This document provides an overview of a thermal power plant. It begins with an introduction stating that India relies heavily on thermal power which generates around 75% of its electricity. The document then describes the major components of a thermal power plant including the coal handling plant, boilers, turbines, condensers, and cooling towers. It provides details on how these components work together to generate electricity through the conversion of chemical energy from coal to thermal energy to produce steam and spin turbines which power generators. The document also includes diagrams of the processes and electrical systems within the plant.
The document summarizes a student mini project on developing a thermoelectric air conditioning system. The system uses a thermoelectric Peltier module based on the Peltier effect to provide cooling without moving parts. It consists of a 12V Peltier device sandwiched between two heat sinks to dissipate heat, powered by a 12V battery. Fans are used to aid heat transfer. The document discusses thermoelectric principles, components used including specifications, assembly, advantages and limitations. The system was able to lower temperature by 2.11°C with a coefficient of performance of 0.8064 for cooling.
This document presents a summary of a presentation on integrating the Rankine and Brayton thermodynamic cycles. It includes an outline, diagrams of the combined cycle system, and calculations to determine parameters for the heat exchanger that transfers heat from the Brayton cycle exhaust to the Rankine cycle steam. The heat exchanger design procedure is outlined in steps and calculations are shown to determine the required heat transfer area and other design parameters like tube material and diameter. The overall goal is to utilize the exhaust from the Brayton gas turbine to superheat the steam in the Rankine cycle, improving efficiency.
This document describes a study on improving the performance of a parabolic solar concentrator by using Al2O3-water nanofluid. The objectives were to design and fabricate a parabolic solar collector, conduct experiments using water and nanofluids of different concentrations as working fluids, and compare the results. Experimental results showed that nanofluids increased collector efficiency compared to water, with higher concentrations performing better. Numerical analysis using ANSYS software also showed higher temperature distributions in the absorber tube when using nanofluids. The use of nanofluids enhanced heat transfer and improved solar collector efficiency.
This document presents information about an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion project. It includes an introduction to OTEC technology, descriptions of open and closed cycle systems, details about the group's design which uses a thermoelectric module to increase efficiency compared to conventional designs, schematics, materials used, how it works, calculations of efficiency around 26% for their design and 7% for conventional, discussions of pros and cons, and future prospects including making the technology more efficient and addressing environmental impacts.
Parabolic dish solar concentrator systems were designed, fabricated, and tested at varying concentration ratios to investigate their performance. The concentrators had diameters of 0.9m and focal lengths of 1.02m. Testing was conducted at concentration ratios of 10.38, 20.76, and 31.15 using 1, 2, and 3 concentrators respectively. Higher concentration ratios resulted in shorter times to achieve steam production and higher steam pressures. Concentration ratios of 20.76 produced steam in under 30 minutes, with pressures up to 1.9 bars. Overall, increasing the concentration ratio improved the thermal efficiency and steam output of the parabolic dish concentrator system.
The document describes a numerical simulation of the transient thermal behavior of a flat plate solar collector. The simulation applies finite differences to a two-dimensional grid representing the absorber plate and calculates temperatures and heat transfer. It examines the effects of irradiance, mass flow rate, and other parameters on temperatures, heat loss coefficient, and collector efficiency over time. Results are compared to previous studies and conclusions discuss future research opportunities.
This document describes a waste heat recovery system from a domestic refrigerator. It discusses how part of the heat from the refrigerator condenser is currently wasted and could be utilized. The system designed recovers this waste heat using a heat exchanger and utilizes it to power a small oven. It provides details on the design of the heat exchanger and oven, fabrication of components, results which show a 3.3% improvement in refrigerator COP, and concludes the system is technically feasible and economically viable for heat recovery from household refrigerators.
This document provides an overview of a thermal power plant. It begins with an introduction stating that India relies heavily on thermal power which generates around 75% of its electricity. The document then describes the major components of a thermal power plant including the coal handling plant, boilers, turbines, condensers, and cooling towers. It provides details on how these components work together to generate electricity through the conversion of chemical energy from coal to thermal energy to produce steam and spin turbines which power generators. The document also includes diagrams of the processes and electrical systems within the plant.
The document summarizes a student mini project on developing a thermoelectric air conditioning system. The system uses a thermoelectric Peltier module based on the Peltier effect to provide cooling without moving parts. It consists of a 12V Peltier device sandwiched between two heat sinks to dissipate heat, powered by a 12V battery. Fans are used to aid heat transfer. The document discusses thermoelectric principles, components used including specifications, assembly, advantages and limitations. The system was able to lower temperature by 2.11°C with a coefficient of performance of 0.8064 for cooling.
