skin related problems in cosmetics and cosmeceutics in which learn about dry skin, acne, pigmentation etc.

1. COSMETICS AND COSMECEUTICALS : problems
Related to skin.
Presented by:-
Md. Asad Quasim
M.Pharm
First year (2nd sem)
Guided by:-
Dr. Prakash Rajak
Assistant professor
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Dibrugarh University, Assam

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Verious Types of Skin Related Disorders.
✓ Dry skin
✓ Acne
✓ Pigmentation
✓ Prickly heat
✓ Wrinkles
• References

3. SKIN

4. Structure of Skin
Epidermis :-
• Outer layer and form waterproof, protective as a barrier
to infection.
• not contain blood vessels.
• Make up the Markel cell, Keratinocytes with
melanocytes.
Five
Sublayers:-
S.Cornium,
S. Lucidum,
S. Granulosum,
S. Spinosum,
S. Basale (S.
germinativum)

5. Dermis :-
• Consist of connective tissues and nerve endings that provide
the sense of touch and heat (temperature).
•Tightly connected to epidermis by basement membrane
• Contains the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands,
apocrine glands, Lymphatic vessels and blood vessels.
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous tissue):-
• Actually it's not part of
skin.
• Attached the skin to
underlying bones and
muscles as well as
supplying it with blood
vessels and nerves
• contains 50% of body fat.

6. Types of skin problems
DRY SKIN :-
• Dry skin is an uncomfortable and tightly (Roughly) condition
of skin.
• It marked by Scaling, Itching and Cracking because dry skin
low amount of sebum (oil) and can be prone to sensetive.
• It commonly affects hands, arms, face and legs.
• Stratum corneum play important role for maintaining the
water in the skin.
• Dry skin is caused when the skin loses water too quickly.

7. Causes:-
• Age :- Old age
• season :- Fall and winter seasons
• Bathing habits :- Hot water
• medical history :- Allergy
• Disease:- Diabetes, Thyroid,
kidney disease, Anorexia.
• Chemotherapy
• Vitamin deficiency:- Vita.A &
Vita.B

8. Acne :-
• Acne occurs when the mixture of oil (Sebum) and cells
allows bacteria that normally live on Skin to grow in the
plugged hair follicles and cause inflammation swelling,
Redness, heat and pain. And creating lesions or pimples.
• It is also called Acne Vulgaris.
• Acne is most common among teenagers and it affects people
of all ages.
• It primarily affects areas of oil glands, including face, chest,
back and shoulders.

9. TYPES OF ACNE :-
1. Non Inflammatory Acne :-
• Non Inflammatory Acne are not sever condition.
• treated by OTC Drugs because not normally cause swelling.
Whiteheads :- ( Close Plugged pore)
• Plugged hair follicles that stay beneath the
skin and produce a white Bump.
Blackheads :- ( open plugged pore)
• Plugged hair follicles that reach the surface
of skin an open up.
• The look black surface of skin surface
because the air discolour the sebum.
Acne causes several types of lesions or pimples. Doctors refer
to enlarged or plugged hair follicles as comedo.

10. 2.Inflammatory Acne :-
• Papules :-
• Inflamed lesion that usually appear a small,
pink bumps on the skin and can be sensetive
to touch.
• Large no. Of papules acne may be causes to
sever acne.
• Pustules (Pimples):-
• Papules topped by white or yellow pus
filled lesions may be red at the base.
• avoid Pricking or squeezing .

11. • Nodules :-
• Large, Painful solid lesions that are developed
deep within the skin.
• It is little sever condition
• Cysts Acne :-
• Sever Nodules Acne.
• Large, Painful,Deep, Pus filled
Lesions that look similar to boils.

12. Causes :-
one or more of following can lead to development of Acne:-
• Excess or high Production of oil in the Pore.
• Build-up of dead skin cells in the Pore.
• Growth of bacteria in the Pore.
> Following factors may increase risk for developing Acne:
• Hormones:-
• Family history.
• Medication:-
* Androgens * Puberty * Pregnancy
Corticosteroids and Lithium.
> The Following do not cause Acne but may make it worse:-
• Diet
• Stress
•Pressure from sports helmets, tight
clothes
• Environmental Irrirants, such as
Pollution and high humidity.

