This patient likely has sepsis from a surgical site infection after her kidney-pancreas transplant. Key findings include:
- Recent major surgery (transplant 4 days ago)
- Immunosuppression from anti-rejection medications
- Fever and hypotension consistent with sepsis
- No signs of localized infection at surgical site but increased erythema
The most appropriate initial management would be:
1. Obtain blood cultures and start broad-spectrum IV antibiotics covering common Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens.
2. Consult surgery team to evaluate surgical site for signs of infection requiring re-operation.
3. Given recent transplant and immunosuppression, empiric therapy should include vancomycin
Neck swelling - History taking, Causes, ClassificationTty Lim
This document provides guidance on evaluating neck swellings, including taking a history and performing an examination. It discusses assessing when the lump was first noticed, any associated symptoms, past medical history, and risk factors. A physical exam evaluates the lump's location, size, mobility, and texture. Potential causes of neck swellings include inflammatory/infectious processes, neoplasms, congenital/developmental abnormalities, and other rare entities. Further testing may be needed to arrive at a diagnosis and guide treatment.
The document describes and classifies various skin lesions. It defines 26 different lesions including macules, papules, plaques, vesicles, bullae, pustules, cysts, nodules and wheals as primary skin lesions. Secondary skin lesions include scales, crusts, fissures, erosions, ulcers, lichenification and atrophy. Special skin lesions include telangiectasia, phlebectasia, burrows and comedones. Vasculopathies like petechiae, purpura and ecchymosis are also defined. Iris-like lesions are used to describe erythema multiforme. Each lesion is concisely defined and an example is provided.
- Thyroid nodules are very common, found in 4-7% of people on physical exam and almost 50% on ultrasound, with most people having multiple nodules. Thyroid cancer is found in 5-10% of palpable nodules.
- Factors that increase cancer risk include nodule size over 3 cm, male sex, radiation exposure, family history of thyroid cancer, and symptoms of local invasion. Features suggesting benign nodules include a family history of autoimmune disease and benign nodules.
- Evaluation involves ultrasound, thyroid function tests, and fine needle aspiration of suspicious nodules, with surgery for nodules found to be malignant or indeterminate
This document provides information on various surgical short cases including lipoma, sebaceous cyst, dermoid cyst, keloid, and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). It describes the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. Lipomas are benign fatty tumors that can occur in different parts of the body. Sebaceous cysts and dermoid cysts are cysts lined by keratinizing squamous epithelium that may contain skin appendages. Keloids are fibroproliferative scars that can form after skin injuries. BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, arising from basal cells, with various clinical subtypes and risk factors described. Surgical excision is a common treatment approach for many
1) The patient, a 45-year-old female, presented with multiple fluid-filled itchy lesions over her limbs and face for the past week and developed oral lesions 3 days after admission.
2) A clinical diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid was made based on tense fluid-filled cutaneous lesions, involvement of oral mucosa, histopathology showing subepidermal blistering, and direct immunofluorescence demonstrating linear deposition of IgG and C3 along the basement membrane zone.
3) The patient was treated with systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressants along with topical corticosteroids for oral lesions and advised long-term follow-up to manage the chronic autoimmune condition.
This document discusses the differential diagnosis of neck swellings. It begins by defining a neck mass and differential diagnosis. It then describes the various structures that can cause swellings in the head and neck region, including lymph nodes, salivary glands, and muscles. The document outlines the approach to examining a neck mass, including inspecting for location, size, and color, and palpating for tenderness, size, and mobility. Radiographic investigations like MRI, CT, and ultrasound are discussed. Biopsy methods like fine needle aspiration are also summarized.
A 54-year-old man presented with a 1-month history of pain and swelling on the outer left foot and blackening of the left little toe for 15 days. He has type 2 diabetes for 5 years and underwent amputation of the left little toe. On examination, he has an 8.5x7 cm ulcer on the left foot dorsum and plantar aspect with features of peripheral neuropathy and restricted ankle range of motion. He was diagnosed with a left diabetic foot ulcer post little toe amputation that has improved from Wagner grade 4 to grade 2, along with bilateral mixed peripheral neuropathy.
Abdominal tuberculosis is a common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that can affect the gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, lymph nodes, and solid organs in the abdomen. It is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis through ingestion of infected materials or hematogenous spread from other sites. Clinical manifestations vary depending on the involved sites but may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves imaging tests like CT scans and laparoscopy along with biopsy and culture of affected tissues. Treatment consists of a standard 6-month antitubercular drug regimen, with monitoring for side effects like hepatotoxicity. Surgery is reserved for complications like perforation or obstruction.
Neck swelling - History taking, Causes, ClassificationTty Lim
This document provides guidance on evaluating neck swellings, including taking a history and performing an examination. It discusses assessing when the lump was first noticed, any associated symptoms, past medical history, and risk factors. A physical exam evaluates the lump's location, size, mobility, and texture. Potential causes of neck swellings include inflammatory/infectious processes, neoplasms, congenital/developmental abnormalities, and other rare entities. Further testing may be needed to arrive at a diagnosis and guide treatment.
The document describes and classifies various skin lesions. It defines 26 different lesions including macules, papules, plaques, vesicles, bullae, pustules, cysts, nodules and wheals as primary skin lesions. Secondary skin lesions include scales, crusts, fissures, erosions, ulcers, lichenification and atrophy. Special skin lesions include telangiectasia, phlebectasia, burrows and comedones. Vasculopathies like petechiae, purpura and ecchymosis are also defined. Iris-like lesions are used to describe erythema multiforme. Each lesion is concisely defined and an example is provided.
