The norma frontalis shows the bones of the forehead and upper face in frontal view. It includes the frontal bone forming the forehead, nasal bones forming the bridge of the nose, maxilla forming the upper jaw, zygomatic bones forming the cheek bones, and mandible forming the lower jaw. Key features described include the superciliary arches above the orbits, glabella connecting the arches, nasion where the internasal suture meets the frontonasal suture, orbital openings formed by several bones, and the pear-shaped anterior bony aperture of the nose bounded by nasal bones and maxilla. Structures like the infraorbital foramen transmitting nerves and vessels are also indicated.

1. AREEB FATIM A
ST U DENT DOCT OR OF PHYSICA L T HERA PY
GOVERNM ENT COLLEGE U NIVERSIT Y
HUMAN ANATOMY
Head and Neck

2. Norma Frontalis
 The norma frontalis is roughly oval in outline, being
wider above than below.
 Bones:
 Frontal bone forms the forehead. Its upper part is smooth
and convex, but lower part is irregular and is interrupted by
the orbits and by anterior bony aperture of nose.
 Right and left maxilla forms the upper jaw.
 Right and left nasal bones form the bridge of nose.
 Zygomatic bones form the bony prominence of
superolateral part of the cheeks.
 Mandible forms the lower jaw.

3. Bones of Norma Frontalis
Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Mandible
Maxilla

4. Norma Frontalis (Continued)
 The norma frontalis will be studied under following
heads:
 Frontal region.
 Orbital opening.
 Anterior piriform-shape bony aperture of nose.
 Lower part of face.

5. Norma Frontalis (Continued)
 Frontal region:
 Superciliary arch:
 Rounded, curved elevation
situated just above the
medial part of each orbit.
 Overlies the frontal sinus.
 Better marked in males
than females.
 Glabella:
 Median elevation
connecting the two
superciliary arch.

6. Norma Frontalis (Continued)
 Nasion:
 Median point at
the root of the
nose where the
internasal
suture meets
with the
frontonasal
suture.
Nasion
Internasal
suture
Frontonasal
suture

7. Norma Frontalis (Continued)
 Frontal tuber or eminence:
 Low rounded elevation above the superciliary arch, one on each
side.
 It is more prominent in females and in children.

8. Norma Frontalis (Continued)
 Orbital openings:
 Supra orbital margin:
 Formed by frontal bone.
 At the junction of lateral two thirds and its medial one thirds, it
presents the supraorbital notch or foramen.
 Infraorbital margin:
 Formed laterally by zygomatic bone and medially by maxilla.
 Medial orbital margin:
 Formed by frontal bone above, lacrimal crest of frontal
process of maxilla below.
 Lateral orbital margin:
 Formed mostly by the frontal process of zygomatic bone and
completed by the zygomatic process of frontal bone.
 Frontozygomatic suture lies at their union.

9. Norma Frontalis (Continued)
Supraorbital margin
Lateral orbital margin
Medial lateral margin
Infraorbital margin
Supraorbital notch
Frontozygomatic
suture
Figure: Orbital openings

10. Norma Frontalis (Continued)
 Anterior bony aperture of nose:
 The anterior bony aperture is pear shaped, being wide below and
narrow above.
 Boundaries:
 Above: By the lower border of nasal bone.
 Below: By the nasal notch of the body of maxilla on each side.
 Articulations:
 Anteriorly: With the opposite bone at internasal suture.
 Posteriorly: With the frontal process of maxilla.
 Superiorly: With the frontal bone at the frontonasal suture.
 Inferiorly: Upper nasal cartilage.
 Other features:
 Anterior nasal spine is a sharp bony projection in the median
plane in the lower boundary of the piriform aperture.
 Rhinion is the lowermost point of the internasal suture.

11. Norma Frontalis (Continued)
Frontonasal suture
Internasal suture
Rhinion
Nasal notch
Anterior nasal spine
Figure: Anterior bony aperture of nose.

12. Norma Frontalis (Continued)
 Maxilla:
 The anterior surface of body of maxilla presents:
 Nasal notch medially,
 Anterior nasal spine,
 Infraorbital foramen,
 Incissive fossa.
 Canine fossa.
 Processes of maxilla:
 Frontal process of maxilla is directed upward. It articulates
anteriorly with the nasal bone, posteriorly with the lacrimal bone,
and superiorly with frontal bone.

13. Norma Frontalis (Continued)
 Zygomatic process of maxilla is short but stout and articulates
with the zygomatic bone.
 The alveolar process of maxilla bears socket for upper teeth.

14. Norma Frontalis (Continued)
 Zygomatic bone:
 It forms the prominence of cheek.
 The zygomaticofacial foramen is seen on its surface.

15. Norma Frontalis (Continued)
 Mandible:
 The upper border or alveolar arch lodges the lower teeth.
 The lower border or base is rounded.
 The middle point of the base is called mental point or gnathion.
 The point on the angle of mandible is called gonion.
 The anterior surface of the body of mandible presents:
 The symphysis menti, the mental protuberance and the
mental tubercles anteriorly.
 The mental foramen below the interval between the two premolar
teeth, transmitting the mental nerve and vessels.
 The oblique line which runs upwards and backwards from the
mental tubercle to the anterior border of the ramus of the mandible.

16. Norma Frontalis (Continued)

17. Norma Frontalis (Continued)
 Sutures:
 Internasal
 Frontonasal
 Nasomaxillary
 Lacrimomaxillary
 Frontomaxillary
 Intermaxillary
 Zygomaticomaxillary
 Zygomaticofrontal

18. Norma Frontalis (Continued)
 Structures passing through foramina:
Foramina Structure
Supraorbital foramen Supraorbital nerves and vessels
Infraorbital foramen Infraorbital nerves and vessels
Zygomaticofacial
foramen
Zygomaticofacial nerve, branch of
maxillary nerve
Mental foramen Mental nerves and vessels

19. Norma Frontalis (Continued)