This document presents a summary of a presentation on integrating the Rankine and Brayton thermodynamic cycles. It includes an outline, diagrams of the combined cycle system, and calculations to determine parameters for the heat exchanger that transfers heat from the Brayton cycle exhaust to the Rankine cycle steam. The heat exchanger design procedure is outlined in steps and calculations are shown to determine the required heat transfer area and other design parameters like tube material and diameter. The overall goal is to utilize the exhaust from the Brayton gas turbine to superheat the steam in the Rankine cycle, improving efficiency.
This document describes a study on improving the performance of a parabolic solar concentrator by using Al2O3-water nanofluid. The objectives were to design and fabricate a parabolic solar collector, conduct experiments using water and nanofluids of different concentrations as working fluids, and compare the results. Experimental results showed that nanofluids increased collector efficiency compared to water, with higher concentrations performing better. Numerical analysis using ANSYS software also showed higher temperature distributions in the absorber tube when using nanofluids. The use of nanofluids enhanced heat transfer and improved solar collector efficiency.
This document presents information about an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion project. It includes an introduction to OTEC technology, descriptions of open and closed cycle systems, details about the group's design which uses a thermoelectric module to increase efficiency compared to conventional designs, schematics, materials used, how it works, calculations of efficiency around 26% for their design and 7% for conventional, discussions of pros and cons, and future prospects including making the technology more efficient and addressing environmental impacts.
Parabolic dish solar concentrator systems were designed, fabricated, and tested at varying concentration ratios to investigate their performance. The concentrators had diameters of 0.9m and focal lengths of 1.02m. Testing was conducted at concentration ratios of 10.38, 20.76, and 31.15 using 1, 2, and 3 concentrators respectively. Higher concentration ratios resulted in shorter times to achieve steam production and higher steam pressures. Concentration ratios of 20.76 produced steam in under 30 minutes, with pressures up to 1.9 bars. Overall, increasing the concentration ratio improved the thermal efficiency and steam output of the parabolic dish concentrator system.
The document describes a numerical simulation of the transient thermal behavior of a flat plate solar collector. The simulation applies finite differences to a two-dimensional grid representing the absorber plate and calculates temperatures and heat transfer. It examines the effects of irradiance, mass flow rate, and other parameters on temperatures, heat loss coefficient, and collector efficiency over time. Results are compared to previous studies and conclusions discuss future research opportunities.
This document describes a waste heat recovery system from a domestic refrigerator. It discusses how part of the heat from the refrigerator condenser is currently wasted and could be utilized. The system designed recovers this waste heat using a heat exchanger and utilizes it to power a small oven. It provides details on the design of the heat exchanger and oven, fabrication of components, results which show a 3.3% improvement in refrigerator COP, and concludes the system is technically feasible and economically viable for heat recovery from household refrigerators.
This document describes a waste heat recovery system from a domestic refrigerator. It discusses how part of the heat from the refrigerator condenser is wasted and can be utilized. The system designed recovers this waste heat using a heat exchanger and utilizes it to power a small oven. It provides details on the design of the heat exchanger and oven, fabrication of parts, results which show a 3.3% improvement in refrigerator COP, and concludes the system is technically feasible and economically viable for heat recovery from household refrigerators.
The document describes a nanowire thermocouple characterization platform. The platform contains a palladium-gold nanowire thermocouple, a resistive palladium heater, and two resistive palladium thermometers located on a silicon dioxide layer. It was designed to accurately measure the temperature difference between the thermocouple's hot and cold junctions when calibrating nanowire thermocouples. The platform was used to determine the relative Seebeck coefficient of a palladium-gold nanowire thermocouple, measured to be 2.963 ± 0.004 μV/K at 294 K. Nanowire thermocouples provide benefits like high spatial resolution, fast response time,
This document describes the design, fabrication, and analysis of an automobile radiator test rig using MATLAB. The main divisions of the project include estimating costs, designing the cooling system in MATLAB, assembling components to create the test rig, and analyzing rig values for different parameters. The test rig components include a reservoir, pump, rotameter, thermocouples, radiator, fan, and coolant bottle. Experiments are conducted using water and coolant at different dilution levels. Observations of inlet/outlet temperatures and efficiency calculations are made. Results show inlet temperature decreases with increasing outlet temperature. Thermal efficiency increases with greater temperature difference. The project concludes with recommendations for further analysis and simulation of the system.
