found to be satisfactory for the commercial production of this fish in Bangladesh.
Introduction to Tilapia and its meristic charactershajiraali2301
Tilapia is a freshwater fish species that is popular for its mild flavor and versatility in cooking. It is often farmed worldwide due to its fast growth rate and ability to adapt to various environments. Tilapia is low in fat and calories, making it a healthy choice for many diets. It can be grilled, baked, fried, or even used in soups and stews, making it a versatile option for culinary enthusiasts.
Food insecurity is increasing due to population growth and declining agricultural productivity. Entomophagy, or consuming edible insects, has the potential to address this issue as insects are a natural, renewable source of nutrients. Many cultures already incorporate insects into their diets. Edible insects are high in protein, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. They also have a higher feed conversion efficiency than traditional livestock. Insect farming could help alleviate food insecurity by providing additional nutrients in a sustainable way.
Integrated management of Helicoverpa armigera on different genotypes of Kabul...Innspub Net
Gram Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) is the most imperative constraint in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production causing severe losses or there may be complete crop failure in spite of several rounds of insecticidal applications. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of neem application in controlling Pod borer on six different genotypic varieties (AZ-CM2, AZ-CM4, AZ-CM6, AZ-CM10, AZ-CM12 and Noor-91). The experiment was designed in a Split-Plot Design with three replicates. Different agronomic traits were recorded such as plant population, plant height, percentage flowering, physical maturity, number of pod per plant, infestation of pod borer and yield of chickpea. The results showed that plants treated with neem have high population (maximum in Noor-91 with 16.8 plants/m2 and minimum in AZ-CM12 with 2.9 plants/m2, plant height (46.7 cm in AZ-CM4 and 34.7cm in Noor-91), flowering (AZ-CM10 gave 50% flowers after 100.3 days), physical maturity (AZ-CM4 took maximum time (139.7 days) to attain 90% physical maturity while AZ-CM2 and AZ-CM4 took only 136.0 days to attain 90% physical maturity), average number of pods (Noor 91 has higher 19.4 and AZ-CM2 has lowest 12.1). Infestation of pod borer and % damage was found lower in neem sprayed plant. Overall highest yield was observed in plants treated with neem as compared to control and genotype dependent. It is concluded from the results that neem application has a significant effect in controlling pod borer and this effect varies from genotype to genotype. Noor-91 was found to be more resistant towards pod borer.
This study compared the production and profitability of three strains of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) for small-scale commercial cage farming in Ghana. The three strains studied were the Akosombo strain, Huawei strain, and Fish Reit strain. The Huawei strain showed significantly higher final mean weight, absolute growth rate, yield, and profitability indicators compared to the other two strains. While the Akosombo strain had the lowest feed conversion ratio, it also had the highest mortality and lowest mean yield. Overall, the Huawei strain performed best for small-scale commercial cage farming based on production and economic analyses.
Weeding and plant density effects on weed density, agronomic traits and grain...Sheku kanteh
The document summarizes a study that examined the effects of weeding and plant density on weed density, agronomic traits, and grain weight of cowpea in Sierra Leone. Twenty-seven weed species from 25 genera and 14 families were identified at the study site, with the dominant weeds being Diodia scandens, Croton hirtus, Oldenlandia herbacea, and Cyperus difformis. The results showed that weeding and plant density significantly affected cowpea growth and yield, with weeding every 3-6 weeks and lower planting density enhancing lower weed density, better vegetative growth, and higher grain weight.
This document discusses various ecological diversity indices used to quantify biodiversity, including the Shannon Species Index, Pielou Index of Evenness, Species Richness, and Margalef Species Richness. It provides objectives of determining the importance of these indices and using their formulas to solve ecological studies. Formulas and examples are given for calculating the Shannon Index and Pielou's Index of Evenness using sample data on species abundances. Species richness is defined as the total number of species in a community.
1. The document discusses plant genetic resources and their utilization, covering topics such as the historical perspective on plant genetic resource conservation, importance of plant genetic resources, classification, centers of origin, exploration and collection, evaluation, conservation strategies, and the roles of organizations like NBPGR.
2. It notes that plant genetic resources are critical for agriculture as the backbone for developing new cultivars and stresses. It outlines India's rich diversity as a center of origin for many crops and importance conserving resources.
3. Methods of ex situ conservation like seed banks, plant banks, shoot tip cultures, and DNA banks are described as well as evaluation and the work of groups like NBPGR in India to collect, conserve,
Biodiversity declines with increasing distance from the equator, such that tropical regions near the equator harbor more species than temperate or polar regions further from the equator. This pattern is demonstrated by countries like Colombia, located near the equator, having over 1400 bird species, compared to places like New York at 41°N only having 105 bird species. Tropical forests at the equator can have ten times more vascular plant species than forests of equal area in temperate regions. This distribution of species can be studied under latitudinal gradients and species-area relationships.
This document discusses key concepts in population ecology including:
1. Population ecology is the study of processes that affect the distribution and abundance of animal and plant populations. Populations can be closed, open, or exist as metapopulations connected across broader geographic ranges.
2. Population size is determined by birth rates, death rates, and factors like immigration/emigration. Population growth can be exponential, logistic, or geometric depending on life history traits and environmental constraints.
3. Biotic and abiotic factors like food availability, predators, competition, disease, climate, and human activities influence population size, fluctuations, and limitations. Natural selection and genetic variation also impact populations over time.
A global perspective on CWR- ASA/CSSA/SSSA Tampa 2013CWR Project
Presentation regarding gap analysis results for crop wild relatives of over 80 of the world's most important crops, for the annual international ASA/CSSA/SSSA conference, 3-6 November 2013, Tampa, Florida
Presentation made as a discussion opener in the Climate Chance and Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture: State of Knowledge, Risks and Opportunities Special Information Seminar in the Commision on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture meetings in FAO, 16th July 2011. Presentation made by Andy Jarvis.
Ecology and biodiversity of agriculturally important rice field arthropods Diraviam Jayaraj
This document is a thesis submitted by J. Diraviam to the University of Madras for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. It discusses the ecology and biodiversity of arthropods in rice fields in India. The introduction provides background on rice cultivation and discusses how indiscriminate pesticide use has reduced biodiversity and caused other issues. The review of literature discusses previous studies on arthropod biodiversity in rice ecosystems. The objectives section outlines the goals of the study, including quantifying species diversity and studying the effects of factors like weather, agronomic practices, and predator-prey relationships. The materials and methods section describes the study sites and approaches used to collect and identify arthropod species and calculate various
This document summarizes key concepts in population ecology, including factors that influence population size and distribution patterns. Populations can exhibit clumping, uniform, or random dispersion patterns depending on resource availability and other factors. A population's size is determined by the balance between birth and death rates, which are influenced by biotic potential and environmental resistance. Humans can impact ecosystems through activities like habitat degradation and overharvesting. Sustainable practices can be informed by principles seen in nature, such as nutrient recycling and population control.
The document discusses key concepts in population ecology including:
1) Ecology studies the interactions between organisms and their environment at different levels from populations to the biosphere.
2) Population structure is determined by density and distribution which can be affected by resource availability.
