This document describes a project to design and construct an experiment to rapidly resolidify ZBLAN glass samples in microgravity using Queensland University of Technology's drop tower facility. The experiment will use an infrared furnace to heat ZBLAN glass samples, which will then be rapidly ejected onto a copper cooling pad using a solenoid-triggered release mechanism. Numerical simulations and high-speed video analysis showed the samples could be ejected and cooled within 0.0439 seconds. The experiment aims to minimize crystal formation in ZBLAN glass by processing it in microgravity conditions using the drop tower.
The document discusses arc management technology that provides customized responses to plasma disturbances called arcs. It describes how standard fixed responses are not optimal because arc decay rates vary. The Ascent Arc Management System uses current threshold technology to automatically adjust the power supply shut-down time based on the unique current decay rate of each arc event. This eliminates persistent hard arcs and maximizes uptime by precisely controlling the power recovery process.
This document presents a back-corona discharge model for predicting the efficiency and voltage-current characteristics of electrostatic precipitators. The model accounts for factors like the back-corona inception level current density, voltage-current characteristics under normal, moderate, and severe back-corona conditions. It also models how back-corona effects particle layer resistivity and the collection efficiency loss due to positive particle charging and voltage drop across the particle layer. The model is implemented in a program that can be used to simulate and compute the efficiency.
This document discusses design considerations for electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) used in paper mills. Some key points:
- ESP casings for recovery boilers are preferred to be made of reinforced concrete to withstand highly corrosive flue gases containing sulfur compounds.
- Collecting electrodes are made of corrosion-resistant steel 1.5mm thick while emitting electrodes use austenitic stainless steel.
- Flat-bottom hoppers are used rather than pyramidal or trapezoidal types. Dust falls directly onto the casing floor which serves as the hopper.
- Scrapper and chain conveyors transfer dust to a rotary feeder and further to a mixing chamber for recycling. Their operation
This document provides information about computer modeling of electrostatic precipitators (ESPs). It begins with an introduction to ESPs, describing how they work to separate particles from gas streams. It then discusses different ESP types (dry and wet), installation, charging mechanisms, particle mobility, resistivity factors, and software used to model and control air pollution using ESPs. The document also includes C programming code examples for modeling parallel plate and cylindrical ESP designs.
This document discusses various performance monitoring parameters and maintenance procedures for electrostatic precipitators (ESPs). Key parameters that can be monitored include voltage, current, opacity, gas temperature, flow rate, composition, and moisture. Routine maintenance includes periodic inspection of ESP components according to a formal procedure and good recordkeeping. Common ESP problems include dust accumulation, wire breakage, hopper pluggage, and air inleakage. Tables provide typical maintenance schedules and guidelines for troubleshooting and evaluating ESP performance issues.
An example of a technical presentation given by Finnish engineering students. The students were taught slide design as part of their English Language course.
The document proposes and evaluates energy recovery flip-flops that operate with a single-phase sinusoidal clock to reduce power consumption. A resonant clock generator is designed to produce the sinusoidal clock signal. Simulations show the proposed flip-flops achieve over 80% delay reduction and 47% power reduction compared to conventional designs. An H-tree clock network distributes the sinusoidal clock signal. Total power savings of up to 80% are achieved compared to square wave clocking schemes. Clock gating is also proposed to further reduce power when the flip-flops are inactive.
The document discusses arc management technology that provides customized responses to plasma disturbances called arcs. It describes how standard fixed responses are not optimal because arc decay rates vary. The Ascent Arc Management System uses current threshold technology to automatically adjust the power supply shut-down time based on the unique current decay rate of each arc event. This eliminates persistent hard arcs and maximizes uptime by precisely controlling the power recovery process.
This document presents a back-corona discharge model for predicting the efficiency and voltage-current characteristics of electrostatic precipitators. The model accounts for factors like the back-corona inception level current density, voltage-current characteristics under normal, moderate, and severe back-corona conditions. It also models how back-corona effects particle layer resistivity and the collection efficiency loss due to positive particle charging and voltage drop across the particle layer. The model is implemented in a program that can be used to simulate and compute the efficiency.
This document discusses design considerations for electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) used in paper mills. Some key points:
- ESP casings for recovery boilers are preferred to be made of reinforced concrete to withstand highly corrosive flue gases containing sulfur compounds.
- Collecting electrodes are made of corrosion-resistant steel 1.5mm thick while emitting electrodes use austenitic stainless steel.
- Flat-bottom hoppers are used rather than pyramidal or trapezoidal types. Dust falls directly onto the casing floor which serves as the hopper.
- Scrapper and chain conveyors transfer dust to a rotary feeder and further to a mixing chamber for recycling. Their operation
This document provides information about computer modeling of electrostatic precipitators (ESPs). It begins with an introduction to ESPs, describing how they work to separate particles from gas streams. It then discusses different ESP types (dry and wet), installation, charging mechanisms, particle mobility, resistivity factors, and software used to model and control air pollution using ESPs. The document also includes C programming code examples for modeling parallel plate and cylindrical ESP designs.
This document discusses various performance monitoring parameters and maintenance procedures for electrostatic precipitators (ESPs). Key parameters that can be monitored include voltage, current, opacity, gas temperature, flow rate, composition, and moisture. Routine maintenance includes periodic inspection of ESP components according to a formal procedure and good recordkeeping. Common ESP problems include dust accumulation, wire breakage, hopper pluggage, and air inleakage. Tables provide typical maintenance schedules and guidelines for troubleshooting and evaluating ESP performance issues.
An example of a technical presentation given by Finnish engineering students. The students were taught slide design as part of their English Language course.