- Thyroid nodules are very common, found in 4-7% of people on physical exam and almost 50% on ultrasound, with most people having multiple nodules. Thyroid cancer is found in 5-10% of palpable nodules.
- Factors that increase cancer risk include nodule size over 3 cm, male sex, radiation exposure, family history of thyroid cancer, and symptoms of local invasion. Features suggesting benign nodules include a family history of autoimmune disease and benign nodules.
- Evaluation involves ultrasound, thyroid function tests, and fine needle aspiration of suspicious nodules, with surgery for nodules found to be malignant or indeterminate
This document provides information on various surgical short cases including lipoma, sebaceous cyst, dermoid cyst, keloid, and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). It describes the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. Lipomas are benign fatty tumors that can occur in different parts of the body. Sebaceous cysts and dermoid cysts are cysts lined by keratinizing squamous epithelium that may contain skin appendages. Keloids are fibroproliferative scars that can form after skin injuries. BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, arising from basal cells, with various clinical subtypes and risk factors described. Surgical excision is a common treatment approach for many
1) The patient, a 45-year-old female, presented with multiple fluid-filled itchy lesions over her limbs and face for the past week and developed oral lesions 3 days after admission.
2) A clinical diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid was made based on tense fluid-filled cutaneous lesions, involvement of oral mucosa, histopathology showing subepidermal blistering, and direct immunofluorescence demonstrating linear deposition of IgG and C3 along the basement membrane zone.
3) The patient was treated with systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressants along with topical corticosteroids for oral lesions and advised long-term follow-up to manage the chronic autoimmune condition.
This document discusses the differential diagnosis of neck swellings. It begins by defining a neck mass and differential diagnosis. It then describes the various structures that can cause swellings in the head and neck region, including lymph nodes, salivary glands, and muscles. The document outlines the approach to examining a neck mass, including inspecting for location, size, and color, and palpating for tenderness, size, and mobility. Radiographic investigations like MRI, CT, and ultrasound are discussed. Biopsy methods like fine needle aspiration are also summarized.
A 54-year-old man presented with a 1-month history of pain and swelling on the outer left foot and blackening of the left little toe for 15 days. He has type 2 diabetes for 5 years and underwent amputation of the left little toe. On examination, he has an 8.5x7 cm ulcer on the left foot dorsum and plantar aspect with features of peripheral neuropathy and restricted ankle range of motion. He was diagnosed with a left diabetic foot ulcer post little toe amputation that has improved from Wagner grade 4 to grade 2, along with bilateral mixed peripheral neuropathy.
Abdominal tuberculosis is a common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that can affect the gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, lymph nodes, and solid organs in the abdomen. It is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis through ingestion of infected materials or hematogenous spread from other sites. Clinical manifestations vary depending on the involved sites but may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves imaging tests like CT scans and laparoscopy along with biopsy and culture of affected tissues. Treatment consists of a standard 6-month antitubercular drug regimen, with monitoring for side effects like hepatotoxicity. Surgery is reserved for complications like perforation or obstruction.
This document describes and classifies various types of skin lesions. It discusses primary lesions including macules, papules, plaques, nodules, wheals, vesicles, bullae, pustules and cysts. It also covers secondary lesions such as crusts, scales, erosions, ulcers, fissures and scars which result from changes to primary lesions. Tertiary lesions involve further modifications of primary or secondary lesions over time. Each lesion is defined and examples are provided.
it was a case study on hypothyroidism in pediatric patient pharmaceutical care plan ,Diagnostic Technics ,treatment and patient counseling was given to the patient representative.
A 67-year-old Asian woman presented with neck swelling and was found to have bilateral thyroid nodules. She underwent a total thyroidectomy. Post-operatively, she was readmitted with swelling and redness at the surgical site. Culture of drainage from the site grew Staphylococcus aureus which was sensitive to ciprofloxacin. She was treated with intravenous ciprofloxacin for 7 days until the infection resolved.
Lipomas are benign fatty tumors that are most common in adults aged 40-60 years. They are soft, mobile, and usually painless masses located under the skin or in deeper tissues. The most common type is a conventional lipoma composed of mature adipocytes. Liposarcoma is a malignant fatty tumor composed of primitive lipoblast cells. It typically occurs in deep tissues of thighs and retroperitoneum in older adults. Prognosis depends on histologic subtype, with well-differentiated and myxoid types having better outcomes than pleomorphic liposarcoma.
1) Thyroid nodules are common findings that require evaluation to determine if they are malignant or benign.
2) Evaluation involves patient history, physical exam, laboratory tests like TSH, ultrasound of the thyroid, and fine needle aspiration biopsy of suspicious nodules.
3) Most nodules are benign but ultrasound and biopsy help determine the small percentage that require surgical removal due to cancer risk.
CASE PRESENTATION ONCIRRHOSIS OF LIVER WITH PORTAL HYPERTENSION, HEPATIC EN...Akhil Joseph
A DETAIL CASE PRESENTATION ON CIRRHOSIS OF LIVER WITH PORTAL HYPERTENSION, HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY AND GRADE II OESOPHAGEAL VARICES WITH CONGESTIVE GASTROPATHY. LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND ALL ITS COMPLICATION IN A PATIENT.