3) Population growth rates depend on birth rates, death rates, and immigration/emigration, with biotic potential representing the highest possible growth rate.
4) Survivorship curves illustrate how mortality varies with age in populations.
1. There are three main types of biodiversity indices: species richness indices, evenness indices, and taxonomic indices.
2. Biodiversity can be measured at different scales: alpha diversity looks at diversity within an area, beta diversity compares diversity between areas, and gamma diversity measures overall diversity across multiple areas in a region.
3. Biodiversity measurements make some key assumptions - that all species are equal, all individuals are equal, and species abundance has been accurately recorded using consistent units.
This document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including population size, density, distribution, growth patterns, biotic potential, carrying capacity, r-selected and K-selected species, environmental resistance, and predator-prey cycles. It provides examples and explanations of exponential and logistic growth curves, and compares characteristics of r-selected and K-selected species.
This document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including the five characteristics of a population: geographic distribution, density, dispersion, growth rate, and age structure. It provides examples and explanations of each characteristic. Geographic distribution describes the area inhabited by a population. Density is the number of individuals per unit area. Dispersion describes the spatial distribution of individuals as either clumped, even, or random. Growth rate measures changes in population size over time. Age structure diagrams show population breakdown by age and sex.
Partnering on CWR research at three scales: commonalities for successCWR Project
The potential for crop wild relatives (CWR) to contribute to crop improvement is growing due to improvements in information on species and their diversity, advancements in breeding tools, and the growing need for exotic genetic diversity to address compounding agronomic challenges. As wild plants, CWR are subject to a myriad of human caused threats to natural ecosystems, and their representation ex situ is often far from comprehensive. Ex situ conservation of many of these wild plants is also technically challenging, particularly in an environment of insufficient resources. Enhancing conservation, availability, and access to CWR requires a spectrum of action spanning basic and applied research on wild species to inform on-the-ground collecting, ex situ maintenance, and germplasm utilization. The development of effective information channels and productive partnerships between diverse organizations are essential to the success of these actions. Here we report on a spectrum of CWR activities involving broad partnerships, at three levels: a) the collaborative compilation and distribution on over 5 million occurrence data records on the CWR of major food crops, b) the analysis of conservation concerns and genetic resources potential of the CWR of potato, sweetpotato, and pigeonpea, and c) ongoing efforts to map the diversity and conservation concerns for CWR in the USA. Although differing in scales and depth of collaborations, the success of these initiatives are largely due to commonalities in research orientation, e.g., inclusiveness, offering clear incentives for involvement, and service providing to the crop science community.
M S Swaminathan Research Foundation has worked for over 30 years on pro-nature, pro-women, pro-poor development and dissemination of technologies. Some key milestones include developing salt tolerant rice with mangrove genes, innovations in below sea level farming, identifying life-saving crop varieties, establishing genetic gardens of biofortified crops, and collaborating internationally on agricultural education and research. The foundation has received long-standing political support and aims to ensure food and nutrition security for all through community-led approaches and linking ecological sustainability with livelihoods.
GOOD COPY individual paper, St. Andrews Field CourseRachel Brodie
This document summarizes an experiment that examined the effects of predator interactions between green crabs and dogwhelks on the consumption of blue mussel prey. The experiment tested single-predator treatments of just dogwhelks or just crabs, as well as a multiple-predator treatment with both species present. Results showed that dogwhelk feeding rates decreased significantly in the presence of green crabs, while crab foraging increased when dogwhelks were present. Additionally, significantly more total mussels were consumed in the multiple-predator treatment than in the single-predator treatments. This indicates that the presence of another predator species impacts the feeding behavior and rates of these invertebrate predators.
Brood stock management and induced breeding of Thai Pangus (Pangasius hypopht...AbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted on brood stock management and induced breeding of Thai Pangus in a hatchery of Jessore region. Brood fishes were reared in the brood rearing pond by providing artificial diet for good health and full maturation. The water quality parameters; temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and transparency were recorded from 25-300C, 7-8.5, 4.5-7.1 ppm and 23- 31 cm in the brood rearing ponds respectively. The experiment was conducted on the induced breeding of Pangasius hypophthalmus in a hatchery by using pituitary gland (PG) hormone. The present study consisted of three treatments (TI, T2 and T3) with three replications of each. The eggs and sperms were obtained just by stripping and then fertilization was done by artificial insemination. Nine pairs of male and five pairs of female were selected for induced breeding and the average body wt. of the female and male were 4.47±0.55 kg and 3.65±0.44 kg respectively. To observe the effective dose for induced breeding, the females were injected at the rate of 8 (TI), 10 (T2) and 12 (T3) mg PG/kg body wt. and correspondingly the males were administered a dose of 1 mg PG/kg body wt. in all treatments. The male and female ratio was maintained as 2:1 for each treatment. The fertilization rate, hatching rate, deformity rate and survival rate were determined. The fertilized eggs were hatched within 22-24 hours respectively. The water temperature was recorded between 27 to 28.50C during the experiment period. Among the three treatments T3showed the best result in terms of fertilization rate (87%), hatching rate (82%), deformity of larvae (6%) and survival rate (80%). The present findings can be used in induced breeding of P. hypophthalmus for the development of hatchery propagation. The overall breeding performances of P. hypophthalmus were found to be satisfactory for the commercial production of this fish in Bangladesh.
Introduction to Tilapia and its meristic charactershajiraali2301
Tilapia is a freshwater fish species that is popular for its mild flavor and versatility in cooking. It is often farmed worldwide due to its fast growth rate and ability to adapt to various environments. Tilapia is low in fat and calories, making it a healthy choice for many diets. It can be grilled, baked, fried, or even used in soups and stews, making it a versatile option for culinary enthusiasts.
Effects of Different Kinds of Fertilizers on Growth and Production of Fishes ...Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different kinds of fertilizers on growth and production of fishes (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Oreochromis niloticus and Cirrhinus cirrhosus) in polyculture for four months in six earthen ponds which were situated at the south-east corner of the Faculty of Fisheries Buildings, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The experiment was carried out under three treatments and each pond was stocked with a total of 60 fingerlings at the rate 60/decimal. Pond nos. 2, 4 were under treatment-I where use of cowdung 10 kg/dec./2 weeks, pond nos. 1, 3 were under the treatment-II where use of TSP of 90g/dec./two weeks and pond nos. 5, 6 were under the treatment-III where use of urea of 60g/dec./two weeks. The average initial length and weight of the fingerlings of silver carp, tilapia and mrigal were 10.52, 10.89 and 14.40cm respectively and 17.92, 30.00 and 46.67g respectively. During the experimental period the ranges of water temperature (14.50 to 24.70 °C), transparency (22.35 to 33.10 cm), dissolved oxygen (6.50 to 8.20 mg/L), pH (6.40 to 8.20), total alkalinity (145.00 to 210.00 mg/L), Free CO2 (1.40 to 3.10 mg/L), phosphate-phosphorus (1.50 to 2.30 mg/L), and nitrate-nitrogen (2.70 to 4.00 mg/L) were found within the productive limit and more or less similar in all the ponds under the treatments-I,II, and III. There were 24 genera of phytoplankton under five major groups and 9 genera of zooplankton under three major groups in the experimental ponds. The calculated gross and net productions, under treatment-I were 1.71 ton/ha/yr and 0.43 ton/ha/yr respectively, under treatment-II were 2.01 ton/ha/yr and 0.72 ton/ha/yr. respectively and under treatment-III were 1.69 ton/ha/yr and 0.41 ton/ha/yr respectively. From the present experiment on fish culture it might be concluded that as single fertilizer TSP is the best fertilizer to be used in fish culture ponds because in treatment-II, net and gross productions were highest than those in treatments I and III.