The document proposes and evaluates energy recovery flip-flops that operate with a single-phase sinusoidal clock to reduce power consumption. A resonant clock generator is designed to produce the sinusoidal clock signal. Simulations show the proposed flip-flops achieve over 80% delay reduction and 47% power reduction compared to conventional designs. An H-tree clock network distributes the sinusoidal clock signal. Total power savings of up to 80% are achieved compared to square wave clocking schemes. Clock gating is also proposed to further reduce power when the flip-flops are inactive.
Digital testing of high voltage circuit breakerneeraj prasad
Digital testing of high voltage circuit breakers provides several advantages over physical testing. It allows evaluation of future standards, reduction of full-scale laboratory testing, and identification of network issues. The digital process develops a software model of the circuit breaker using data from standard physical tests. This model then provides insights without additional physical testing. While digital testing is more costly and time-consuming initially, it offers opportunities to optimize circuit breaker design and monitor performance over time.
Better efficiency of eletrostatic precipitatorIRS srl
ORCHIDEE is a simulation tool developed by EDF-R&D and IRS to optimize the environmental performance of thermal power plants fired by coal or other fuels. It models the physical processes involved in combustion and electrostatic precipitation to evaluate the performance of electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) under different operating conditions. ORCHIDEE can simulate ESP performance under normal and abnormal operating conditions, and analyze the effects of factors like rapping sequences, gas conditioning, and electrical faults. It provides real-time simulations and calculations to support power plant operators in decision making.
The Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster occurred on April 26, 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. There were multiple procedural violations during a test of the plant that caused reactors to rapidly increase power and lead to explosions. The explosions exposed the graphite moderator of the reactor to air, causing a fire that released large quantities of radioactive contamination into the atmosphere. It was the worst nuclear power plant accident in history.
High voltage testing is important for ensuring insulation can withstand transient overvoltages. There are several types of high voltage tests:
(1) Power frequency tests include dry and wet flashover tests and withstand tests to determine insulation withstand capability under normal and wet conditions.
(2) Impulse tests involve applying standard impulse voltages to determine insulation withstand under transient overvoltages like lightning.
(3) Partial discharge testing locates internal insulation weaknesses by detecting and measuring electrical discharges within insulation.
Electrostatic precipitator by rajeev sainiRajeev Saini
The document discusses electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) which remove dust particles from industrial emissions through electrostatic filtration.
ESPs work by ionizing the dust particles in the flue gas stream and collecting them on oppositely charged plates. Negatively charged high voltage electrodes emit corona discharge which charges the dust particles positively. The particles are then attracted to and collected on grounded collecting plates.
Key factors that impact ESP performance include gas temperature and composition, dust resistivity, specific collection area, and aspect ratio of the ESP unit. High resistivity dust like that containing sulfur is more difficult to collect efficiently. Temperature also affects dust resistivity and ESP operation.
This document discusses two clock-gating techniques to reduce power consumption in sequential circuits. It models clock behavior as a quaternary variable and proposes using derived clocks for individual flip-flops based on their active cycles. Two common sequential circuits - an 8421 BCD up-counter and three-excess counter - are used to illustrate how to find derived clocks for each flip-flop based on their transition behaviors to minimize unnecessary switching. Simulation results show the derived clocks maintain functionality while reducing power compared to using a single master clock.
This document provides an overview of AC high-voltage circuit breakers. It discusses different types of circuit breakers including AIS, GIS, dead tank, and generator circuit breakers. It also covers rated characteristics such as rated maximum voltage and rated short-circuit making and breaking current. Additionally, the document discusses advantages of using SF6 gas and alternatives to SF6 being explored, such as the g3 gas mixture. The content is organized into sections covering topics such as arcing phenomena, arc extinction principles, switching duties, and standards.
A circuit breaker is a device used to protect electrical circuits from damage caused by short circuits or overloads. It functions by automatically opening a circuit when excess current is detected. When a fault occurs, the circuit breaker detects it and uses stored mechanical energy to separate its contacts, interrupting the current. This creates an electric arc that must be contained and extinguished in a controlled way before the contacts can be re-closed to restore power. Common circuit breaker components detect faults, open contacts, extinguish arcs through techniques like lengthening or splitting it, and reclose contacts once faults have cleared.
Busbar design involves selecting materials with high electrical conductivity like copper or aluminum. The current rating of busbars depends on factors like working temperature, ambient temperature, heat dissipation via convection and radiation. Busbar size is calculated iteratively to ensure the heat generated by current equals the heat lost to the environment. The most economic size minimizes total material, installation and energy costs over the busbar's lifetime.
The document discusses the differences between single-phase and three-phase power systems. Single-phase systems use a single alternating voltage while three-phase uses three alternating voltages offset by 120 degrees. Three-phase systems are commonly used for power transmission and to power electric motors as they allow for a more efficient power delivery with constant power output compared to single-phase. Some key advantages of three-phase include higher power ratings, smaller equipment size, lower transmission losses, and self-starting capability for motors.
Circuit breakers are switching devices that can make, carry, and break electric currents under both normal and abnormal circuit conditions. They contain fixed and moving contacts that remain closed during normal operation but open automatically during faults to interrupt the fault current. When contacts open under fault conditions, an arc is produced that must be quickly extinguished. Different circuit breakers use various mediums like oil, air, vacuum, or SF6 gas to rapidly quench the arc through cooling and increasing dielectric strength between contacts. Common types of circuit breakers include oil, vacuum, air blast, and SF6 breakers that vary based on voltage level, switching speed, maintenance needs, and arc quenching method.