Thermo-Economic Optimization of Subcritical and Transcritical ORC SystemsThomas Tartière
This document summarizes a thermo-economic optimization of subcritical and transcritical organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems for low-temperature heat sources between 100-150°C. The authors developed models for ORC components like heat exchangers and turbines to evaluate seven working fluids. Genetic algorithms optimized cycle parameters to minimize specific investment costs. Results showed transcritical cycles with R1234ze(e) and R1233zd(e) had the lowest costs, around 2000€/kWe for a 150°C heat source. A breakdown of costs for R1234ze(e) at 150°C showed a total investment of 941k€ and net power of 604kW.
1- Introduction to Introduction to RAC racSHIVAMSOMANI10
This document provides an introduction and overview of refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It outlines the course topics which include different refrigeration systems like vapor compression, gas cycle, and absorption. Applications of refrigeration in food preservation, industrial processes, and thermal comfort are discussed. The history of refrigeration includes natural methods like nocturnal cooling and later developments of vapor compression, absorption, and other artificial refrigeration systems. Key concepts like refrigerants, psychrometrics, and cooling load calculations are also introduced.
This document discusses cooling load, which is the thermal energy that must be removed from a space to maintain comfort conditions. It outlines various components that contribute to cooling load, including heat gains from enclosure elements, internal loads, and outdoor air. Key terms are defined, such as cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) and cooling load factor (CLF), which are used to account for time delays in radiation and conduction gains. Methods for calculating cooling loads from walls, roofs, glazing, lighting, people and other internal sources are presented.
Pinch analysis technique to optimize heat exchangerK Vivek Varkey
This document summarizes a student project applying pinch analysis to optimize the heat exchanger network (HEN) for a CFU unit at an ONGC Hazira plant. The student calculated heat duties for 5 heat exchangers and determined the minimum hot and cold utility requirements. By drawing temperature interval diagrams, the student designed an optimized HEN that couples process streams to maximize heat exchange and minimize utility needs. The optimized design was found to reduce heating utility needs by 83.4% and cooling needs by 33.8% compared to the current design.
This document discusses various methods for temperature measurement and control. It defines temperature and describes applications for temperature measurement in physics experiments. It then covers different devices and techniques for temperature measurement, including expansion thermometers, thermocouples, resistive temperature detectors (RTDs), thermistors, and radiative methods like optical pyrometers and infrared thermometers. Specific thermocouple types and standards for platinum RTDs are outlined. Thin film and wire wound RTD construction is described. The Steinhart-Hart and B parameter equations for relating resistance to temperature in thermistors are provided. Finally, dissipation constant, thermal time constant, and resistance ratio characteristic for thermistors are defined and applications like current limiting and
Durgapur Steel Thermal Power Station (DSTPS), DVC, AndalAbhishek Gorai
Durgapur Steel Thermal Power Station is located in Andal, West Bengal with an installed capacity of 2x500 MW (1x140 MW and 1x210 MW currently operational). It generates electricity through the combustion of coal which creates steam to power turbines connected to generators. Key components include the coal handling plant, boilers, turbines, generator, condenser, cooling towers, and ash handling plant. The plant is highly automated using PLC controllers to monitor and control operations.
This document discusses Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technology. OTEC uses the temperature difference between cold deep ocean water and warmer surface water to generate electricity. It describes the basic components of an OTEC system including a boiler, turbine, condenser, and generator. The document outlines the state of closed cycle OTEC technology and presents a schematic diagram of the student's design which incorporates a thermoelectric module to more efficiently condense steam in the condenser. Advantages include renewable energy generation while disadvantages include potential impacts on marine life. Future prospects include improving efficiency and addressing environmental impacts.
Increasing Inductor Lifetime by Predicting Coil Copper Temperatures PresentationFluxtrol Inc.
This document presents a method for predicting coil copper temperatures in inductors to extend inductor lifetime. It discusses common failure modes of inductors and proposes calculating heat transfer coefficients and component temperatures. A case study applies the method to a seam annealing process on pipe. Simulations show copper temperatures are lower and more evenly distributed with a Fluxtrol flux controller compared to laminations, especially at higher power levels or intermittent heating. The method helps optimize inductor design for maximum lifetime.
parabolic trough solar collectors power plants (designe)Eslam Zaki
The document discusses the design of a 100MW parabolic trough solar thermal power plant with thermal energy storage. It describes the various configurations of parabolic trough plants, including plants with heat transfer fluids and auxiliary heaters or thermal storage tanks. The key components of the system include the solar field with parabolic trough collectors and receiver, heat transfer fluid, thermal storage system, and power block. Parameters for the plant design are provided, such as mass flow rates, temperatures, heat transfer rates, and efficiencies. The size and layout of the solar field is also summarized.