A potential endemic cyprinid for aquaculture and food security: The embryonic...AbdullaAlAsif1
The Bornean Spotted Barb is endemic fish species and widely distributed throughout Borneo in various freshwater bodies and can be considered as a potential aquaculture candidate for food security and the ornamental trade. However there has yet to be scientific studies on the early life history and developmental stages of this species. Thus the present study reveals the embryonic development of Puntius sealei embryo, from fertilization to post-hatching using the induced breeding method. The induced spawning on P. sealei using Ovaprim hormone at a dose of 0.5 ml/kg for females and 0.25ml/kg for males respectively was successfully conducted and the embryonic development of the fertilized eggs were observed. The zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, and larval phases were the six major stages of embryogenesis that investigated in this experiment. This study contributed major knowledge to the early developmental biology of this particular species. The information will be useful for accessing the potentiality of this species for aquaculture as well as the management, and production of the species.
The document summarizes a study on factors affecting trout protection in Kumrat Valley, Dir (U) KPK, Pakistan. It found that over 50% of respondents believed the local community considers threats to trout, while over 70% felt the community has a positive attitude toward protection. Nearly 80% stated pesticides used in agriculture harm trout. Over 60% agreed the community uses harmful hunting methods like electricity and dynamite. The study concluded there is a significant relationship between positive community perceptions and trout protection. It recommended increasing community awareness and training, as well as government support for trout production, protection policies, and market access to promote conservation.
Growth and protein content of mud crabs (Scylla serrata) fed with different n...Innspub Net
Mud crab (Scylla serrata) farming is one of the main sources of livelihood in Calauag, Quezon. Commonly, they use trash fish as their major source of feeds for mud crabs. However, fluctuation on its prices happen because of supply and demand, thus the use of other natural feeds were conceptualized. This aimed to determine if there are significant differences on the weight, protein content and meat characteristics of mud crabs fed with different natural feeds. It also aimed to assess the profitability of mud crab farming in plastic cages using different natural feeds. The experiment was laid out in Complete Randomized Design with three treatments replicated thrice: T1 – trash fish, T2 – horn snail meat and T3 – yellow corn. Results revealed that mud crabs fed with horn snail had the highest weight and protein content as compared to the other treatments. Hence, had the highest ROI. While, in the sensory analysis of its meat characteristics, mud crabs fed with yellow corn had the highest mean which was rated as very much juicy, flavorful and very much acceptable.
This study examined the effects of different dietary levels of betaine on growth performance, food efficiency, and survival rate of pike perch fingerlings over 6 weeks. Fingerlings were fed one of four diets: live food, biomar feed without betaine, biomar with 1% betaine, or biomar with 2% betaine. The results showed that fish fed 2% betaine biomar had significantly higher weight gain, specific growth rate, food efficiency, and lower food conversion ratio compared to other treatments. However, this treatment also had the highest cannibalism. The treatment with biomar only without betaine resulted in the highest survival rate of 34.5%. In conclusion, betaine improved growth but
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, C hanna striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North - east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus . The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19 -
29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40 80%. Hatching occurred within
22 - 36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27 - 29 ° C. The percentage of hatching rate
varied from 55 - 80%. The overall breeding performance of
C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, Channa striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North-east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus. The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19-29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40-80%. Hatching occurred within 22-36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27-29°C. The percentage of hatching rate varied from 55-80%. The overall breeding performance of C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Article Citation:
Bilal Ahmad Paray, Haniffa MA and Manikandaraja D.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel,
Channa striatus (Bloch) under captive conditions.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 033-039.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0010.pdf
Effect of Stocking Density on the Resistance to Fasting, Growth and Survival ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— After artificial reproduction of African catfish Heterobranchus bidorsalis, larvae of two days old and 2.18 ± 0.35 mg of mean weight were used to perform two experiments in order to assess the effect of stocking density on their fasting resistance, growth and survival. During the first experiment which lasted 11 days with four batches of larvae at densities of 1, 2, 3 and 4 individuals/ml, results showed that density did not significantly affect (p˂0,05) the resistance to fasting of larvae. However, first mortalities were observed at D5 for all the densities, the higher daily mortality was recorded at D10 and the last mortalities were obtained at D12.
Results of the second experiment revealed that the weight and growth performance of larvae decreased with the increasing of the density after 28 days of rearing. In contrast, the larval survival rate increased with the density. The values of survival rate were respectively 30.53 ± 4.32 and 55.30 ± 21.70 % for the densities 1 ind./l and 20 ind./l.
This study evaluated the effects of different dietary taurine levels on the growth, feed utilization, body composition, and amino acid profiles of Nile tilapia larvae. Larvae were fed diets with 0, 5, 10, or 15 g/kg of taurine for 60 days. Growth rates and feed efficiency improved with increasing taurine up to 10 g/kg but decreased at 15 g/kg. Maximum larval performance occurred at around 9.7 g/kg taurine. Higher taurine led to lower survival. Body protein increased and moisture/ash decreased with up to 10 g/kg taurine but decreased further at 15 g/kg. Lipids were unaffected. Several amino acids
Comparison of growth feed conversion and body composition of juvenile hybrid...ABDUL MALIK
The objective of this study was to compare growth, feed consumption and body composition of
hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus) and Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) reared in
concrete tanks for 60 days. The juvenile of Nile tilapia, T1 (mean weight 2.08±0.2 g) and hybrid red
tilapia, T2 (mean weight 2.07±0.16 g) were stocked in concrete tanks (15 × 6 × 3 ft). They were fed
with four isoenergetic (20.3 kJ g
) diets containing 35% protein at a daily ration of 5% body weight
with two replications. The highest weight gain was found in T2 (44.2±0.1g), while the lowest one
was recorded in T1 (34.3±0.2 g). Specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were
-1
not significantly different among treatments (P<0.01).><0.01).><0.05).><0.05), though little variations were noted in the values of individual
fatty acids. Based on the biological and chemical data, it is suggested that hybrid red tilapia, T2 (O.
niloticus × O. mossambicus) has potential for aquaculture in Pakistan.