Vacuum circuit breaker selection of circuit breakersshubham_bharadia
This document discusses vacuum circuit breakers and the selection of circuit breakers. It describes the construction of vacuum circuit breakers including their moving contacts, fixed contacts, and arc shields. It explains the principle of operation where an arc is produced and quickly extinguished in vacuum. It discusses the advantages of vacuum circuit breakers such as being compact, reliable, and having a long life. The document also outlines factors to consider when selecting a circuit breaker such as voltage, frequency, interrupting capacity, and continuous current rating. Finally, it provides a table comparing different circuit breaker types and their applicable voltages and breaking capacities.
Final draft GRADED UNIT REPORT 5THMAY (1) (1) (1) (Repaired) - for mergeNicola Cochrane
This document presents a renewable electrical lighting system project for a small caravan. The system will utilize a wind turbine and solar PV cell to charge a 12V battery, which will then power a 230/240V AC lighting circuit through a DC to AC inverter. The project aims to provide a safe, efficient renewable energy solution for lighting within the client's budget and timeline requirements. Key components include a three-phase wind turbine, solar PV cell, full-wave bridge rectifier, 12V battery, DC to AC inverter, consumer unit, switches and two light fixtures. The report outlines the design, implementation, testing and safety considerations for the system.
SF6 and vacuum circuit breakers are described. SF6 breakers use sulfur hexafluoride gas to rapidly absorb electrons in an electric arc, restoring insulation. Vacuum breakers extinguish arcs quickly due to the fast recovery of dielectric strength in a vacuum. Both breaker types have advantages like compact size, reliability, and lack of maintenance requirements, making them suitable for outdoor applications. Circuit breaker ratings include breaking capacity, making capacity, and short-time capacity to safely interrupt faults.
A circuit breaker is a device that breaks an electrical circuit automatically or manually under normal, full, or short circuit conditions. It contains two contacts that remain closed under normal operation but separate when a fault is detected, interrupting the current. When the contacts separate, an arc is struck but extinguished quickly by the circuit breaker. Common types of circuit breakers include oil, air blast, SF6, and vacuum circuit breakers. SF6 circuit breakers use sulfur hexafluoride gas to rapidly absorb electrons from the arc when contacts open, building insulation to extinguish the arc. They have advantages over oil circuit breakers like shorter arcing time, ability to interrupt larger currents, noiseless operation, and lower maintenance needs
Circuit Breakers Interrupting Capacity and Short-Time Current Rating michaeljmack
This document discusses circuit breaker ratings, including interrupting capacity and short-time current ratings. Interrupting capacity is the maximum fault current a breaker can safely interrupt, while short-time ratings define a breaker's ability to withstand high currents for a time interval. The document also describes different types of low-voltage circuit breakers and their trip mechanisms.
This PPT explains about the circuit breaker, and its types. Then about the need and purpose of the circuit breaker. And finally the testing and types of testing of circuit breakers.
The document discusses different types of circuit breakers including air blast, vacuum, oil, and SF6 circuit breakers. It explains that a circuit breaker consists of two contacts - a fixed contact and a moving contact. The moving contact opens and closes the circuit using stored energy. It also describes how each type of circuit breaker extinguishes the electric arc that forms during opening of the contacts using different mediums like air, vacuum, oil or SF6 gas. The document concludes that vacuum and SF6 circuit breakers are commonly used today due to their reliable and fast operation.
The document discusses different types of circuit breakers, their origins, operations, and uses. It begins by introducing circuit breakers and their basic functions of fault detection and current interruption. It then discusses the early development of circuit breakers by Thomas Edison in 1879 and the modern miniature circuit breaker patented in 1924. The remainder of the document describes the operations, components, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of various low voltage, medium voltage, high voltage, magnetic, thermal-magnetic, common trip, disconnecting, sulfur hexafluoride, vacuum, and carbon dioxide circuit breakers.
Este documento apresenta o plano de ensino de Filosofia para alunos do 10o ano, dividido em três períodos. No primeiro período, os alunos irão explorar a natureza da filosofia e do pensamento filosófico, bem como a ação humana e os conceitos de determinismo e liberdade. No segundo período, os alunos irão estudar os valores, a ética e as teorias morais de Kant e Mill. No terceiro período, os alunos irão abordar a ética, direito e política,
Digital testing of high voltage circuit breakerneeraj prasad
Digital testing of high voltage circuit breakers provides several advantages over physical testing. It allows evaluation of future standards, reduction of full-scale laboratory testing, and identification of network issues. The digital process develops a software model of the circuit breaker using data from standard physical tests. This model then provides insights without additional physical testing. While digital testing is more costly and time-consuming initially, it offers opportunities to optimize circuit breaker design and monitor performance over time.
Better efficiency of eletrostatic precipitatorIRS srl
ORCHIDEE is a simulation tool developed by EDF-R&D and IRS to optimize the environmental performance of thermal power plants fired by coal or other fuels. It models the physical processes involved in combustion and electrostatic precipitation to evaluate the performance of electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) under different operating conditions. ORCHIDEE can simulate ESP performance under normal and abnormal operating conditions, and analyze the effects of factors like rapping sequences, gas conditioning, and electrical faults. It provides real-time simulations and calculations to support power plant operators in decision making.
The Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster occurred on April 26, 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. There were multiple procedural violations during a test of the plant that caused reactors to rapidly increase power and lead to explosions. The explosions exposed the graphite moderator of the reactor to air, causing a fire that released large quantities of radioactive contamination into the atmosphere. It was the worst nuclear power plant accident in history.