A 2-week old infant presented with a generalized red rash and peeling skin. Examination revealed erythroderma and peeling skin around the face, abdomen, axillae and ankles. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) was diagnosed based on the clinical presentation. Differentials included scarlet fever, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis. The patient was admitted, treated with IV fluids and vancomycin, and skin care. Cultures grew Staphylococcus epidermidis and the patient improved with treatment over 7 days.
This document provides an overview of carcinoma of the thyroid gland, including epidemiology, causes and risk factors, classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Some key points include:
- Papillary carcinoma is the most common type, accounting for around 80% of cases.
- Risk factors include radiation exposure, family history, and chronic iodine deficiency.
- Clinical presentation varies depending on the type but commonly includes a neck mass or lymph node enlargement.
- Diagnosis involves laboratory tests, imaging like ultrasound, and fine needle aspiration biopsy.
- Treatment options include surgery, radioactive iodine therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Surgical management depends on factors like tumor size and
1. The document discusses various types of tinea or dermatophytosis, a fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails, caused by dermatophyte fungi including Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum genera.
2. It describes the clinical manifestations and treatment of common types of tinea infections such as tinea corporis (ringworm of the body), tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea unguium (nail infection), tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp), and tinea barbae (ringworm of the beard).
3. Laboratory
Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a common chronic skin condition characterized by redness and scaling in areas with many sebaceous glands like the face, scalp, and skin folds. It causes mild flaking of the scalp known as dandruff. Lesions can be itchy or painful and look deep red or purple with pimple-like bumps or blisters. Treatment involves topical anti-fungal creams, steroid creams, or oral anti-fungal medication for deep infections.
This case study describes a 15-year-old female patient who presented with a mass in her left breast and symptoms of anemia. Laboratory tests confirmed she had iron deficiency anemia. An ultrasound revealed a 5x3cm fibroadenoma in her breast. She received a blood transfusion to improve her hemoglobin levels before undergoing surgery to remove the fibroadenoma. Her treatment included iron supplements and antibiotics to address the anemia and a concurrent upper respiratory infection.
Alopecia Areata, Dermatology Block 5.5
College of Medicine, King Faisal University, AL Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
Alopecia Areata is A localized loss of hair in round or oval areas with no apparent inflammation of the skin
Prognosis: good for limited involvement. Poor for extensive hair loss.
Management: intralesional triamcinolone effective for limited number of lesions
(1) Head and neck swellings can have many causes, including lymph node enlargement, cysts, infections, benign and malignant tumors. (2) While some masses are cancerous, many are non-cancerous cysts or enlarged lymph nodes. (3) Evaluation of persistent or enlarging lumps involves medical history, physical exam, and may include imaging tests and biopsy to determine if surgical removal or other treatment is needed.
This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on benign breast conditions. It recommends asking students questions about blank slides to encourage active learning. Students should be able to describe the demography, clinical features, investigations, and management of benign breast diseases after this session. The rest of the document covers the physiology of the breast and various benign breast conditions like fibroadenoma, phyllodes tumor, cysts, and mastalgia in detail.
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that develops from pigment-producing cells known as melanocytes. It is caused by unrepaired DNA damage and mutations in these cells that lead to uncontrolled growth. While not the most common cancer, melanoma is particularly dangerous due to its ability to spread quickly if not detected early. Risk factors include excessive sun exposure, the presence of many moles or abnormal moles, fair skin, and family history. There are different types of melanoma that can vary in appearance, location, and growth patterns. Early detection of melanoma greatly increases survival rates.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (T.E.N.) is a rare but life-threatening adverse drug reaction where large areas of the epidermis are sloughed off due to necrosis. It is most commonly caused by drugs such as sulphonamide antibiotics and anticonvulsants. The clinical features include widespread erythema, flaccid blisters, and mucous membrane involvement that can lead to complications affecting the eyes, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. Treatment focuses on supportive care by discontinuing the causative drug, skin care to prevent infection, and monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance. The mortality rate is high at 30-40% even with treatment.
A 13-year-old male patient presented with second degree burns on his left gluteal and lumbar regions from accidentally pouring hot water two days prior. On examination, his vitals were normal but lab work showed elevated ESR and low hemoglobin. He was diagnosed with second degree burns and treated with antibiotics, analgesics, collagen dressing, and silver sulfadiazine ointment. The patient was discharged after two weeks of treatment with advice to follow up and continue medications, and counseled on diet and lifestyle to support healing.
A 38-year-old female presented with a 5x6cm swelling on the left side of her neck that had grown over the past 3 months. She reported intermittent fever over this period but no other symptoms. On examination, the swelling was tender, warm, and movable with normal overlying skin. Blood tests found anemia and elevated white blood cell count. Imaging and biopsy identified a granulomatous lesion consistent with tuberculosis. The patient was started on antitubercular treatment based on these findings.
This document describes a biopsy of an 80-year-old female with a clinical diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid. Microscopic examination showed a subepidermal bulla filled with plasma, neutrophils, and eosinophils. The dermis beneath showed a dense perivascular infiltrate of lymphocytes, eosinophils, and plasma cells. These features are consistent with bullous pemphigoid. Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune blistering disease that typically affects the elderly and presents as large, tense bullae on the trunk and extremities. Histologically, it shows a subepidermal blister often containing eosinophils and a superficial perivascular mixed inflammatory infiltrate
Drug-induced hepatitis is caused by long-term toxic exposure to certain medications, vitamins, herbal remedies or food supplements. It usually occurs after several months of taking the causative agent or from an overdose. Common culprits include acetaminophen, phenytoin, aspirin and isoniazid. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes through tests, imaging and biopsy along with monitoring for improvement after discontinuing the suspected drug. Treatment focuses on supportive care by stopping the drug, though N-acetylcysteine may be used for acetaminophen toxicity. Consultation with a hepatologist can help manage complications like cirrhosis or determine if transplantation is needed.