Effect of feeding management of broodstock on breeding performance of bata (L...AbdullaAlAsif1
Labeo bata is one of the important minor carps in Bangladesh with great demand as good table fish. The study was conducted to observe the breeding performance at different management practices in Mafatema, Rupali, Modhumoti and Anan fish hatchery and disinfection treatments of water, eggs and fry in Jessore, Bangladesh during 10 March 2014 to 15 May 2015. An improvement in broodstock nutrition and feeding has been shown to greatly improve seed production. Protein and lipid percentage of broodstock diet have been identified as major dietary factors. Protein level was 24.77%, 23.47%, 18.08%, 17.78% and lipid level was 11.07%, 9.50%, 7.74%, 8.14% in Mafatema, Rupali, Modhumoti and Anan fish hatchery respectively. Three concentrations of four chemical-formalin (10, 20, 30 mg/L), malachite green (1, 3, 5 mg/L), NaCl (1, 2, 3 g/L) and methylene blue ( 1, 3, 5 mg/L) treatment regimes and a control were compared for efficacy in treating L. bata eggs to prevent fungus and bacterial infection and improve hatch and survival rate of fry. Highest correlation value between absolute fecundity and body weight (r=.938, p<.05) and total length (r=.891, p<.05) and gonadosomatic index (26.2%) were found in Mafatema fish hatchery among four experimental hatcheries at 24.77% protein and 11.07% lipid level. Better fertilization rate (84.2±5.17%) and hatching rate (82.0±4.30%) were found in Mafatema and Rupali fish hatchery respectively that has significant difference (P<0.05) from that of Modhumoti and Anan fish hatchery at higher protein and lipid level. Lowest deformity rate (6.05+2.65) was observed in Mafatema fish hatchery that was significantly different (P<0.05) from that of Modhumoti fish hatchery. In case of disinfection treatment, methylene blue at 1mg/L bath treatment daily for 4 days showed significantly higher hatching rate (92.33±3.51%) and survival rate (94.33±4.73%).
A study on growth performance of Spirulina platensis in different concentrati...AbdullaAlAsif1
An experiment was conducted on culture and growth performance of Spirulina platensis in various concentrations of rotten apple medium (RAM) and Kosaric Medium (KM). The observation was conducted for three months from March to May at the Live Food Culture Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University. Culture of S. platensis was performed in 1.0L glass flasks in three different media such as 2.5, 5.0 and 10% and KM with three replications under fluorescent light in light : dark (12 hr : 12 hr) condition of a period of 14 days. Growth performances of S. platensis varied from one medium to another. The initial cell weight of S. platensis was 0.0023 mg/L and a maximum cell weight of 12.44 mg/L was found in KM and 10.468 mg/L in RAM on 10 th day of culture. It was also observed that, the initial chlorophyll a content of S. platensis was 0.0015 mg/L which was attained at a highest content of 10.54 mg/L in KM and 12.35 mg/L in RAM on 10 th day of culture. A decreasing trend of cell weight was observed from 10 th day of culture. The growth of S. platensis was significantly (p<0.05) better in 5.0% Digested Rotten Apple Medium (DRAM) than other concentrations 2.5% DRAM and 10% DRAM. From the results obtained in the present study, it was summarized that the growth of S. platensis was better in the concentrations of 5.0% DRAM than other concentrations of RAM. Thus, the concentration of 5.0% DRAM is most suitable for S. platensis culture compare with standard KM. These media are easily available and most inexpensive in contrast of Bangladesh. So digested rotten apple can be used for commercially and economically viable mass culture of S. platensis.
Reproductive response of rabbit does to diets containing varying levels of ho...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the reproductive performance of rabbit does fed diets containing varying levels (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%) of horseradish (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal. Twenty-four female and four male rabbits were assigned to four treatment groups and fed the experimental diets for 16 weeks. Parameters measured included gestation length and gain, litter size and weight at birth and weaning, survival rates, and milk production. Results showed that litter birth weight and gestation gain were highest for rabbits fed 20% and 30% horseradish leaf meal. Weaning traits like litter size, weight, and survival rates were also best for rabbits fed 20% horseradish leaf meal. The study concluded that up to
This study investigated the effects of incorporating soybean milk residue at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% in diets for growing rabbits. Results showed that nutrient digestibility and visceral organ weights were generally not significantly affected by dietary soybean milk residue levels up to 20%. Specifically, feed digestibility and nutrient utilization were not significantly different across treatments. While heart and kidney weights differed significantly, liver, spleen, and lung weights did not. It was concluded that soybean milk residue can be included in growing rabbit diets up to 20% without negatively impacting nutrient digestion or visceral organ development.
1) Tilapia were introduced to Iraq in 2011 from Syrian farms, spreading to waterways and causing problems competing with native fish. They are used for biological control by eating mosquitoes that transmit malaria.
2) Tilapia are freshwater fish native to Africa that have been introduced worldwide for aquaculture. They have high growth rates, adaptability, and ability to breed in captivity.
3) The document discusses tilapia taxonomy, environmental requirements, nutritional needs at different life stages, feeding rates, reproduction as mouth-brooding fish, and their suitability for aquaculture.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoplankton in culture pond of Noa...AbdullaAlAsif1
A study was conducted on qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoplankton in cultured ponds of two fish farms of Noakhali district, Bangladesh from 15 September to 15 November 2012 to identify and estimate the abundance of phytoplankton in various culture ponds of two fish farms. Analyses of phytoplankton samples recorded a total of 4 classes phytoplankton viz.; Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae. Out of 21 phytoplankton genera identified, 5 belong to Cyanophyceae, 7 to Chlorophyceae, 5 to Bacillariophyceae and 4 to Euglenophyceae. Among the identified genera, Euglena, Microcystis, Eurolena were found to be dominant genera. Total phytoplankton abundance was varied from 36×105 cells/L to 94.92×105 cells/L in the experimental ponds. Among all experimental ponds, Chlorophyceae was found dominant (44.4×105 cells/L). Second dominant group was Euglenophyceae (39.6×105 cells/L) observed in pond-1 of Bismillah Agro Production (BAP). Total phytoplankton densities were recorded 47.82×105cells/L and 51×105 cells/L in pond-1 and pond-2 of Subarna Agro Based Initiative (SABI) respectively. In BAP, total phytoplankton densities were recorded 94.92×105cells/L and 36×105 cells/L in pond-1 and pond-2 respectively. Management technique and water quality parameters were also studied during study period namely water temperature, conductivity, salinity, transparency, dissolve oxygen and pH. The present study reveals that phytoplankton species are variable among the culture ponds and their density is also variable. The information provides for more research to compare water quality and pond phytoplankton characteristics in earthen aquaculture systems with and without fish stocking. Further studies on the seasonal changes of water quality parameters and its effects on phytoplankton production in the fish ponds and all year extended monitoring is recommended in future studies.
Similar to Study on Production Performance and Economic Benefits between Mixed-sex and Mono-sex Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
The document discusses a case study of enhancing social capital among rural women in Bukidnon Province, Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic through a livelihood project. Key findings include:
1) Technical trainings provided by the project increased the women's knowledge, allowing them to generate additional household income through vegetable gardening during the pandemic.
2) The women's social capital, as measured by groups/networks, trust, and cooperation, increased by 15.5% from 2019 to 2020 through increased participation in their association.