High voltage testing is important for ensuring insulation can withstand transient overvoltages. There are several types of high voltage tests:
(1) Power frequency tests include dry and wet flashover tests and withstand tests to determine insulation withstand capability under normal and wet conditions.
(2) Impulse tests involve applying standard impulse voltages to determine insulation withstand under transient overvoltages like lightning.
(3) Partial discharge testing locates internal insulation weaknesses by detecting and measuring electrical discharges within insulation.
Electrostatic precipitator by rajeev sainiRajeev Saini
The document discusses electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) which remove dust particles from industrial emissions through electrostatic filtration.
ESPs work by ionizing the dust particles in the flue gas stream and collecting them on oppositely charged plates. Negatively charged high voltage electrodes emit corona discharge which charges the dust particles positively. The particles are then attracted to and collected on grounded collecting plates.
Key factors that impact ESP performance include gas temperature and composition, dust resistivity, specific collection area, and aspect ratio of the ESP unit. High resistivity dust like that containing sulfur is more difficult to collect efficiently. Temperature also affects dust resistivity and ESP operation.
This document discusses two clock-gating techniques to reduce power consumption in sequential circuits. It models clock behavior as a quaternary variable and proposes using derived clocks for individual flip-flops based on their active cycles. Two common sequential circuits - an 8421 BCD up-counter and three-excess counter - are used to illustrate how to find derived clocks for each flip-flop based on their transition behaviors to minimize unnecessary switching. Simulation results show the derived clocks maintain functionality while reducing power compared to using a single master clock.
This document provides an overview of AC high-voltage circuit breakers. It discusses different types of circuit breakers including AIS, GIS, dead tank, and generator circuit breakers. It also covers rated characteristics such as rated maximum voltage and rated short-circuit making and breaking current. Additionally, the document discusses advantages of using SF6 gas and alternatives to SF6 being explored, such as the g3 gas mixture. The content is organized into sections covering topics such as arcing phenomena, arc extinction principles, switching duties, and standards.
A circuit breaker is a device used to protect electrical circuits from damage caused by short circuits or overloads. It functions by automatically opening a circuit when excess current is detected. When a fault occurs, the circuit breaker detects it and uses stored mechanical energy to separate its contacts, interrupting the current. This creates an electric arc that must be contained and extinguished in a controlled way before the contacts can be re-closed to restore power. Common circuit breaker components detect faults, open contacts, extinguish arcs through techniques like lengthening or splitting it, and reclose contacts once faults have cleared.
Busbar design involves selecting materials with high electrical conductivity like copper or aluminum. The current rating of busbars depends on factors like working temperature, ambient temperature, heat dissipation via convection and radiation. Busbar size is calculated iteratively to ensure the heat generated by current equals the heat lost to the environment. The most economic size minimizes total material, installation and energy costs over the busbar's lifetime.
The document discusses the differences between single-phase and three-phase power systems. Single-phase systems use a single alternating voltage while three-phase uses three alternating voltages offset by 120 degrees. Three-phase systems are commonly used for power transmission and to power electric motors as they allow for a more efficient power delivery with constant power output compared to single-phase. Some key advantages of three-phase include higher power ratings, smaller equipment size, lower transmission losses, and self-starting capability for motors.
Circuit breakers are switching devices that can make, carry, and break electric currents under both normal and abnormal circuit conditions. They contain fixed and moving contacts that remain closed during normal operation but open automatically during faults to interrupt the fault current. When contacts open under fault conditions, an arc is produced that must be quickly extinguished. Different circuit breakers use various mediums like oil, air, vacuum, or SF6 gas to rapidly quench the arc through cooling and increasing dielectric strength between contacts. Common types of circuit breakers include oil, vacuum, air blast, and SF6 breakers that vary based on voltage level, switching speed, maintenance needs, and arc quenching method.
Vacuum circuit breaker selection of circuit breakersshubham_bharadia
This document discusses vacuum circuit breakers and the selection of circuit breakers. It describes the construction of vacuum circuit breakers including their moving contacts, fixed contacts, and arc shields. It explains the principle of operation where an arc is produced and quickly extinguished in vacuum. It discusses the advantages of vacuum circuit breakers such as being compact, reliable, and having a long life. The document also outlines factors to consider when selecting a circuit breaker such as voltage, frequency, interrupting capacity, and continuous current rating. Finally, it provides a table comparing different circuit breaker types and their applicable voltages and breaking capacities.
Final draft GRADED UNIT REPORT 5THMAY (1) (1) (1) (Repaired) - for mergeNicola Cochrane
This document presents a renewable electrical lighting system project for a small caravan. The system will utilize a wind turbine and solar PV cell to charge a 12V battery, which will then power a 230/240V AC lighting circuit through a DC to AC inverter. The project aims to provide a safe, efficient renewable energy solution for lighting within the client's budget and timeline requirements. Key components include a three-phase wind turbine, solar PV cell, full-wave bridge rectifier, 12V battery, DC to AC inverter, consumer unit, switches and two light fixtures. The report outlines the design, implementation, testing and safety considerations for the system.
SF6 and vacuum circuit breakers are described. SF6 breakers use sulfur hexafluoride gas to rapidly absorb electrons in an electric arc, restoring insulation. Vacuum breakers extinguish arcs quickly due to the fast recovery of dielectric strength in a vacuum. Both breaker types have advantages like compact size, reliability, and lack of maintenance requirements, making them suitable for outdoor applications. Circuit breaker ratings include breaking capacity, making capacity, and short-time capacity to safely interrupt faults.