This document provides information on air standard cycles, including the Carnot, Stirling, and Ericsson cycles. It describes the processes and assumptions of each cycle. The Carnot cycle consists of four reversible processes between two temperature reservoirs. Both the Stirling and Ericsson cycles have two isothermal processes like the Carnot cycle, but differ in their other processes. All three cycles can theoretically achieve the maximum efficiency defined by the Carnot cycle. The document also discusses applications of Stirling engines and compares the work output of the three cycles.
Design and Fabrication of Solar Peltier CoolerIJSRED
1. Students designed and fabricated a solar powered thermoelectric cooler system using a Peltier module to provide portable refrigeration without a vapor compression cycle.
2. The system uses solar panels to charge a battery which powers a Peltier module. One side of the Peltier gets cold and is used to chill water in a container while the hot side dissipates heat to the air through a heat sink.
3. Calculations were performed to select components including selecting a Peltier module with a maximum cooling power of 41W that could achieve a 30K temperature difference. A 12V battery and heat sink were also selected. The system was able to achieve cooling using 2.25A of current drawn
Case study Energy Audit for Chiller PlantHina Gupta
The document discusses energy audits conducted on HVAC equipment at a client site by MGCS-Energy Audit Company. It analyzes the performance of two chillers and two cooling towers. For the chillers, it is found that Chiller 2 has a higher condenser approach and lift, indicating its condenser is fouled. Cleaning the condenser is recommended to improve Chiller 2's efficiency. For the cooling towers, Tower 2 has a higher approach and lower effectiveness, suggesting relocating the towers to the terrace for better air flow. The audits identify opportunities for energy savings through equipment maintenance and modifications.
CSIRO's Materials Science and Engineering group has capabilities in thermoelectric materials research, including processing materials to nanostructures, characterizing their properties, and testing devices; their work aims to develop high performance thermoelectric materials with ZT over 2 for applications such as waste heat recovery; they also conduct theoretical research and design/analysis of solar thermoelectric systems.
This document summarizes research on modeling direct steam generation in parabolic trough solar collectors. The researchers developed an optical and thermal model coupling Monte Carlo ray tracing with a detailed thermal model of the receiver. Their numerical simulations examined the effects of mass flow rate, solar irradiance, collector position, and receiver thickness on temperature distribution. Results showed thermal gradients are highest in the two-phase stratified flow region and increase with higher collector inclination. The maximum temperature gradient across the receiver was 1022 K/m under low irradiance conditions.
High Pressure Die Casting Cooling calculation with application of ThermodynamicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses calculations for cooling channel design in high pressure die casting tools. It begins with an overview of high pressure die casting and importance of cooling. Thermodynamic principles of heat transfer via conduction, convection and radiation are explained. Equations for heat transfer rate via different modes are provided. An example calculation is presented for a die casting tool producing an aluminum contactor housing. Total heat input, weight of molten aluminum, and heat transfer coefficients are calculated. Based on the calculations, cooling channel length and depth are determined as 299.53mm and 15.23mm for the moving side, and 258.74mm and 22.56mm for the fixed side. This resolves prior soldering issues.
This document summarizes the design of a plate freezer for low-temperature fish freezing applications. It includes calculations of refrigeration load based on fish specifications, selection of refrigerant R-134a and compressor capacity of 0.08 TR. Dimensions and specifications are provided for major components like condenser, expansion valve, evaporator plates and solenoid valves. Total materials cost for the designed plate freezer is estimated to be Rs. 30110.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
This document describes a waste heat recovery system from a domestic refrigerator. It discusses how part of the heat from the refrigerator condenser is wasted and can be utilized. The system designed recovers this waste heat using a heat exchanger and utilizes it to power a small oven. It provides details on the design of the heat exchanger and oven, fabrication of parts, results which show a 3.3% improvement in refrigerator COP, and concludes the system is technically feasible and economically viable for heat recovery from household refrigerators.