3) Main occupations, income sources, and ethnicity influenced the women's social capital. The project enhanced social ties that empowered the rural women economically and socially despite challenges of the pandemic.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
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A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
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Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
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Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the scanning electron microscopic structure and chemical composition of urinary calculi (stones) found in geriatric dogs. Microscopic examination of urine samples revealed increased numbers of blood cells, epithelial cells, pus cells, casts, bacteria and crystals of various shapes, predominantly struvite, calcium oxalate dihydrate and monohydrate, and ammonium urate. Scanning electron microscopy showed perpendicular columnar strata of struvite crystals and wavy phases of uric acid. Chemical analysis identified calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate and urea stones. The study characterized the microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of crystals and chemical composition of urinary calculi in geriatric dogs.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. Study on Production Performance and Economic Benefits between Mixed-sex and Mono-sex Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Deb et al. 062
The Nile tilapia is suited for both monoculture and
polyculture or in cage culture (Shoko et al. 2014). Among
other species of tilapia, O. niloticus was found to be easily
and profitably cultured in cages using a semi-intensive
culture system with locally available feeding materials of
plant and/or animal origin (Liti et al. 2005). Cage culture in
the pond is a very convenient and efficient way to culture
tilapia in captive conditions. Cage fish culture uses existing
water resources and commercially manufactured feeds.
The feeding rate limit for a fed pond is influenced by the
capacity of the pond’s microbial population that assimilate
and decompose fish/aquatic waste products such as
ammonia and other solid materials (Rakocy et al. 2004).
Tilapia has shown improved growth rates when cultured in
cages rather than in open ponds as the cages restrict the
area of each fish available to move and thus save energy
for growth (Rojas and Wadsworth, 2007).
High fish production and improved growth potential is the
major target of fish farmers. Due to the faster growth, high
disease resistance capability, and good market value, Nile
tilapia has become a culturally significant finfish species
and is highly relished by the consumers in Bangladesh
(Ferdoushi et al. 2019). They have rapid reproductive
capability under mixed-sex culture in ponds and the
recruits attain sexual maturity when they are 2-3 months
old (Sule, 2004). Mature females can breed once in a
month especially under favourable environmental
conditions (Lucas et al. 2019). This feature contributes to
a significant number of overcrowded and stunted
individuals in the pond that does not attract buyers if they
are harvested for sale (Sule et al. 1996). This unexpected
reproduction and the resulting consumer's disrelish
towards stunted fish is therefore essential to curb or
eliminate properly (Towers, 2005).
There are a number of methods that are used for the past
decades to address this problem include cage culture,
hybridisation, irradiation, sex reversal, stocking with other
fish, and mono-sex culture (Bardach et al. 1972; Allison et
al. 1976). Farmers preferred mono-sex (all male) tilapia
culture over mixed cultures as males grow twice as fast as
females (Fortes, 2005). There is a growing body of
literature evaluating the comparative growth performance
of mixed-sex and mono-sex Nile tilapia in the pond culture
system. For example, Sule (2004) conducted a study to
evaluate the growth performance of mono-sex (all female
and all males separately) and mixed-sex tilapia using 25
% crude protein fish feed in the earthen pond and found
the FCR, weight gain, and survival rate (%) are higher in
all males than all females and mixed-sex population. Little
et al. (2003) studied the growth and survival of mixed-sex
and mono-sex tilapia fries nursed for two, four, or six
months in fertilised earthen ponds. Their study found the
growth and survival rate is higher in mono-sex tilapia than
the mixed-sex population. Similarly, a study conducted by
Githukia et al. (2015) found an improved level of survival
rate (%), SGR, FCR, and Condition Factor (CF) in male
mono-sex than the mixed-sex in earthen pond. However,
there has been a debate around the culture of mono-sex
tilapia that is not always superior to the culture of mixed-
sex tilapia in different culture systems (Little and Edwards,
2004; Kamaruzzaman et al. 2009).
In Bangladesh, there is a perception in the general people
that there may have some negative effect of the synthetic
hormone (17 alpha-methyl testosterone) on human health
which is used for sex-reversal tilapia production
(Megbowon and Mojekwu, 2014). Therefore, a large
number of consumers do not prefer to use mono-sex tilapia
for home consumption though several studies have proven
that there is no adverse effect of sex reversal hormones
on fish, humans, and the environment (Chakraborty, 2016)
However, the effects of the hormones and its by-products
on important organs such as gills, liver, pancreas, and
kidney were not confirmed (Megbowon and Mojekwu,
2014). As the tilapia farming is growing rapidly in
Bangladesh, it is necessary to give priorities in consumers’
choice as well as farmers’ profitability, especially the
marginal and medium category farmers. In literature, a
number of studies have evaluated the growth performance
of mixed-sex and mono-sex tilapia in the earthen pond
(Little et al. 2003; Liti et al., 2005, Dagne et al., 2013,
Gómez-Márquez et al., 2015, Githukia et al., 2015, Dagne
and Yimer, 2018), but little research has done to compare
the production performance between these two groups of
fishes in cage cultures. Hence, the study has evaluated
and compared the production performance and economic
viability between mixed-sex and mono-sex tilapia in the
cage culture system in Bangladesh.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study period and area
The study was carried out at Sylhet division, located at
north-eastern (24°30′N- 91°40′E) part of Bangladesh
comprising of 12,298.4 square km situated in the pond
near Central Mosque of the Sylhet Agricultural University,
Sylhet.
Cage preparation and set up
Twelve cages were constructed each with a size of 1.5 m3
(1.5m × 1m × 1m). The cages were constructed of bamboo
frames fitted with a blue nylon net tied with nylon twines.
The mesh size was small enough, i.e., 0.8 cm, which
helped to prevent the escape of fish fry and the passage
of a large amount of water through the cages. One edge
of the upper side of each cage was kept open and bound
to nylon threads for management purposes, such as
feeding, sampling, and harvesting of fish. Empty capped
plastic bottles of two-litre size were fixed at every upper
corner of the cage to keep it floating. Each cage was tied
up with a rope to fix it on the bank of the water body. Cages
were settled into the water with bamboo poles one week
prior to stocking of tilapia fry. To prevent floating feeds
3. Study on Production Performance and Economic Benefits between Mixed-sex and Mono-sex Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
J. Fish. Aquacul. Res. 063
escaping from the cages by the natural flow of water, all
the cages were covered with a fine-meshed net to a length
of 15 cm from the water surface to downwards. Long
bamboo platforms between cage and pond banks have
been built for ease of feed supply and regular cage
surveillance.
Experimental design
The experiment was carried out for a period of 99 days
from 7 May to 12 August 2014 in 12 cages situated in the
pond near Central Mosque of the Sylhet Agricultural
University, Sylhet (Figure 1). The study consisted of two
treatments with six replicates. Mixed-sex tilapia were
stocked in treatment-I and mono-sex (all-male) tilapia were
stocked in treatment-II. All the tilapia fries i.e., mixed, or
mono-sex tilapia were collected from the same area. The
stocking size of the tilapia was the same (around 1.7 g - 2
g) in all the treatments. Stocking density was 70 individual
m-3, i.e., 105 fries stocked in each of the cages. The
farming of tilapia with a stocking density around 70-75
individuals m-3 in cage culture was found viable for
producing low- cost food fish (FAO, 2016).
Figure 1: Field image and design of the experiment
Stocking of tilapia
A total of 1260 tilapia fry (both mixed-sex and mono-sex)
were collected from Delta Agro Fisheries, Uttar Para,
Chotokhurma, Kamal Bazar, Bishwonath, Sylhet district.