A circuit breaker is a device that breaks an electrical circuit automatically or manually under normal, full, or short circuit conditions. It contains two contacts that remain closed under normal operation but separate when a fault is detected, interrupting the current. When the contacts separate, an arc is struck but extinguished quickly by the circuit breaker. Common types of circuit breakers include oil, air blast, SF6, and vacuum circuit breakers. SF6 circuit breakers use sulfur hexafluoride gas to rapidly absorb electrons from the arc when contacts open, building insulation to extinguish the arc. They have advantages over oil circuit breakers like shorter arcing time, ability to interrupt larger currents, noiseless operation, and lower maintenance needs
Circuit Breakers Interrupting Capacity and Short-Time Current Rating michaeljmack
This document discusses circuit breaker ratings, including interrupting capacity and short-time current ratings. Interrupting capacity is the maximum fault current a breaker can safely interrupt, while short-time ratings define a breaker's ability to withstand high currents for a time interval. The document also describes different types of low-voltage circuit breakers and their trip mechanisms.
This PPT explains about the circuit breaker, and its types. Then about the need and purpose of the circuit breaker. And finally the testing and types of testing of circuit breakers.
The document discusses different types of circuit breakers including air blast, vacuum, oil, and SF6 circuit breakers. It explains that a circuit breaker consists of two contacts - a fixed contact and a moving contact. The moving contact opens and closes the circuit using stored energy. It also describes how each type of circuit breaker extinguishes the electric arc that forms during opening of the contacts using different mediums like air, vacuum, oil or SF6 gas. The document concludes that vacuum and SF6 circuit breakers are commonly used today due to their reliable and fast operation.
The document discusses different types of circuit breakers, their origins, operations, and uses. It begins by introducing circuit breakers and their basic functions of fault detection and current interruption. It then discusses the early development of circuit breakers by Thomas Edison in 1879 and the modern miniature circuit breaker patented in 1924. The remainder of the document describes the operations, components, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of various low voltage, medium voltage, high voltage, magnetic, thermal-magnetic, common trip, disconnecting, sulfur hexafluoride, vacuum, and carbon dioxide circuit breakers.
Este documento apresenta o plano de ensino de Filosofia para alunos do 10o ano, dividido em três períodos. No primeiro período, os alunos irão explorar a natureza da filosofia e do pensamento filosófico, bem como a ação humana e os conceitos de determinismo e liberdade. No segundo período, os alunos irão estudar os valores, a ética e as teorias morais de Kant e Mill. No terceiro período, os alunos irão abordar a ética, direito e política,
Este documento ofrece recomendaciones para prevenir el fenómeno del niño en el curso de C.T.A., grado 5o sección "D". El documento fue escrito por la alumna Angie Lucerito Guevara en Ferreñafe, Perú en el año 2015 y trata sobre la educación, cultura y progreso.
O documento discute como usar o Delegation Board para definir níveis de empoderamento em diferentes áreas de decisão de uma equipe. Ele recomenda identificar as principais áreas de decisão, usar o Delegation Poker para avaliar o nível atual de empoderamento em cada área e revisar periodicamente os níveis à medida que as necessidades mudam. O objetivo é otimizar sistemas e resiliência por meio do controle distribuído e empoderamento situacional.
Este documento é a ata de uma reunião de avaliação do seminário de iniciação à prática profissional de quatro estagiárias. Nele, cada estagiária faz uma autoavaliação e recebe feedback dos colegas e orientadora sobre suas aulas. De modo geral, as aulas da primeira e terceira estagiária foram consideradas repetitivas, enquanto as da segunda e quarta estagiária foram mais bem avaliadas.
1) O documento discute valores e cultura, especificamente a diversidade cultural e o diálogo entre culturas.
2) Aborda três modelos de atitude face à diversidade cultural: etnocentrismo, multiculturalismo e interculturalidade.
3) Defende que a tolerância deve ser o imperativo para todas as culturas coexistirem harmonicamente.
O documento descreve a situação política no Brasil antes do golpe de 1930, quando Getúlio Vargas assumiu o poder. Parte da população estava insatisfeita com a República oligárquica e defendia maior participação política. As críticas à política do café-com-leite e ao sistema eleitoral fraudulento cresceram. A crise econômica de 1929 também afetou os cafeicultores.
La receptividad, entendida como la capacidad de escuchar, leer y aprender, es muy importante en una sociedad como la colombiana. A través de la lectura y la escucha activa podemos enriquecernos intelectual y emocionalmente, ampliar nuestros horizontes, comprender otras perspectivas y estar mejor preparados para interactuar de manera constructiva. Desarrollar estas habilidades nos permite evolucionar como individuos y como sociedad.
The document outlines an algorithm for creating an infographic about waste sorting. It involves inserting various images, text boxes, lines, and rearranging/styling elements. Specific steps include adding a stop sign, pie chart, arrows, bins, and text explaining waste percentages and reduction tips. The end result is an infographic to educate about proper waste sorting.
An arc flash incident occurred at a coal mine when a 3.3kV back to back coupler failed under load. The investigation found a high resistance joint caused a phase to phase fault. While electrical protections operated, the closest protection relay did not operate fast enough to minimize incident energy. Modeling found actual clearing times were longer than settings. Protection settings were optimized to halve the incident energy by clearing faults up to 4 cycles faster through reduced time delays. Future considerations include challenging protection designs and settings to be as low risk as reasonably practicable.
This document summarizes a study of the 220kV switchyard at Dr. NTTPS power plant. It discusses the six batch members who conducted the study and provides an introduction to Dr. NTTPS and the switchyard. The switchyard receives power from various sources via transmission lines and distributes it to several substations. It contains various equipment like bus bars, isolators, circuit breakers, transformers, and insulators. The document describes the different types and components of insulators, bus bars, circuit breakers including SF6 circuit breakers, instrument transformers, and the power line carrier communication system used at the switchyard. It concludes with discussing the tasks and purpose of the switchyard.