This document provides guidance on diagnosing and treating common skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). It outlines treatment goals for different types of SSTIs including early diagnosis/treatment, incision and drainage of abscesses if present, and evidence-based antibiotic use. It provides treatment recommendations for infections like impetigo, cellulitis, abscesses, and necrotizing fasciitis. Empiric antibiotic options are suggested based on infection severity, with considerations for multidrug-resistant organisms. Close monitoring of patients is emphasized, especially those with risk factors like diabetes.
This document describes and classifies various types of skin lesions. It discusses primary lesions including macules, papules, plaques, nodules, wheals, vesicles, bullae, pustules and cysts. It also covers secondary lesions such as crusts, scales, erosions, ulcers, fissures and scars which result from changes to primary lesions. Tertiary lesions involve further modifications of primary or secondary lesions over time. Each lesion is defined and examples are provided.
it was a case study on hypothyroidism in pediatric patient pharmaceutical care plan ,Diagnostic Technics ,treatment and patient counseling was given to the patient representative.
A 67-year-old Asian woman presented with neck swelling and was found to have bilateral thyroid nodules. She underwent a total thyroidectomy. Post-operatively, she was readmitted with swelling and redness at the surgical site. Culture of drainage from the site grew Staphylococcus aureus which was sensitive to ciprofloxacin. She was treated with intravenous ciprofloxacin for 7 days until the infection resolved.
Lipomas are benign fatty tumors that are most common in adults aged 40-60 years. They are soft, mobile, and usually painless masses located under the skin or in deeper tissues. The most common type is a conventional lipoma composed of mature adipocytes. Liposarcoma is a malignant fatty tumor composed of primitive lipoblast cells. It typically occurs in deep tissues of thighs and retroperitoneum in older adults. Prognosis depends on histologic subtype, with well-differentiated and myxoid types having better outcomes than pleomorphic liposarcoma.
1) Thyroid nodules are common findings that require evaluation to determine if they are malignant or benign.
2) Evaluation involves patient history, physical exam, laboratory tests like TSH, ultrasound of the thyroid, and fine needle aspiration biopsy of suspicious nodules.
3) Most nodules are benign but ultrasound and biopsy help determine the small percentage that require surgical removal due to cancer risk.
CASE PRESENTATION ONCIRRHOSIS OF LIVER WITH PORTAL HYPERTENSION, HEPATIC EN...Akhil Joseph
A DETAIL CASE PRESENTATION ON CIRRHOSIS OF LIVER WITH PORTAL HYPERTENSION, HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY AND GRADE II OESOPHAGEAL VARICES WITH CONGESTIVE GASTROPATHY. LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND ALL ITS COMPLICATION IN A PATIENT.
A 2-week old infant presented with a generalized red rash and peeling skin. Examination revealed erythroderma and peeling skin around the face, abdomen, axillae and ankles. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) was diagnosed based on the clinical presentation. Differentials included scarlet fever, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis. The patient was admitted, treated with IV fluids and vancomycin, and skin care. Cultures grew Staphylococcus epidermidis and the patient improved with treatment over 7 days.
This document provides an overview of carcinoma of the thyroid gland, including epidemiology, causes and risk factors, classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Some key points include:
- Papillary carcinoma is the most common type, accounting for around 80% of cases.
- Risk factors include radiation exposure, family history, and chronic iodine deficiency.
- Clinical presentation varies depending on the type but commonly includes a neck mass or lymph node enlargement.
- Diagnosis involves laboratory tests, imaging like ultrasound, and fine needle aspiration biopsy.
- Treatment options include surgery, radioactive iodine therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Surgical management depends on factors like tumor size and
1. The document discusses various types of tinea or dermatophytosis, a fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails, caused by dermatophyte fungi including Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum genera.
2. It describes the clinical manifestations and treatment of common types of tinea infections such as tinea corporis (ringworm of the body), tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea unguium (nail infection), tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp), and tinea barbae (ringworm of the beard).
3. Laboratory
Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a common chronic skin condition characterized by redness and scaling in areas with many sebaceous glands like the face, scalp, and skin folds. It causes mild flaking of the scalp known as dandruff. Lesions can be itchy or painful and look deep red or purple with pimple-like bumps or blisters. Treatment involves topical anti-fungal creams, steroid creams, or oral anti-fungal medication for deep infections.
This case study describes a 15-year-old female patient who presented with a mass in her left breast and symptoms of anemia. Laboratory tests confirmed she had iron deficiency anemia. An ultrasound revealed a 5x3cm fibroadenoma in her breast. She received a blood transfusion to improve her hemoglobin levels before undergoing surgery to remove the fibroadenoma. Her treatment included iron supplements and antibiotics to address the anemia and a concurrent upper respiratory infection.
Alopecia Areata, Dermatology Block 5.5
College of Medicine, King Faisal University, AL Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
Alopecia Areata is A localized loss of hair in round or oval areas with no apparent inflammation of the skin
Prognosis: good for limited involvement. Poor for extensive hair loss.
Management: intralesional triamcinolone effective for limited number of lesions
(1) Head and neck swellings can have many causes, including lymph node enlargement, cysts, infections, benign and malignant tumors. (2) While some masses are cancerous, many are non-cancerous cysts or enlarged lymph nodes. (3) Evaluation of persistent or enlarging lumps involves medical history, physical exam, and may include imaging tests and biopsy to determine if surgical removal or other treatment is needed.