The fries were transported by pick-up van with two
separate large plastic drums where one containing all
mixed-sex and other containing all mono-sex tilapia fry.
During transportation, water in the plastic containers was
agitated manually to add oxygen from the air. According to
the treatment type, in each cage 105 fries were stocked
and the initial stocking size was around 1.7 g- 2 g.. All fries
were stocked early in the morning.
Management of tilapia
In this study, commercial starter feed (locally known as
Misha Floating Fish Feed) and grow-out feed (locally
known as Paragon Floated Feed) were used for feeding
technique. Feeding was started with commercial starter
feed at 30 % of the bodyweight of fish in the first month
and after 45 days when the weight was around 30 gm then
the grow-out feed was introduced. The grow-out feed was
gradually decreased up to 4 % of body weight in the last
month of study. Feeds were spread over the cages through
the upper opening. Total feed for a day was divided into
two equal half and supplied in the morning between 8.00 -
9.00 a.m. and in the evening at 5.00 - 6.00 p.m. Feeding
rates were adjusted every seven days depending on the
mean body weight and stage of growth. The net of the
cages was cleaned once in a week. Data was recorded
very carefully.
Sampling of tilapia
Feeding status was monitored regularly on a daily basis.
Cage and fish health conditions were checked fortnightly.
For sampling purposes, length and weight of randomly
selected 20 individuals were measured and recorded from
each cage at fortnightly throughout the study period. The
sampling was done for around 2- 3 hours started at 11.00
a.m. in the morning. The length of fish was measured by a
wooden scale and the weight of fish was measured by a
digital weighing machine. Initial individual body weights of
fishes were recorded at the time of initiation of the
experiment. At the end of the study, all fishes were
captured and used for measurements.
Monitoring of water quality
Water samples were collected fortnightly in small plastic
bottles from the experimental cages on the sampling days.
Water quality parameters such as water temperature,
transparency, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, CO2, NH3, Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS), hardness, and nitrite were
recorded fortnightly during sampling. Water temperature
was measured by an alcohol thermometer. A dissolved
oxygen meter was used to determine the dissolved oxygen
level of water. Transparency of water was measured using
a Secchi disc and pH with a pH meter. A digital TDS meter
was used to measure TDS of water. Total alkalinity and
other parameters were determined titrimetrically in the
laboratory.
Estimation of growth, yield, and survival of tilapia
Throughout the experimental period, weight gains of fishes
at different treatments in different sampling dates have
been recorded and growth performances in different
stocking densities were calculated using the standard
formula. At the end of the study, fishes were harvested and
sold in a local market. During harvesting, lengths and
weights of 20 individuals in each cage were measured.
Then, the bulk weight of tilapia was measured separately
for each cage and recorded. The following parameters
were used to evaluate the growth of fish:
i. Weight gain (g)= Average final weight (g) - average
initial weight (g)
ii. Survival rate (%) =
No.of fish harvested
Initial no.of fishes
× 100
4. Study on Production Performance and Economic Benefits between Mixed-sex and Mono-sex Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Deb et al. 064
iii. The yield of fish:
a. Gross Yield = No. of fish caught × Average final weight
b. Net Yield = No. of fish caught × Average weight gained
iv. Specific growth rate (SGR) is the instantaneous
change in weight of fish calculated as the percent of
increased body weight per day over the experimental
period. SGR was calculated using the following
formula
Specific growth rate (SGR % per day) =
Loge W2 − Loge W1
T2 – T1
× 100
Where,
W1= the initial live body weight (g) at time T1 (day)
W2= the final live body weight (g) at time T2 (day)
T1 = Time at the commencement of the experiment
T2 = Time at the end of the experiment
v. The feed conversion ratio is expressed by the amount
of food consumed to the weight gain that was
determined for each of the two treatments. It was
calculated as the
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) =
Food fed (dry weight)
Live weight gain
× 100
Cost- benefit analysis
The benefit-cost analysis of the different treatments was
calculated based on the prices of fertiliser, fish seed
(including transport), feed, and the revenue from the sale
of tilapia. At the end of the study, all fish were sold in a
local market. The analysis was based on market prices in
Bangladesh for fish and all other items expressed in
Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) (1 BDT = 0.012 USD). The net
benefit and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) were calculated using
the following formula:
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 – 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
Benefit − cost ratio (BCR) =
Total revenue
Total cost
Statistical analysis
All the data collected during the experiment were recorded
in a notebook and regularly computed. At the end of the
experiment, all data were analysed statistically using the
Independent Sample T-test to understand the significant
level and the One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to
know the mean value of the two treatments. SPSS
statistical software (16.0 version) was used for all the
analyses. Probabilities of P < 0.05 were considered to test
the significance level.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Water quality parameters
The water quality parameters such as water temperature,
transparency, DO, pH, CO2, NH3, TDS, hardness, and
nitrite are important to determine as they are the most
influential factors that affect the growth rate of fishes
(Gómez-Márquez et al. 2015). The water quality
parameters found throughout the study period are
presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Water quality parameters of the study area in each sampling day
Parameters Sampling 1
(21 May
2014)
Sampling 2
(04 June
2014)
Sampling 3
(18 June
2014)
Sampling 4
(02 July
2014)
Sampling 5
(16 July
2014)
Sampling 6
(30 July
2014)
Sampling 7
(13 August
2014)
Water (°C)
temperature
28.5 29 27 30.5 30.5 26.5 30
TDS (mgL-1) 90 70 100 90 95 60 90
Transparency (cm) 30 33 31.1 40 40 12.2 39
DO (mgL-1) 5.6 5.8 5.8 4 4 5.4 6
pH 7.2 7 7.5 7 7.1 7 7.2
Hardness
(mgL-1)
54 57 56 29 29 57 26
CO2 (ppm) 7 6.5 6 6.2 6 6.5 6
NH3 (mgL-1) 0.0198 0.0124 0.011 0.014 0.0074 0.0032 0.00756
Nitrite (mgL-1) 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2
Water temperature is a very essential element for
metabolic activity and physiological processes of aquatic
organisms and has an indirect effect on survival and
growth (Dagne et al. 2013). Water temperature was found
more or less similar in both treatments throughout the
study period. The maximum temperature of 30.5 °C was
recorded in the pond on the 4th and the 5th sampling day
might be due to the high intensity of sunlight and the
absence of cloud in the sky. The lowest water temperature
(26.5 °C) was recorded in the pond on the 6th sampling day
might be due to the low intensity of sunlight and some
rains. Similar water temperature was also reported by
Sarker (2000); Hasan et al. (2010); Maghna et al. (2012)
in their study in the ponds of Bangladesh Agricultural
University campus, Mymensingh. Aminul (1996) stated
that the water temperature ranged from 25 °C to 35 ºC is
suitable for fish culture. In the present study, the water
temperature was found within a suitable range for fish
culture.
The water transparency varied at various sampling times
during this study (Table 1). A possible explanation might
be due to variations in the abundance of plankton in the
pond. Transparency values of approximately 15 - 40 cm
5. Study on Production Performance and Economic Benefits between Mixed-sex and Mono-sex Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
J. Fish. Aquacul. Res. 065
are suitable for fish culture (Boyd, 1982). The observed
transparency of water in the present study indicates that
the experimental pond was suitable for fish culture.