The document describes a nanowire thermocouple characterization platform. The platform contains a palladium-gold nanowire thermocouple, a resistive palladium heater, and two resistive palladium thermometers located on a silicon dioxide layer. It was designed to accurately measure the temperature difference between the thermocouple's hot and cold junctions when calibrating nanowire thermocouples. The platform was used to determine the relative Seebeck coefficient of a palladium-gold nanowire thermocouple, measured to be 2.963 ± 0.004 μV/K at 294 K. Nanowire thermocouples provide benefits like high spatial resolution, fast response time,
This document describes the design, fabrication, and analysis of an automobile radiator test rig using MATLAB. The main divisions of the project include estimating costs, designing the cooling system in MATLAB, assembling components to create the test rig, and analyzing rig values for different parameters. The test rig components include a reservoir, pump, rotameter, thermocouples, radiator, fan, and coolant bottle. Experiments are conducted using water and coolant at different dilution levels. Observations of inlet/outlet temperatures and efficiency calculations are made. Results show inlet temperature decreases with increasing outlet temperature. Thermal efficiency increases with greater temperature difference. The project concludes with recommendations for further analysis and simulation of the system.
Thermo-Economic Optimization of Subcritical and Transcritical ORC SystemsThomas Tartière
This document summarizes a thermo-economic optimization of subcritical and transcritical organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems for low-temperature heat sources between 100-150°C. The authors developed models for ORC components like heat exchangers and turbines to evaluate seven working fluids. Genetic algorithms optimized cycle parameters to minimize specific investment costs. Results showed transcritical cycles with R1234ze(e) and R1233zd(e) had the lowest costs, around 2000€/kWe for a 150°C heat source. A breakdown of costs for R1234ze(e) at 150°C showed a total investment of 941k€ and net power of 604kW.
1- Introduction to Introduction to RAC racSHIVAMSOMANI10
This document provides an introduction and overview of refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It outlines the course topics which include different refrigeration systems like vapor compression, gas cycle, and absorption. Applications of refrigeration in food preservation, industrial processes, and thermal comfort are discussed. The history of refrigeration includes natural methods like nocturnal cooling and later developments of vapor compression, absorption, and other artificial refrigeration systems. Key concepts like refrigerants, psychrometrics, and cooling load calculations are also introduced.
This document discusses cooling load, which is the thermal energy that must be removed from a space to maintain comfort conditions. It outlines various components that contribute to cooling load, including heat gains from enclosure elements, internal loads, and outdoor air. Key terms are defined, such as cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) and cooling load factor (CLF), which are used to account for time delays in radiation and conduction gains. Methods for calculating cooling loads from walls, roofs, glazing, lighting, people and other internal sources are presented.
Pinch analysis technique to optimize heat exchangerK Vivek Varkey
This document summarizes a student project applying pinch analysis to optimize the heat exchanger network (HEN) for a CFU unit at an ONGC Hazira plant. The student calculated heat duties for 5 heat exchangers and determined the minimum hot and cold utility requirements. By drawing temperature interval diagrams, the student designed an optimized HEN that couples process streams to maximize heat exchange and minimize utility needs. The optimized design was found to reduce heating utility needs by 83.4% and cooling needs by 33.8% compared to the current design.
This document discusses various methods for temperature measurement and control. It defines temperature and describes applications for temperature measurement in physics experiments. It then covers different devices and techniques for temperature measurement, including expansion thermometers, thermocouples, resistive temperature detectors (RTDs), thermistors, and radiative methods like optical pyrometers and infrared thermometers. Specific thermocouple types and standards for platinum RTDs are outlined. Thin film and wire wound RTD construction is described. The Steinhart-Hart and B parameter equations for relating resistance to temperature in thermistors are provided. Finally, dissipation constant, thermal time constant, and resistance ratio characteristic for thermistors are defined and applications like current limiting and
Durgapur Steel Thermal Power Station (DSTPS), DVC, AndalAbhishek Gorai
Durgapur Steel Thermal Power Station is located in Andal, West Bengal with an installed capacity of 2x500 MW (1x140 MW and 1x210 MW currently operational). It generates electricity through the combustion of coal which creates steam to power turbines connected to generators. Key components include the coal handling plant, boilers, turbines, generator, condenser, cooling towers, and ash handling plant. The plant is highly automated using PLC controllers to monitor and control operations.