This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on benign breast conditions. It recommends asking students questions about blank slides to encourage active learning. Students should be able to describe the demography, clinical features, investigations, and management of benign breast diseases after this session. The rest of the document covers the physiology of the breast and various benign breast conditions like fibroadenoma, phyllodes tumor, cysts, and mastalgia in detail.
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that develops from pigment-producing cells known as melanocytes. It is caused by unrepaired DNA damage and mutations in these cells that lead to uncontrolled growth. While not the most common cancer, melanoma is particularly dangerous due to its ability to spread quickly if not detected early. Risk factors include excessive sun exposure, the presence of many moles or abnormal moles, fair skin, and family history. There are different types of melanoma that can vary in appearance, location, and growth patterns. Early detection of melanoma greatly increases survival rates.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (T.E.N.) is a rare but life-threatening adverse drug reaction where large areas of the epidermis are sloughed off due to necrosis. It is most commonly caused by drugs such as sulphonamide antibiotics and anticonvulsants. The clinical features include widespread erythema, flaccid blisters, and mucous membrane involvement that can lead to complications affecting the eyes, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. Treatment focuses on supportive care by discontinuing the causative drug, skin care to prevent infection, and monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance. The mortality rate is high at 30-40% even with treatment.
A 13-year-old male patient presented with second degree burns on his left gluteal and lumbar regions from accidentally pouring hot water two days prior. On examination, his vitals were normal but lab work showed elevated ESR and low hemoglobin. He was diagnosed with second degree burns and treated with antibiotics, analgesics, collagen dressing, and silver sulfadiazine ointment. The patient was discharged after two weeks of treatment with advice to follow up and continue medications, and counseled on diet and lifestyle to support healing.
A 38-year-old female presented with a 5x6cm swelling on the left side of her neck that had grown over the past 3 months. She reported intermittent fever over this period but no other symptoms. On examination, the swelling was tender, warm, and movable with normal overlying skin. Blood tests found anemia and elevated white blood cell count. Imaging and biopsy identified a granulomatous lesion consistent with tuberculosis. The patient was started on antitubercular treatment based on these findings.
This document describes a biopsy of an 80-year-old female with a clinical diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid. Microscopic examination showed a subepidermal bulla filled with plasma, neutrophils, and eosinophils. The dermis beneath showed a dense perivascular infiltrate of lymphocytes, eosinophils, and plasma cells. These features are consistent with bullous pemphigoid. Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune blistering disease that typically affects the elderly and presents as large, tense bullae on the trunk and extremities. Histologically, it shows a subepidermal blister often containing eosinophils and a superficial perivascular mixed inflammatory infiltrate
Drug-induced hepatitis is caused by long-term toxic exposure to certain medications, vitamins, herbal remedies or food supplements. It usually occurs after several months of taking the causative agent or from an overdose. Common culprits include acetaminophen, phenytoin, aspirin and isoniazid. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes through tests, imaging and biopsy along with monitoring for improvement after discontinuing the suspected drug. Treatment focuses on supportive care by stopping the drug, though N-acetylcysteine may be used for acetaminophen toxicity. Consultation with a hepatologist can help manage complications like cirrhosis or determine if transplantation is needed.
This document provides guidance on diagnosing and treating common skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). It outlines treatment goals for different types of SSTIs including early diagnosis/treatment, incision and drainage of abscesses if present, and evidence-based antibiotic use. It provides treatment recommendations for infections like impetigo, cellulitis, abscesses, and necrotizing fasciitis. Empiric antibiotic options are suggested based on infection severity, with considerations for multidrug-resistant organisms. Close monitoring of patients is emphasized, especially those with risk factors like diabetes.
Infectious Diseases HighYield and Frequently tested concepts on USMLE Step 3. These slides are samples from Archer USMLE Step 3 Review Lectures. Couple it with Archer Step 3 Question bank and Step 3 CCS to easily pass your final part of USMLE licensing exams
This document discusses Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), including types (community-acquired and hospital-acquired), resistance mechanisms, infections it commonly causes, and treatment guidelines. MRSA is resistant to many antibiotics. Recommended treatments include vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, clindamycin, and combining antibiotics with rifampin. For infections like osteomyelitis and implant infections, guidelines recommend antibiotics along with surgical debridement and drainage. Duration of treatment depends on infection type and severity but is typically several weeks.
Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae, an acid-fast bacillus. It primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves, causing disfigurement and disability if left untreated. It is diagnosed clinically based on skin lesions and nerve involvement. Multi-drug therapy (MDT), introduced in 1981, combines dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine and has helped reduce prevalence. Control relies on early detection and treatment to prevent disability and interrupt transmission. Global efforts have led to the disease being eliminated as a public health problem in 2000. However, ongoing work is still needed for post-elimination surveillance and care of patients.
Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae, an acid-fast bacillus. It primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves, causing sensory loss and disability if left untreated. While only a small portion of those exposed develop clinical disease, transmission occurs through droplets from the nose and mouth. Treatment involves multidrug therapy with dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine, which cures the disease and eliminates infectivity. Control relies on early diagnosis and treatment to prevent disability, along with health education to reduce stigma. Global efforts have led to the elimination of leprosy as a public health problem.