Parabolic dish solar concentrator systems were designed, fabricated, and tested at varying concentration ratios to investigate their performance. The concentrators had diameters of 0.9m and focal lengths of 1.02m. Testing was conducted at concentration ratios of 10.38, 20.76, and 31.15 using 1, 2, and 3 concentrators respectively. Higher concentration ratios resulted in shorter times to achieve steam production and higher steam pressures. Concentration ratios of 20.76 produced steam in under 30 minutes, with pressures up to 1.9 bars. Overall, increasing the concentration ratio improved the thermal efficiency and steam output of the parabolic dish concentrator system.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on solar panels. It discusses the manufacturing process of solar photovoltaic modules, which involves tabbing cells together in series, making rows of cells, stringing them together, laying them up between laminate layers, laminating and curing the assembly. It also covers the features of solar panels like being maintenance-free and expanding, as well as applications such as home lighting, water pumping and street lighting. Due to India's coal shortage, the presentation argues for increased reliance on solar energy in the country.
This document discusses electric shocks experienced by workers at Northparkes Mines from loader equipment. An investigation was conducted to understand the root causes and level of shock received in 3 incidents over 6 months. Modeling of cable breakage scenarios found the most likely breakage would result in a painful shock but not ventricular fibrillation. Preventative actions included raising cable replacement standards, implementing a cable management plan, and installing new switchgear panels compliant with relevant standards. The modeling also found shocks from unplugging an energized cable were caused by a phase imbalance and transient earth current. Clear isolation points and visual indicators were implemented to prevent future shocks from unplugging.
The document summarizes the development of a novel 144-cell densely packed 500x concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) assembly on an insulated metal substrate. Key points include:
1) The assembly uses an innovative copper circuit design that allows for easy scaling and low electrical losses without intermediate connections between cells.
2) Thermal simulations found the insulated metal substrate performed similarly to other substrates and was within the acceptable operating temperature range for CPV.
3) The 144-cell receiver was manufactured using standard electronics processes like etching, soldering, and wire bonding with aluminum wires.
4) Preliminary testing at 1 sun showed expected voltages and currents that indicate the receiver could produce the
This document provides an overview of solar roof top plants. It discusses the basic components of solar plants including solar panels, inverters, batteries and how energy can be stored on grid or off grid. It also defines important solar energy terminology like solar radiation, insolation, peak sun hours and explains how silicon solar cells work to convert sunlight into electricity. The document outlines the process for manufacturing silicon solar cells and different types of solar panels. Key factors to consider when designing a solar roof top plant like consumption, space availability, tilt angle and budget are also summarized.
SOLAR POWER generation using solar PV and Concentrated solar power technologyPraveen Kumar
Concentrated Solar Power Technology
Power Tower Systems
Parabolic Trough Systems
Solar Dish Systems
Compact Linear Fresnel
Types, working, pros &cons
Scope in INDIA
Using Photo-Voltaic cells
-Working of PV Cells
-Considering different PV materials
-Efficiency, Comparing modules manufactured by different companies
-MPPT
- algorithms
-A view of different inverter topologies used
pyrheliometer
3. Air Conditioning Train Lighting Energy Efficiency - LC Sarser.pdfAsif682330
The document discusses train lighting and air conditioning systems used in Indian trains. It provides details on:
1. The evolution of train lighting from candles and oil to electric lighting using stationary batteries and later axle generation systems operating at 24V or 110V DC.
2. Air conditioning systems starting from using khus khus and ice and moving to modern roof-mounted packaged units that are lighter, more efficient and reliable compared to the older under-frame systems.
3. Key components of both systems including alternators, batteries, lighting fixtures and air conditioning equipment like compressors, condensers, evaporators etc. and how they operate.
This document discusses key parameters of solar cells such as open circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current (Isc), fill factor (FF), and efficiency. It describes how these parameters are affected by factors like series resistance (Rs), shunt resistance (Rsh), and quantum efficiency. Voc is the maximum voltage produced at zero current, while Isc is the maximum current at zero voltage. FF accounts for non-idealities and is used to calculate the maximum power point. Rs and Rsh are parasitic resistances that lower FF. Quantum efficiency measures the number of carriers collected per photon over absorption and reflects losses from reflection and recombination.
This document describes the design and construction of a solar-powered thermoelectric refrigerator. It consists of solar panels that convert solar energy to electrical energy, batteries to store the energy, and thermoelectric devices that use the Peltier effect to absorb heat from one side and release it on the other side. When powered, one side of the thermoelectric device gets cold while the other gets hot, allowing it to refrigerate items on the cold side. The document provides details on the components, working principles, power calculations, specifications, advantages and limitations of this solar refrigerator.
This document proposes installing capacitor banks on the 11kV Toitskraal feeder to improve the poor power factor. The feeder has a peak power factor of 0.78 lagging due to inductive loads like irrigation pumps. One 500kVAr fixed capacitor bank and one 750kVAr switched bank will be installed. Simulations show the banks will reduce line loading, losses, and improve voltages while paying for themselves within 4.65 months through energy savings. The project is recommended to optimize the network and significantly reduce costs.
Short Circuit, Protective Device Coordinationmichaeljmack
This document discusses short-circuit calculations, protective device coordination, and arc flash analysis. It covers topics such as short-circuit fault types and calculations, the purpose of short-circuit studies, system components involved, and protective device coordination principles. Methods to perform arc flash analysis and mitigate incident energy exposure are also presented, such as improving protective device coordination settings, installing current limiting fuses or circuit breakers, and using Type 50 protective devices.