In terms of productivity, Banerjea (1967) considered that
the level of dissolved oxygen in water ranged from 5.00 to
7.00 mg.L-1 indicated that it was fair or good and water
having dissolved oxygen below 5 mg.L-1 to be
unproductive. A slightly lower dissolved oxygen level was
observed in our study during sampling 4 and 5 due to the
lower level of phytoplankton growth in the pond. However,
the DO level was found to be acceptable for fish culture in
other sampling times.
In this study, the pH values of pond water were ranged
from 7 to 7.5 under different treatments. According to
Swingle (1967), a pH value of 6.5 - 9.0 is suitable for pond
fish culture. Other water quality parameters measured in
this study were found in an acceptable range as supported
by Begum (1998) and Mandal et al. (2002).
Experimental diet
In this study, starter feed and grow-out feed were used for
feeding purposes. To know the acceptability of the
experimental feeds, close observation of feeding
responses of tilapia fry was observed. Generally, within 2-
3 days of feeding, fries become habituated to the new
experimental diet. The major composition status of starter
feed and grow-out feed is given in Table 2.
Table 2: The major composition status of starter and grow-
out feed used in the study
Name of the major
composition
Amount of composition
Starter feed Grow-out feed
Improved protein %
(lowest)
28 -
Moisture % (highest) 11 12
Crude Lipid % (lowest) 4 8
Crude fibre % (highest) 8 5
Crude Protein % - 30 ± 1
Lysine % - 1.7
Methionine% - 0.55
Calcium % - 2
Phosphorus % - 1
Monthly growth increment
After initial sampling and stocking of tilapia fry into the
treatments, length and weight were monitored in every
fifteen days alternate and compared to see the difference
in monthly growth rates. Figure 2 and Figure 3
demonstrate the fortnightly changes in length and weight
of mono-sex and mixed-sex tilapia in two different
treatments. Male mono-sex had recorded higher average
weight after initial 72 days of stocking whilst the length was
similar in both mono-sex and mixed-sex tilapia throughout
the study period (Figure 3 and Figure 2). The growth
increments were recorded as 189.67 ± 19.14b g in
treatment-II and 167.15 ± 13.29a g in treatment-I
respectively. The result suggests that male mono-sex
tilapia had higher growth potential than mixed-sex tilapia.
This finding is supported by Githukia et al. (2015) where
their study found a substantial increase in length and
weight of mono-sex tilapia than the mixed-sex tilapia in the
pond culture system. Similarly, Sule (2004) reported that
all-male tilapia has a higher growth rate than all-female
tilapia cultured in the earthen pond located in Nigeria. The
research conducted by Little et al. (2003) also found a
similar result where the mono-sex tilapia has substantially
higher growth potential than mixed-sex tilapia. A possible
explanation for the difference in only growth rate over body
length is the sex reversal hormones contain growth
promotor and the resultant mono-sex tilapia gains weight
rapidly compared to the non-hormone treated mixed
population. Furthermore, mixed-sex tilapia lost their
energy while courtship, egg production, mouthbrooding
and rearing of newly hatched fries (Towers, 2005).
Figure 2: Fortnightly changes in the length of tilapia in
different treatments
Figure 3: Fortnightly average weight gain of tilapia in
different treatments
Survival of tilapia
In this study, the survival rates were found to be
satisfactory in all the replications and treatments (Table 3).
The average survival rate of tilapia in treatment-I and
treatment-II were recorded as 95.40 % and 95.87 %
respectively. This result indicates that there was no
significant difference (P >0.05) between the two
treatments. The survival (%) rate of tilapia in the current
6. Study on Production Performance and Economic Benefits between Mixed-sex and Mono-sex Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Deb et al. 066
study is similar to the reported results of Dan and Little
(2000a) where they have found the survival rate of mono-
sex and mixed-sex tilapia ranges between 94.4 % and
96.7% in three different strains and found there was no
significant difference between them. Little et al. (2003)
found in all the treatment groups, the survival rate between
mono-sex and mixed-sex were not significantly different
and ranged from 69% to 86%. Similar results were also
reported by Githukia et al. (2015) and Chakraborty and
Benerjee (2012) where their study found hormone
treatment did not negatively affect the survival rate of
tilapia.
Table 3: Survival rate (%) of tilapia in different replications
and treatments
Replication Survival (%)
Treatment-I Treatment-II
R1 97.14 94.29
R2 95.24 96.19
R3 92.38 98.10
R4 97.14 92.38
R5 93.33 98.10
R6 97.14 96.19
Average 95.40 95.87
Production and growth performances of tilapia in
different treatments
Production and growth performances of tilapia in terms of
mean final individual body weight, mean individual weight
gain (g), percent (%) weight gain, specific growth rate
(SGR % per day) were analysed using a standard formula
and have been presented in Table 4. The result indicates
that there is a significant difference in individual harvesting
weight, gross yield, and net yield between the two
treatments. Dagne et al. (2013) reported that the gross and
net fish production for all males was 4 087 kg·ha-1·Y-1 and
2 384 kg·ha-1·Y-1 while for mixed-sex groups was 2 437
kg·ha-1·Y-1 and 1 421 kg·ha-1·Y-1 respectively. Similar
studies were also reported by Chakraborty et al. (2011)
and Sule (2004). This may be due to the mouth brooding
behaviour of the female or the voluntary feeding habit of
the male tilapia. Male tilapia has higher growth rates than
females as they can retain their energy while they
reproduce. On the other hand, female tilapia has to fast
during their entire brooding cycle, resulting in erratic
feeding, which eventually affects the physical condition
(Pandian and Sheela, 1995; Green et al. 1997).
Table 4: Comparisons of means (± SD) of yield parameters of tilapia in different treatments
Parameters Treatment-I Treatment-II
Individual stocking weight (g) 1.74 1.75
Individual harvesting weight (g) 167.15 ± 13.29a 189.67 ± 19.14b
Survival (%) 95.39 ± 2.12 95.87 ± 2.22
FCR 1.25 ± 0.09 1.19 ± 0.12
SGR (% bw.day-1) 4.61 ± 0.08 4.72 ± 0.10
Gross yield (kg.m-2) 11.15 ± 0.83a 12.72 ± 1.27b
Net yield (kg.m-2) 11.03 ± 0.83a 12.60 ± 1.27b
*Different superscript letter in the same row indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) based on one-way ANOVA
followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Individual stocking and harvesting weight and
biomass
The initial individual stocking weight of treatment-I and
treatment-II was recorded as 1.74 g and 1.75 g
respectively. The main difference in weight and biomass
between mono-sex and mixed-sex tilapia was observed
from the 86th day of stocking. The individual weight of fish
in 72nd days of stocking was recorded as 103.82 ± 5.13a g
in treatment-I (mixed- sex) and 110.76 ± 4.70a g in
treatment-II (mono-sex) and the biomass was recorded as
6.936 ± 0.42a kg.m-3 in treatment-I and 7.431 ± 0.28a kg.m-
3 in treatment-II. Likewise, in 99th days of the culture period,
the harvesting weight was recorded as 167.15 ± 13.29a g
in treatment-I and 189.67 ± 19.14b g in treatment-II and
biomass was as 11.15 ± 0.83a kg.m-3 in treatment-I and
12.72 ± 1.27b kg.m-3 in treatment-II (Figure 4 and Figure
5). The weight and biomass calculated at different time
intervals during the culture period showed that the weight
and biomass are significantly lower in treatment-I than
treatment-II. A similar output was also reported by
Alemayehu (2017) while determining the effect of feed and
water quality on the growth performance of Nile tilapia in
the cage culture system in Ethiopia. These results are also
in line with Sah et al. (2019).