This document discusses Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technology. OTEC uses the temperature difference between cold deep ocean water and warmer surface water to generate electricity. It describes the basic components of an OTEC system including a boiler, turbine, condenser, and generator. The document outlines the state of closed cycle OTEC technology and presents a schematic diagram of the student's design which incorporates a thermoelectric module to more efficiently condense steam in the condenser. Advantages include renewable energy generation while disadvantages include potential impacts on marine life. Future prospects include improving efficiency and addressing environmental impacts.
Increasing Inductor Lifetime by Predicting Coil Copper Temperatures PresentationFluxtrol Inc.
This document presents a method for predicting coil copper temperatures in inductors to extend inductor lifetime. It discusses common failure modes of inductors and proposes calculating heat transfer coefficients and component temperatures. A case study applies the method to a seam annealing process on pipe. Simulations show copper temperatures are lower and more evenly distributed with a Fluxtrol flux controller compared to laminations, especially at higher power levels or intermittent heating. The method helps optimize inductor design for maximum lifetime.
parabolic trough solar collectors power plants (designe)Eslam Zaki
The document discusses the design of a 100MW parabolic trough solar thermal power plant with thermal energy storage. It describes the various configurations of parabolic trough plants, including plants with heat transfer fluids and auxiliary heaters or thermal storage tanks. The key components of the system include the solar field with parabolic trough collectors and receiver, heat transfer fluid, thermal storage system, and power block. Parameters for the plant design are provided, such as mass flow rates, temperatures, heat transfer rates, and efficiencies. The size and layout of the solar field is also summarized.
This document provides information on air standard cycles, including the Carnot, Stirling, and Ericsson cycles. It describes the processes and assumptions of each cycle. The Carnot cycle consists of four reversible processes between two temperature reservoirs. Both the Stirling and Ericsson cycles have two isothermal processes like the Carnot cycle, but differ in their other processes. All three cycles can theoretically achieve the maximum efficiency defined by the Carnot cycle. The document also discusses applications of Stirling engines and compares the work output of the three cycles.
Design and Fabrication of Solar Peltier CoolerIJSRED
1. Students designed and fabricated a solar powered thermoelectric cooler system using a Peltier module to provide portable refrigeration without a vapor compression cycle.
2. The system uses solar panels to charge a battery which powers a Peltier module. One side of the Peltier gets cold and is used to chill water in a container while the hot side dissipates heat to the air through a heat sink.
3. Calculations were performed to select components including selecting a Peltier module with a maximum cooling power of 41W that could achieve a 30K temperature difference. A 12V battery and heat sink were also selected. The system was able to achieve cooling using 2.25A of current drawn
Case study Energy Audit for Chiller PlantHina Gupta
The document discusses energy audits conducted on HVAC equipment at a client site by MGCS-Energy Audit Company. It analyzes the performance of two chillers and two cooling towers. For the chillers, it is found that Chiller 2 has a higher condenser approach and lift, indicating its condenser is fouled. Cleaning the condenser is recommended to improve Chiller 2's efficiency. For the cooling towers, Tower 2 has a higher approach and lower effectiveness, suggesting relocating the towers to the terrace for better air flow. The audits identify opportunities for energy savings through equipment maintenance and modifications.
CSIRO's Materials Science and Engineering group has capabilities in thermoelectric materials research, including processing materials to nanostructures, characterizing their properties, and testing devices; their work aims to develop high performance thermoelectric materials with ZT over 2 for applications such as waste heat recovery; they also conduct theoretical research and design/analysis of solar thermoelectric systems.
This document summarizes research on modeling direct steam generation in parabolic trough solar collectors. The researchers developed an optical and thermal model coupling Monte Carlo ray tracing with a detailed thermal model of the receiver. Their numerical simulations examined the effects of mass flow rate, solar irradiance, collector position, and receiver thickness on temperature distribution. Results showed thermal gradients are highest in the two-phase stratified flow region and increase with higher collector inclination. The maximum temperature gradient across the receiver was 1022 K/m under low irradiance conditions.
High Pressure Die Casting Cooling calculation with application of ThermodynamicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses calculations for cooling channel design in high pressure die casting tools. It begins with an overview of high pressure die casting and importance of cooling. Thermodynamic principles of heat transfer via conduction, convection and radiation are explained. Equations for heat transfer rate via different modes are provided. An example calculation is presented for a die casting tool producing an aluminum contactor housing. Total heat input, weight of molten aluminum, and heat transfer coefficients are calculated. Based on the calculations, cooling channel length and depth are determined as 299.53mm and 15.23mm for the moving side, and 258.74mm and 22.56mm for the fixed side. This resolves prior soldering issues.