This document discusses short-circuit calculations, protective device coordination, and arc flash analysis. It covers topics such as short-circuit fault types and calculations, the purpose of short-circuit studies, system components involved, and protective device coordination principles. Methods to perform arc flash analysis and mitigate incident energy exposure are also examined, such as improving coordination settings, installing current limiting fuses or circuit breakers, and using Type 50 protective devices.
Transformer Failure Due to Circuit Breaker Induced Switching Transientsmichaeljmack
This document summarizes several case studies of transformer failures caused by circuit breaker induced switching transients. It describes how the current chopping and re-strike characteristics of vacuum and SF6 circuit breakers can cause high voltage surges when switching inductive loads like transformers. Several examples are given of transformer failures on energization or de-energization where the contributing factors included short cable lengths and dry-type transformers. Graphs from EMTP modeling show the reduction in surge voltages that can be achieved by installing RC snubbers on the transformer primary. The document recommends mitigation techniques like arresters, surge capacitors, snubbers or their combination to reduce switching transient overvoltages.
The document discusses solar PV modules and arrays. It covers topics like studying the characteristics of PV modules, parallel and serial connections, how to manually find the maximum power point, periodic PV maintenance, safety precautions, and measuring methods. It provides specifications for a sample solar panel and shows how to practically find the maximum power point by creating a table with power and resistance values at different voltages and currents. It also discusses array wiring, battery checks, identifying hot spots, small cracks in panels, grounding, battery and fall hazards, and components of a first aid program.
1) The document discusses safety precautions for solar PV modules and arrays, including proper grounding, ventilation for batteries, shock hazards from energized components, and use of personal fall arrest and first aid systems.
2) Key maintenance topics include periodically checking the cleanliness and integrity of modules, inspecting wiring and connectors, monitoring battery water levels, and looking for hot spots or cracks in panels.
3) When finding the maximum power point (MPP) manually, readings are taken with no load and then with variable resistive loads to generate voltage-current curves and identify the peak power point.
1. Queensland University of Technology
The design/construction of a QUT
Drop Tower ZBLAN glass rapid
resolidification experiment
Justin Murusali
Mechanical Engineering
08637750
Ryan Miller
Electrical Engineering
08567042
Talara Johnston
Mechanical Engineering
08403783
Dr. Martin Castillo
Project Supervisor
2. Queensland University of Technology
Outline
• Introduction to ZBLAN glass
• QUT Drop Tower
• System Overview
• System Components
• Conclusion
• Questions
3. Queensland University of Technology
ZBLAN Glass - Introduction
• ZBLAN glass has the theoretical lowest attenuation loss
out of all solid fill fibre materials
• Theoretically predicted attenuation loss of 0.001 dB/km,
much lower than current silica fibres of 0.15 dB/km
• ZBLAN refers to the mixture of Zirconium (Zr), Barium
(Ba), Lanthanum (La), Aluminum (Al), Sodium (Na)
Fluoride materials
4. Queensland University of Technology
ZBLAN Glass Applications - Introduction
Potential applications of ZBLAN glass include fibre
amplifiers, fibre optic gyroscopes, delivery systems
for laser cutting, drilling and surgery, radiation
resistant data links, nonlinear optical systems, and
ultra-low-loss repeater-less transcontinental
and transoceanic optical fibre.
5. Queensland University of Technology
ZBLAN Glass in Microgravity
• The optical properties of ZBLAN degrade during the fibre
drawing process due to the undesired crystal formation.
• Gravity-driven density segregation is the major cause for
viscoelastic shearing between the heavy particles causing
crystallization
• The use of microgravity in the synthesis of ZBLAN glass
will minimise crystal formation thus improving optical
characteristics due to the suppression of buoyancy and
viscoelastic shear.
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QUT Microgravity Facility
• The QUT Drop Tower is
the only free-fall induced
microgravity facility in the
Southern Hemisphere
• Drop Tower corridor is
21.3 meters high
• Provides free fall time of
~2.1 seconds
7. Queensland University of Technology
System Overview
Trigger
3 lever mechanical trigger
system used to release the
rod when the solenoid is
activated
Trigger Circuit
Transistor used as a
switch so that when
2 connected wires
are cut it activates
the solenoid
causing the rod to
fall.
Latching Mechanism
This prevents locks the rod
in the final position micro-
gravity.
Infrared furnace
Is able to heat samples up
to 3000°C/s.
Platform
Accommodate and protect
the other system
components and guide rod
Copper cooling pad
To quench sample at
a rate of 1000°C /s.
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• The platform is one of the fundamental
components of the system.
• It was design to with stand a force up
60G (588.6N)
• The main purpose of this structure is to
accommodate and protect the IR
furnace and for use in the
guidance/trigger system to eject the
ZBLAN glass from the furnace rapidly
• Constructed from aluminium alloy
(6061-T6)
The Platform
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• A diagonal member was
added to the vertical
F-shape frame to increase
rigidity of the structure.
• The rectangular base was
replaced with a plate twice
as thick as the initial plate
to increase stiffness.
The Platform Structure
Changes from initial version
Before
After
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The Solenoid Circuit
• DC circuit was created to power the solenoid, which acts as an
actuator to release the rod when the capacitor releases its stored voltage
• Runs on eight 1.5V AA batteries connected in series to produce 12V.
• Diode (D2) protects circuit from incorrect battery polarity, allowing the
current to flow in intended direction only.