This document summarizes guidelines for diagnosing and treating various soft tissue and wound infections. It discusses the typical pathogens involved in different types of infections such as superficial cuts, abscesses, and necrotizing fasciitis. It provides recommendations for specimen collection, antibiotic selection, and treatment approaches based on infection severity. The document emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment to prevent spread of infection and systemic complications.
The document discusses the diagnosis of syphilis through various testing methods. Dark field microscopy can detect Treponema pallidum in lesions during primary or secondary syphilis. Non-treponemal tests like VDRL and RPR are screening tests but have low sensitivity in early and late syphilis. Treponemal specific tests like FTA-Abs are used to confirm syphilis diagnosis when non-treponemal tests are reactive. Both types of tests are used at different stages of syphilis to make or confirm the diagnosis.
This is a MUST READ for anyone suffering from a CHRONIC staph infection. (vancomycin-resistant!)
Both community-associated and hospital-acquired infections with Staphylococcus aureus have increased in the past 20 years, and the rise in incidence has been accompanied by a rise in antibiotic-resistant strains—in particular, methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) and, more recently, vancomycin-resistant strains.
Essential update: Adult vancomycin dosing nomograms inadequate for older pediatric patients.
info from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-overview
This document discusses cellulitis, including its definition, diagnosis, microbiology, and treatment approaches. It provides guidelines for treating non-purulent versus purulent cellulitis, and recommendations for oral versus intravenous antibiotics. Hospitalization is warranted for extensive or systemic infections, including the case presented of a patient with a large, draining leg wound requiring IV vancomycin.
The document discusses the use of antimicrobial therapy and various classes of antibiotics. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, indications for use, and side effects of different classes of antibiotics including beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems), glycopeptides, quinolones, sulfonamides/trimethoprim, metronidazole, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, aminoglycosides, streptogramins, and oxazolidinones. It also discusses Clostridium difficile infection as a common gastrointestinal side effect caused by antibiotic use.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans. It is also called Oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA). Community-associated MRSA infections (CA-MRSA) are MRSA infections in healthy people who have not been hospitalized or had a medical procedure (such as dialysis or surgery) within the past one year.
This document discusses various antibiotics, their uses, and emerging issues with antibiotic resistance. It provides guidance on empiric treatment for common infections like community-acquired pneumonia and skin/soft tissue infections.
For a case of community-acquired pneumonia, the patient was initially treated empirically with Augmentin and clarithromycin per guidelines. Testing later found penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, requiring a change to higher dose beta-lactams, vancomycin, or fluoroquinolones.
A case of cellulitis grew methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus despite initial Augmentin treatment. The drug of choice for MRSA is vancomycin,
This document presents the case of a 23-year old male patient from Bahawalpur, Pakistan presenting with a painful discharging wound on his nose and forearm that had progressively increased in size over 1 month. Examination found hyperpigmented nodular lesions. Skin biopsy and smear identified Leishmania parasites, leading to a diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The patient was treated with antibiotics, antileishmanial drugs, and cryotherapy. The document then discusses cutaneous leishmaniasis, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options.
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of cutaneous leishmaniasis. It provides details on the various treatment options including topical, intralesional, and systemic treatments. Topical treatments discussed include paromomycin ointment, imiquimod cream, and topical amphotericin B. Intralesional options include sodium stibogluconate and meglumine antimoniate injections. Systemic treatments include oral azoles like fluconazole, miltefosine, and pentavalent antimonials administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Drug combinations with antimonials are also used to enhance efficacy.
Newer antibiotics for resistant gram +ve infections in icuDR.pankaj omar
1) Gram-positive bacteria are common causes of infection in ICUs and the community. There is an increasing prevalence of drug-resistant strains like MRSA, VRE, and C. difficile which limits treatment options and increases mortality.
2) Common gram-positive pathogens discussed include S. aureus, enterococci, streptococci, and C. difficile. Their transmission and risk factors are outlined. Prevention strategies focus on antimicrobial stewardship, infection control measures like contact precautions, and environmental disinfection.
3) Newer antibiotics discussed that have activity against resistant gram-positive bacteria include linezolid, daptomycin, tigecycline, and ceftobiprole
Granulomatous diseases of the head & neckMammootty Ik
covers all the important granulomatous diseases of head and neck region with a brief and to-the-point description of pathogenesis, clinical features , differential diagnosis and management of each disorder
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry 2003.pdf
Skin and soft tissue infections
1. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
Saahir Khan, Jennifer Mah, Stephanie
Singson, Cory Taylor, Sam Lai
UCI Internal Medicine Residency
December 19, 2014
4. • Impetigo
– Non-Bullous: GAS, MSSA, rarely MRSA
– Bullous: MSSA with exfoliative toxin, rarely MRSA, purulent
– If localized, topical treatment x 5 days unless risk for MRSA
– If widespread, oral treatment against MSSA x 7 days unless risk for MRSA
– Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome: IV nafcillin + clindamycin for toxin
• Ecthyma
– GAS, MSSA, rarely MRSA, use oral treatment against MSSA x 7 days unless risk for MRSA
– Ecthyma Gangenosum: immunocomprise or trauma, Pseudomonas, systemically ill
• Folliculitis
– MSSA, MRSA, rarely Pseudomonas (hot tub), Aeromonas (lake), fungal
– Use warm compress or topical treatment
• Furuncule/Carbuncle/Abscess
– MSSA, MRSA, purulent
– Treat with incision and drainage
– Adjunctive oral treatment against MSSA if SIRS or incomplete drainage
– Empiric treatment against MRSA if colonized, septic, immunocompromised, failed
treatment, or high MRSA prevalence
– If recurrent in same location, look for anatomic cause, consider decolonization
– If multiple locations, look for immunodeficiency, consider decolonization
Stevens, DL, Bisno, AL, Chambers, HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update
by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014.