13. • Pigmentation
• skin colour is generally due to Melanin.
• Skin Pigmentation has far- reaching social and Phychological implications.
• Melanin Pigmentation disorders an important for medical and cosmetics
reason.
> Pigmentation Disorders:-
• Hyperpigmentation
• Darkening of a area of skin or nails caused by increased Melanin.
• one of the leading causes of hyperpigmentation is exposure to sunlight.
> Hyperpigmentation may cause by:-
• Birthmark
• Age spots
• Acne scars
• Pregnancy (during which Melasma or tan , brown or
gray patches can appear on the face.
• Addison's disease
• Medication:- Antibiotics , Birth control pills etc
• Sun exposure
• Chemotherapy, Laser therapy or Light therapy.

14. • Hypopigmentation
• Lightly in colour due to abnormally low amount of Melanin.
• Reasons for hypo pigmentation including:-
* Past skin injuries due to burn, blisters, ulcers ,
chemical exposure or infection
* Inflammatory skin condition such as Psoriasis
or eczema (Atopic dermatitis).
* Rare genetic condition like Albinism, which is
cause by lack of a Melanin Producing Enzyme.
• Depigmentation
* Occurs when your skin completely loses
Pigment and turn white.
* One common causes of Depigmentation is
Vitiligo, an autoimmune condition that causes
smooth, white patches to appear on the skin.

15. • Prickly heat :-
• prickly heat happens to adults and children
when sweat becomes trapped under the skin.
• It’s also called heat rash, sweat rash, or miliaria
•Children to get it more than adults.
• Prickly heat is uncomfortable and itchy
• The neck, shoulders, and chest are the most
common places for prickly heat to appear.
• Hot weather, More humidity, is the most
common trigger for prickly heat rash.

16. Types of Prickly heat
• Miliaria Crystallina (clear heat rash) :-
• Tiny blisters that look like small beads of
sweat.
• The sweat is blocked the superficial layer of
the skin, where the sweat glands open on the
skin surface.
• Miliaria Rubra (Red heat rash) :-
It is sweat causing inflammation in the
deepest layer of the epidermis.
• Miliaria Pustulosa
(White/yellow heat rash):-
Pustulosa is a kind of pimple which are
like they have pus in them so, develop
a lesions of Miliaria Rubra in term of
Miliaria Pustulosa.

17. • Miliaria Profunda (Deep heat rash) :-
• Less commonly, after repeated episodes of
Prickly heat this condition is developed.
• The heat rash may Inflam the deeper layer
of the skin called the Dermis.
* Prickly heat causes:-
• Creases in the skin like the neck, armpit or groin have
Skin touching the adjacent skin, which makes it difficult
to air to circulate and preventing sweat evaporation
• Tight clothing
• Medication

18. • Wrinkles:-
• Wrinkles are the fine lines, creases, folds or ridges
in skin.
• Wrinkles appear naturally as people get elder age
group.
• Wrinkles to appear on the parts of the body that
receive most sun exposure such as face, neck and
hand.
Causes:-
Many factors affected the development of wrinkles
including:-
• Age:- As you get older age, Your Skin naturally become less elastic and more
fragile. Decreased Production of Natural oil dries your skin and make it appear
more wrinkles

19. • Sun exposure:- Highly changes to early wrinkles.
• Smoking:- Regular Smoking effect on collagen
and reduced the blood supply to the skin.
• Ultra voilet Light:- UV light breaks down the
Collagen and elastin fibers in the skin.
• Dehydration:- Alcohol dehydrate skin and dry skin.
• Repeated facial expressions:- Facial
movement are expressions such as Squinting and
Smiling, lead to fine lines and wrinkles.
• Environmental and genetic factors.
• Some Medication.

20. • References:-
• Cosmeceuticals and Active Cosmetics: Drugs vs.
Cosmetics, Second Edition by Peter Elsner & Howard I.
Maibach.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National
Center for Health Statistics
Website: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs
• American Academy of Dermatology
Website: https://www.aad.org

21. Thank you