• LED (D1) indicates power on via S1 on/off switch, R3 limits LED to 2V
which is what it can only handle.
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The Solenoid Circuit
• 2200µF capacitor charges through R4 and Solenoid (L1)
• Field effect transistor (FET) held off while two connected terminals (X1-
1 & X1-2) are shorted by wire
• Capacitor stores just under 12V, discharges when the circuit is cut, as
the FET conducts heavily
• Resistors R1 & R2 form a voltage divider, dissipating 6V each when the
circuit is switched off rather than opened.
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The Solenoid Circuit
Drop Wire
• Circuit will be connected to the
Drop Wire when placed in the drag
shield.
• This will allow the solenoid to
release the rod instantaneously
alongside the falling experiment,
when the drop wire is cut.
13. a university for the worldreal
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The Solenoid Circuit
Capacitor Charge Over Time
• The 2200µF capacitor takes
26.4 secs to reach full charge
(Time constant of 5.28 s)
• Found using the formula:
t = C*R
= 2200 * 10^-6 * 2400
= 5.28 s
5.28 * 5 = 26.4 s
•Instantaneously discharges
voltage to solenoid when the
circuit is cut
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The Solenoid Circuit
Capacitor Discharge Over Time
• When the shorted circuit is
switched off rather than opened
capacitor discharges over time
•Takes much longer than to
charge
• At 37% of it’s final voltage, the
capacitor will be at 1 time
constant:
12 * 0.37 = 4.44V
Discharges to 4.44V at 13
seconds (approx.)
13 * 5 = 65 seconds approx.
to reach 0V
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Release Mechanism
• The release mechanism is designed to hold
the glass vial inside the furnace while heating.
• The solenoid is attached to a system of levers
that that hold the rod in place by latching on to
a notch in the rod
• While in this position the springs on the rod are
in compression storing potential energy to
eject the rod when released
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Release Mechanism
• Once the ZBLAN sample is heated the
solenoid is activated and pulls in, this
releases the levers from the rod.
• The force in the springs eject the rod
downwards until it latches in place at
the bottom. This holds the sample in
place on the copper cooling pad for
rapid quenching in microgravity.
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Release Mechanism
Hooke’s Law
F = -kX
k is a constant (characteristic of the spring)
X is the distance the spring is being stretched
or compressed
Ejection force of the spring
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Release Mechanism
For the springs used k = 0.61 N/mm
F= -kX = -(0.61 N/mm).(-57 mm)
F= 34.77 N
∆X = X2-X1
∆X = 53 mm-
110 mm
∆X = -57 mm
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Release Mechanism
Original Design
In the original design the
34.77 N of force from the
spring was acting
downwards in the y direction
directly on to the solenoid
causing too much friction for
the solenoid to release
when triggered.
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Release Mechanism – Solenoid Trigger
Improved Design
• A new trigger design was
made with 3 levers.
• The levers reduce the
force acting on the
solenoid from 34.77 N to
0.0245 N
• That’s a reduction of
99.93%!!
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Release Mechanism
t = 0.0133 st = 0 t = 0.0033 s t = 0.0067 s t = 0.0100 s
t = 0.0167 s t = 0.0200 s t = 0.0233 s t = 0.0267 s t = 0.0300 s
t = 0.0333 s t = 0.0367 s t = 0.0400 s t = 0.0433 s t = 0.0467 s
Images from high speed camera showed the time taken from when the rod
is ejected until it reaches the copper plate is between 0.0433 and 0.0467
seconds
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Release Mechanism
Closer look
Constant Velocity
Acceleration
Deceleration
The movement of the rod goes through 3 stages
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Release Mechanism
Closer look
y = 3654x – 28.837
R2
= 0.99372
y = 129.17
Lines intercept at
X = 0.0439 s
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Release Mechanism
• Analysing images from the high speed video
concluded that the ZBLAN sample will be ejected
from the IR Furnace and reach the copper cooling
pad in 0.0439 s
• This represents the time that the ZBLAN glass
sample begins its complex cooling process. This
information will be vital when it comes to modeling
the rapid cooling phenomena of the ZBLAN glass.
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Conclusion
• The trigger circuit was constructed to create a relay switch to activate a
solenoid
• The capacitor reaches it’s full charge at 26.4 s
• The capacitor discharged <11.7×10-3
s
• The unloaded discharge take ~65 s to reach 0 V
• The stress analysis showed that the diagonal support rods needed to
be implemented into the platform so it wouldn’t fail from fatigue
• Using calculations and high speed video it was found that the rod ejects
the ZBLAN sample from the furnace with 34.77N of force to reach the
cooling pad in 0.0439 seconds in unit gravity
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Future Work
• Experiments will be conducted to see if undesired
crystallization occurs in 0.0439 seconds in low gravity and
unit gravity conditions
• Synthesizing ZBLAN glass
• Using these QUT Drop Tower designs to aid in the design
of a payload for the United States Air Force suborbital
satellite
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Thank you for listening
A special thanks to Dr. Martin Castillo
and David Kabelele
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Drag Shield and inner experimental rack
Drop Wire
Experimental
Rack
Drag Shield
30. Queensland University of Technology
ZBLAN Glass in Microravity
ZBLAN fibre processed at unit
gravity
ZBLAN fibre processed in micro
gravity
Comparison images from the published work of Dennis Tucker in 2004 show
the difference in crystallisation of ZBLAN at unit gravity and micro gravity.
The ZBLAN glass is heated in the furnace and held in place by the trigger. When the wires are cut the circuit acts as a switch and turns on the solenoid releasing the rod. Then sample then lands on a copper cooling pad to quench while being held in place by a latch.