The skull is the bony framework that gives the head its characteristic shape and protects the brain and soft tissues of the head. It consists of the cranium, which houses the brain, and the face. The frontal bone forms the forehead and orbits, and articulates with the parietal bones. It contains markings like the supraorbital margin and glabella. The nasal septum separates the nasal cavity into two nostrils. Foramina transmit nerves and vessels through the bones.

1. SKULL
BY: DR. GULSHAD AZIZ

2. Skull is the bony
framework, that
gives the head,
its characteristic
shape

3. The function of
the skull is to
protect
the soft and the
vital tissues of
the head,
particularly the
brain.

4. Skull consists
of the
Cranium (the
bony box
housing the
brain) and the
face.

5. Terminology
 From front (Norma frontalis)
 From behind (Norma occipitalis)
 From above (Norma verticalis)
 From below (Norma basalis)

7. Norma
Frontalis

8. Bones of Norma Frontalis
 Frontal Bone
 Maxillae (Right and Left)
 Nasal Bone (Right and Left)
 Zygomatic Bone (Right and Left)

10. Frontal Bone
 Forms the forehead and roofs of the orbits
 Forms superciliary arches
 Internally, it contributes to the anterior cranial
fossa
 Contains frontal sinuses
 Articulates posteriorly with the parietal bones
via the coronal suture

12. Frontal Bone: Major
markings
 Supra-orbital margin: arch of bone above the
orbital opening
 Superciliary arch: the ridge of bone above the
orbital margin
 Glabella: midline point between the paired
superciliary arches
 Supraorbital notch: notch in the super-orbital
margin
 Nasion: median point at root of the nose.

13. Orbits
 Supraorbital margin
 Infraorbital margin
 Medial orbital margin
 Lateral orbital margin

14. Landmark of Orbits
 Superior orbital fissure
 Inferior orbital fissure
 Infra orbital formen
 Optic canal

16. Nasal aperture
 Piriform aperture
 Nasal septum
 Anterior nasal spine
 Inferior nasal conchae

18. Nasal Septum
The bone and cartilage in the nose that
separates the nasal cavity into two nostrils. The
bones include:
 Maxillary crest
 Vomer
 Perpendicular plate or ethmoid bone

19. Lower part of face
 Maxilla
 Zygomatic bone
 Mandible

20. Sutures
 Internasal
 Frontonasal
 Nasomaxillary
 Lacrimomaxillary
 Frontomaxillary
 Intermaxillary
 Zygomaticomaxillary
 Zygomaticofrontal

22. Foramina
 Supraorbital foramen (supraorbital nerve)
 Infra orbital foramen (infra orbital branch of
maxillary nerve)
 Zygomaticofacial foramen (Zygomaticofacial
nerve and vessels)
 Mental foramen (inferior alveolar nerve,
menta artery)