superficial
deep
5. • Erysipelas, Cellulitis
– GAS, MSSA, MRSA
– Culture blood if immunocompromised, animal bite, exposure
– Use oral treatment against MSSA if uncomplicated
– Use systemic treatment if SIRS
– Use treatment against MRSA if trauma, colonization, septic
– Use broad treatment including gram-negatives if immunocompromised
– Hospitalize if SIRS, immunocompromised, poor adherence, failed treatment, or concern
for deep infection
– Treat after 4 days post-op if SIRS and wound inflammation with site-dependent regimen
– Treat for 5 days, then extend until symptoms resolve
– For recurrence, address underlying anatomic causes, consider prophylaxis if 4/year
• Necrotizing Fascitis
– Type 1 = Mixed anaerobic and facultative (strep, gram-negatives), Type 2 = GAS
– Clostridial Myonecrosis: C. perfringens, gas-producing
– Prompt surgical consultation if suspected
– Workup with MRI if able to be performed quickly or CT and culture of blood and abscess
– Use broad IV treatment including anaerobes, add clindamycin for toxin if suspecting GAS
– Treat within 2-4 days post-op if SIRS and wound purulence with GAS or Clostridium
– If persistently bacteremic, look for residual or metastatic abscess or endocarditis
– Treat for 3 weeks, can use oral abx if blood clear, no endocarditis, no abscess
superficial
deep
Stevens, DL, Bisno, AL, Chambers, HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update
by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014.
6. Stevens, DL, Bisno, AL, Chambers, HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update
by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014.
Moderate:
SIRS
Severe:
septic, failed treatment,
immunocompromised,
deep involvement
8. Stevens, DL, Bisno, AL, Chambers, HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update
by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014.
Empiric Treatment against GAS/MSSA
9. Daum, RS. Skin and soft-tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357:380-90.
Empiric Oral Treatment against MRSA
10. 1. A 24 year old male is evaluated for an increasingly painful boil on his back
that has been present for 3 days and has increased in size. The patient has
had similar lesions on his back and chest previously, but these were smaller
and spontaneously drained and resolved with requiring medical attention.
The remainder of the medical history is non contributory. On physical exam,
vital signs are normal and the patient is not all appearing. Examination of the
back discloses a 7cm fluctuant, tender, oval shaped lesion, with surrounding
erythema extending 3cm from the edge of lesion. The remainder of the
physical exam is normal.
An aspirate of the lesion reveals purulent material, a Gram stain of which
demonstrates many leukocytes and many gram positive cocci in clusters. A
culture is sent for procession. Incision and drainage of the lesion produces
approximately 5ml of pus.
Which of the following is the most appropriate antibiotic treatment for this
patient?
A. Amoxicillin- Clavulanate
B. Azithromycin
C. Moxifloxacin
D. Rifampin
E. Trimpethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
11. Answer: E. TMP-SMX is an older antibiotic that has been used with increasing
frequency for treatment of skin and soft tissue infections caused my
community associated MRSA and it has retained excellent activity against
most trains of CA-MRSA. This patient presents with a cutaneous abscess that
is larger than 5cm with purulent drainage and associated cellulitis. A gram
stain of the lesion aspirate is suggestive of S. aureus which is consistent with
CA-MRSA infection. Treatment with TMP-SMX is appropriate empiric therapy
after drainage of the lesion. Limitations of TMP-SMX include sulfa allergy,
hyperkalemia, and possible kidney toxicity.
Amoxicillin-Clavulanate is an expanded spectrum beta lactam that is not
active against MRSA. Azithromycin, a macrolide,has poor activity against
MRSA. Moxifloxacin, a fluoroquinolne, has increased activity against S. aureus
compared with other fluoroquinolones but resistance to this agent has
emerged among CA-MRSA strains. Rifampin has activity against some CA-
MRSA strains but should not be used as a single agent for treatment of
infection because of the risk of rapid emergence of resistance.
Key Point: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole is a first line choice for treatment
of skin and soft tissue infection due to suspected or confirmed community
associated MRSA.
12. 2. A 25 year old woman is evaluated for redness that developed over her right
leg at the site of a mosquito bite. She is otherwise healthy and takes no
medications. On physical exam, temperature is 37.2C, BP 120/70, HR 70/min,
RR 14/min. There is an erythematous 3x3-cm patch on the right thigh. The
area is warm to touch with no evidence of purulence, fluctuance, crepitus or
lymphadenopathy.
Which of the following is the most appropriate empiric outpatient therapy?
A. Cephalexin
B. Doxycline
C. Fluconazole
D. Metronidazole
E. Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
13. Answer: A. The patient has non purulent cellulitis that is most likely caused
by group A B-hemolytic streptococci and empiric treatment with a B-lactam
agent such as Cephalexin or Dicloxacillin is recommended. Cellulitis is a
bacterial skin infection involving the dermis and subcutaneous tissues. This
infection is most frequently associated with dermatologic conditions involving
breaks in the skin, such as eczema, tinea pedis or chronic skin ulcers, and
conditions leading to chronic lymphedema. Cellulitis should be suspected in
patients with the acute onset of spreading erythema, edema, pain or
tenderness and warm. Fever, although uncommon, is not uniformly present.