This document summarizes the design of a plate freezer for low-temperature fish freezing applications. It includes calculations of refrigeration load based on fish specifications, selection of refrigerant R-134a and compressor capacity of 0.08 TR. Dimensions and specifications are provided for major components like condenser, expansion valve, evaporator plates and solenoid valves. Total materials cost for the designed plate freezer is estimated to be Rs. 30110.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
solar refrigerator .pptx
1. FABRICATION OF SOLAR REFRIGERATOR
GUIDED BY:- SUBMITTED BY:-
KIRAN RAJ K RAVI KANT PANDEY
DEPARTMENT OF RAVISH KUMAR
MECHANICAL ENGG. RAJEEV KUMAR
VIKAS KUMAR
VIKASH KUMAR
SANTOSH ABHISHEK
2. CONTENTS
• OBJECTIVE
• INTRODUCTION
• CONSTRUCTION PARTS
• WORKING OF EQUIPMENTS
• POWER CALCULATION
• OPERATING SPECIFICATION
• ADVANTAGES
• LIMITATIONS
• APPLICATIONS
3. OBJECTIVE
• To design and develop a thermoelectric refrigerator in
order to produce a small quantity of refrigerating effect by
using Solar energy.
• To effectively use the low grade Solar energy rather than
using high grade energy.
• To design a refrigerating unit which will work without
any moving parts.
• To develop a vibration less refrigerator.
4. INTRODUCTION
• Freezing action means transfer of heat from low temperature
to a high temperature body
• Freezing effect can be produced by vapour compression,
vapour absorption, and thermoelectric effect
• Solar fridge works on the principle of thermo electric
refrigeration
• It is non conventional type of refrigeration used to produce
small amount of refrigeration
• The working principle is based on peltier effect
7. SOLAR PANEL
• Solar panel consists of solar photovoltaic cells which
converts solar energy into electrical energy
• One cell in the panel is capable of producing 0.45v is
when current is 0.27A /mm2
• V=(P-Q)(T2-T1)
where v=voltage induced,P,Q are photovoltaic
coefficient of two voltaic materials
T1&T2 are temperatures of two materials
10. BATTERY
• The device consist of lead-acid cell
• Sulphuric acid is used as electrolyte
• Gives high load current of current rating (100-300)
A-hr
• The following chemical phenomena takes place
• PbO₂ + 2H₂SO₄ 2PbSO₄ + 2H₂O
• One cell has nominal output voltage2.1v
• Charging can be done to restore o/p voltage
12. THERMOELECTRIC DEVICE
• Thermoelectric device are pair of two dissimilar
metals, semiconductors or conductor with
semiconductor.
• The pair should have high electrical conductivity but
low thermal conductivity because we are working
with low amount of refrigeration.
• In this system the device is made of extrinsic
semiconductor having p-n junction in series with
required no of cells.
• The energy difference of conduction band of material
should be high for higher refrigeration
15. WORKING PRINCIPLE
• System works on peltier effect
• As d.c supply is provided there is formation of hot
and cold junctions
• The heat absorbed or expellded is given by
Qhor Qc=B*I=A*T*I
• Qh or Qc is heat absorbed or expellded
• B is diffrential peltier cofficient
• I is flowing current in circuit
18. POWER CALCULATION
• Qh = QC + Pin
•
• COP = QC / Pin
Where:
• Qh = the heat released to the hot side of the
thermoelectric (watts).
19. • QC = the heat absorbed from the cold side (watts).
• Pin = the electrical input power to the thermoelectric
(watts).
• COP = coefficient of performance of the
thermoelectric device, typically is between 0.4 and 0.7
for single stage applications.
• Estimating QC, the heat load in watts absorbed from the
cold side is difficult, because all thermal loads in the
design must be considered.