Figure 4: Comparison of individual weight between two
treatments.
7. Study on Production Performance and Economic Benefits between Mixed-sex and Mono-sex Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
J. Fish. Aquacul. Res. 067
Figure 5: Comparison of biomass between two treatments
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) is a key indicator of fish feed
efficiency and a lower FCR suggests greater use of fish
feed (Mugo‐Bundi et al., 2015). The FCR in treatment-I
and treatment-II was found as 1.25 ± 0.09a and 1.18 ±
0.12a, respectively. This result indicates that there was no
significant (P > 0.05) difference between the FCR values
of mixed-sex and mono-sex tilapia. Hossain et al. 2005
found the FCR values of 1.64 ± 0.2 and 1.58 ± 0.04 for
mixed-sex and mono-sex tilapia which are in line with our
study. Githukia et al. (2015) also evaluated FCR of male
mono-sex and mixed-sex Nile tilapia reared in an earthen
pond and found 1.51 ± 0.01 for mono-sex and 1.98 ± 0.03
for mixed-sex tilapia, respectively. Sule (2004) found that
there was no significant difference between the FCR of all-
male, all-female and mixed-sex tilapia. A similar result was
also reported by Dagne et al. (2013).
SGR (% bw.day-1
)
Specific growth rate (SGR) in treatment I and II were 4.607
± 0.08a and 4.725 ± 0.10a respectively. There was no
significant difference between the two treatments. The
SGR values observed in this study are considerably higher
than those (0.69 - 1.81) reported by Dan and Little (2000b)
for overwintering mono-sex tilapia fry. The lower SGR
reported by Dan and Little (2000b) could be because of
higher stocking density (four fingerlings m-2), lower
temperature (11.0 °C to 23.0 °C) compared to the present
study. The other explanation behind the different SGR
values for this species in the current study might be due to
the varying natural productivity of the cultured pond. The
study is supported by Sule (2004), Chakraborty et al.
(2011) and Dagne et al. (2013).
Benefit-cost analysis of different treatment
The cost and income calculated in different treatments per
meter cube volume basis have been presented in Table 5.
The total returns indicate that all mono-sex tilapia
performed well than the mixed-sex population. There is no
significant difference (P > 0.05) in net benefit values for
both treatments (Table 5). Ahmed et al. (2013) found the
highest net benefit of BDT 15,83,213/ha/70 days of culture
period using feed prepared by Peninsula group than the
commercial tilapia feed.
Table 5: Comparisons of economics between different
treatments based on 1 m3 cage area
Items Treatment-I
(BDT)
Treatment-II
(BDT)
Financial inputs
Cage cost (making,
setting)
157 157
Tilapia fry (BDT
2.00 per fry)
140 140
Feed 687 742
Total costs 984 1039
Financial returns
Total returns
(Average sale
value BDT 2.00 per
fry)
1450.4 ± 108.50a 1654.2 ± 165.39b
Net benefit 466.36 ± 108.51 615.16 ± 165.39
Benefit cost ratio
(BCR)
1.47 : 1 1.59 : 1
*Different superscript letter in the same row indicated
significant differences (P < 0.05) based on one-way
ANOVA followed by DMRT
**Currencies are given in Bangladeshi Taka, BDT (1 BDT
= 0.012 USD) at the time of calculation in 2014
Total cost
Cage making cost (BDT 157 per cage), tilapia fry cost
(BDT 2.00 per fry), and feed cost were taken into
consideration to calculate total cost which measured BDT
984 and BDT 1039 for treatment I and II. The main
variation in expenditure came from the amount of feed
used in different treatments. The study conducted by Liti et
al. (2005) found tilapia fed on white bran showed the best
economic return than commercial pig pelleted feeds.
Net benefit
Net benefit in treatment I and II was found 466.36 ±
108.51a and 615.16 ± 165.39a respectively. There was no
significant difference between the two treatments. The
result indicates that the net benefit of two different
treatments is almost the same.
Gross benefit
The gross returns indicate that all mono-sex tilapia
performed well than the mixed-sex population (Table 6).
There is no significant difference (P < 0.05) in gross return
up to 72nd days of the culture period. This result suggested
that there is a possibility to successfully culture mixed-sex
tilapia in Bangladesh for a period of 72 days where the
gross return is almost similar.
8. Study on Production Performance and Economic Benefits between Mixed-sex and Mono-sex Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Deb et al. 068
Table 6: Comparison of (mean ± SD) gross return between two treatments at the different date of the growth period
Parameters Treatment-I Treatment-II
Gross Return at 58 days (BDT) 581.86 ± 25.159a 660.62 ± 97.473a
Gross Return at 72 days (BDT) 901.61 ± 55.604a 966.01 ± 37.093a
Gross Return at 86 days (BDT) 1257.9 ± 63.448a 1360.7 ± 56.442b
Gross Return at 99 days (BDT) 1450.4 ± 108.508a 1654.2 ± 165.391b
*Different superscript letter in the same row indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) based on one-way ANOVA
followed by DMRT
**Currencies are given in Bangladeshi Taka, BDT (1 BDT = 0.012 USD) at the time of calculation in 2014
Benefit-cost ratio (BCR)
The benefit-cost ratio (BCR) in treatment I and II were
finally estimated as 1.47 : 1 and 1.59 : 1 respectively. The
BCR value shows that treatment-II is most economically
viable than the treatment-I. Siddik et al. (2014) found a
similar benefit-cost ratio for over-wintering mixed-sex and
mono-sex tilapia cultured in six experimental ponds in
Bangladesh Agricultural University campus. A research
conducted by Rahman et al. (2012) found that the net
profits from the three earthen ponds (total 1,20 hectares)
was BDT 547177.77, while the operating expenses were
BDT 700544.23, and the profit rate was 78.11 % relative
to the operating expenses.
CONCLUSION
The study found both types of tilapia gained more than 100
g weight within 72 days which is a marketable size in rural
areas of Bangladesh. There were no significant
differences between them until 72 days of the culture
period. The economic viability study between the cultures
of two groups of fishes suggests that like mono-sex tilapia,
mixed-sex tilapia is equally profitable to the fish farmers up
to 72 days of culture period and useful for home
consumption.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The study greatly acknowledges the contribution of the
research grant from the Sylhet Agricultural University
Research System (SAURES), Bangladesh for which the
study would not have been possible. We thank some of
our master's students, namely, Md. Abu Sufian, Shah Ajij,
Noyon, and Debasish Pandit for their cordial help during
cage preparation and maintenance. We would also like to
thank the anonymous reviewers for their useful comments.
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