20. • By energy balance across the hot and cold junction it
produces
• Qh = (α Th) x I - C (Th - Tc) + I2 R/2
• QC = (α Tc) x I - C (Th - Tc) - I2 R/2 (17.7)
• R = RA + RB
• C = (kA+ kB) (A/L)
21. • To get the max the heat absorbed from the cold side
(QC); by differentiate the Qc to the electric current I,
• d Qc /d I = 0
• Then it produces
• Iopt. = α Tc /R
• Substitute for Iopt. In Equation to get the max the heat
absorbed from the cold side
• QC (max) = [(Z Tc2)/2 - (Th - Tc)] C
Where,
Z = Figure of merit for the material A and B = α2 / R
C
22. OPERATING SPECIFICATION
Th = 30oC = 303 K
Tc = 5oC = 278 K
d = 0.1 cm
L = 0.125 cm
A = (π/4) (0.1)2 =7.854 x 10-3 cm2
Overall electric resistance (R) = Relement + Rjunction
= 1.1 Relement
= 1.1(ρp + ρn) (L/A)
p n
α (V/K) 170 x 10-6 -190 x 10-6
ρ (Ω.cm) 0.001 0.0008
k (W/cm K) 0.02 0.02
23. = 1.1 (0.001 + 0.0008) (0. 125 / 7.854 x 10-3)
= 0.0315 Ω
• Conduction coefficient (C) = (kp + kn) (A/L)
= (0.02 + 0.02) (7.854 x 10-3 /0.125) = 2.513 x 10-3 W/K
• Figure of merit (Z) = (αp - αn) 2/ RC
= (360 x 10-6)2/ (0.0315 x 2.513 x 10-3)
= 1.636 x 10-3 K-1
• Number of couples required.
QC = QC (max) = N C [(Z Tc2)/2 - (Th - Tc)]
10 = N (2.513 x 10-3) [0.5 (1.636 x 10-3 x (278)2) - (25)]
N
=105couples
24. • Rate of heat rejection to the ambient (Qh)
Iopt. = (αp - αn) Tc /R
= (360 x 10-6) x 278/ 0.0315
= 3.2 A
• Qh = N [(αp - αn) Th x Iopt - C (Th - Tc) + I2opt R/2]
= 105 [(360 x 10-6) 303 x 3.2 - 2.513 x 10-3 (25)
+(3.2)2 0.0315/2]
= 47 W
• COP = QC / Pin
Pin (Power input by power source to the thermoelectric) =
Qh - QC
= 47 - 10 = 37 W
25. • COP = 10 / 37
= 0.27
• The voltage drop across the d.c. power source.
voltage drop (∆V) = Pin / I
= 37 / 3.2
= 12 volt(approx)
26. OBSERVATION OF WORKING PARAMETERS
•
CHANGE
IN
TEMP
TIME
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Current-3.2amp
Voltage-12V
27. ADVANTAGES
• No moving parts, hence operation is noiseless.
• Simple and fewer parts are required.
• Less power consumption.
• Maintenance cost is low.
• Easily portable.
• Suitable for low capacity.
• Compact in size.
• The weight per unit refrigeration is considerably
lower than conventional refrigeration system.
28. • An interchange of heating and cooling process can be
exercised by reversing the polarity.
• An important advantage of this refrigeration system is
the independence of C.O.P. on the size of thermo-
electric refrigerator and this makes it particularly
attractive to use peltier cooling when the cooling
capacity required is high.
• It is free from vibration of any kind unlike the vapour
compression refrigeration, which uses compressor
making it to vibrate.
29. LIMITATIONS
• Low C.O.P.
• Advantageous only for units of smaller capacity.
• Can not be used for large freezing requirement.
• Unavailability of suitable materials of high figure of
merit.
30. APPLICATION
• Peltier refrigerators are widely used in several western
countries.
• Serum coolers for preservation of blood plasma and
serums.
• Photo multiplier cooler.
• Dew point hygrometer for determining absolute humidity.
• Constant low temperature bath and chambers.
31. CONCLUSION
• In this work, a portable thermoelectric generator unit was
fabricated and tested for the cooling purpose. The refrigerator
was designed based on the principle of a thermoelectric
module to create a hot side and cold side. The cold side of the
thermoelectric module was utilized for refrigeration purposes
whereas the rejected heat from the hot side of the module was
eliminated using heat sinks and fans. In order to utilize
renewable energy, solar energy was integrated to power the
thermoelectric module in order to drive the refrigerator.
32. Furthermore, the solar thermoelectric refrigerator avoids
any unnecessary electrical hazards and provides a very
environmentally friendly product. In this regard, the
solar thermoelectric refrigerator does not produce
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), which is believed to cause
depletion of the atmospheric ozone layer. In addition,
there will be no vibration or noise because of the
difference in the mechanics of the system. In addition
the rejected heat from the solar thermoelectric
refrigerator is negligible when compared to the rejected
heat from conventional refrigerators. Hence, the solar
thermoelectric refrigerator would be less harmful to the
environment