Doxycycline and TMP-SMX have activity against CA-MRSA but are not reliably
effective against B-hemolytic streptococci.
14. 3. A 20 year old man is evaluated for a scratch on his right arm from a pet
kitten that occurred 3 weeks ago. The patient now has a skin lesion at the
inoculation site and painful swelling in the ipsilateral axillary area. He is also
experiencing malaise. Medical history is unremarkable.
On physical exam, temperature is 37.2C, blood pressure 120/80, HR 80/min
and RR 14/min. A red papule is present on the biceps of the right arm and
tender right axillary lymphadenopathy with overlying erythema is noted. The
remainder of the exam is normal.
Lab studies indicate a leukocyte count of 11,500/uL with 83% neutrophils and
17% lymphocytes and a normal metabolic panel.
Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment?
A. Azithromycin
B. Dicloxacillin
C. Itraconazole
D. Linezolid
15. Answer: A. The patient has cat scratch disease and treatment with
Azithromcyin is recommended. Cat scratch disease often occurs in
immunocompetent children and young adults and is caused by inoculation of
the fastidious gram negative bacterium Bartonella henselae after the scratch
of a kitten or cat. A pustule or papule or erythema develops at the site of the
inoculation several days to 2 weeks after the injury. Significant tender
regional lymphadenopathy develops 2-3 weeks after inoculation in areas that
drain the infected site. These lymph nodes suppurate in a small number of
patients. Lymphadenopathy generally resolves within months and extranodal
disease is rare.
Although cat scratch disease is usually a self-limited illness, some exports
recommend a short course of treatment with azithromycin. Other agents that
can be used include doxycycline, rifampin, clarithromycin, TMP-SMX and
ciprofloxacin.
Linezolid and dicloxacillin are used primarily to treat gram positive bacteria
such as staphylococci and streptococci and are not effective against gram
negative organisms such as B. henselae.
16. 4. A 63-year-old woman is evaluated for fever and hypotension for four days after kidney-
pancreas transplantation surgery. She was treated with cyclosporine prednisolone and
mycophenolate mofetil. The incisional pain has not increased and except for slightly increased
erythema surrounding the incision there are no localizing signs or symptoms. Medical history
significant for type one diabetes since age of 12 years. It's at the onset of her current symptoms
she has been doing well after surgery.
On physical examination temperature is 39.4°C blood pressure is 80/52 pulse rate is 100 per
minute and respiration rate is 20 per minute. Cardiopulmonary examination is normal. On the
abdominal examination there is erythema surrounding the surgical right lower quadrant incision
and moderate tenderness to palpation of the surgical wound. The remainder of the examination
is normal.
Laboratory studies show hemoglobin 12.1 g/dL. Leukocyte count 13,400. Creatinine 1.9.
Urinalysis with 7 leukocytes, 25 erythrocytes and trace protein. The patient and organ donor are
serologically positive for cytomegalovirus infection.
Chest radiographic shows no infiltrates. Abdominal radiographs show only a small amount of free
peritoneal gas. CT scans of the chest and abdomen revealed only some peri-incisional fluid.
Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's current symptoms and findings?
A. Candidal wound infection
B. Cytomegalovirus infection
C. Pneumocystis pneumonia
D. Staphylococcal wound infection
17. Answer: D. This patient's symptoms are most likely attributable to a postoperative wound
infection considering the recent surgery, rapid onset of high fever, leukocytosis, wound erythema
and tenderness, presence of peri- incisional fluid, and lack of signs and symptoms supporting
other likely problems in the immediate postoperative period.
In patients receiving solid organ transplants, infections in the immediate postoperative period are
similar to those occurring in patients who have undergone other types of surgery. Post
transplantation wound infections from staphylococci (coagulase negative and Staphylococcus
aureus), hemolytic streptococci, or enteric bacteria occur commonly.
Candidal wound infection would be less likely than staphylococcal wound infection in this patient
because of the acuity of onset, leukocytosis, and high fever. Candidal infections are very
uncommon and would be expected to be more chronic in nature.
Cytomegalovirus infection is unlikely because it would rarely become clinically apparent this soon
after surgery and with such a short duration of immunosuppressive therapy. Because the donor
and recipient are both serologically positive for CMV, CMV infection would occur between the
second and sixth months after surgery unless prophylaxis is given.
Pneumocystis pneumonia is unlikely to be responsible for this patient's current signs and
symptoms because it is not likely to occur this soon after transplantation, and this patient
demonstrates no respiratory signs and symptoms and has a normal pulmonary examination and
chest x-ray.
Key Point: infections in the immediate post-transplantation period are usually the same as those
occurring after other kinds of surgery and include staphylococci (coagulase negative and
Staphylococcus aureus), hemolytic streptococci, or enteric bacterial wound infection.
18. 5. A 60 year old woman who presents with a rash on both of her legs that has
been present for two months. She reports no pain but does experience mild
pruritus. Her past medical history significant for obesity, hypertension, and
diabetes with her last hemoglobin A-1 C at 6.7. She takes lisinopril,
metoprolol, and glyburide. She has no known drug allergies. On physical exam
her temperature was 38°C, blood pressure 130/80, heart rate 82, respiratory
rate 14. She has large erythematous plaques with fine fissuring and scaling as
well as interspersed brown macular hyperpigmentation. She has trace edema
up to her mid shins. There is no purulent drainage. The rest of her exam is
normal.
What is her most likely diagnosis?
A. Atopic dermatitis
B. Bilateral cellulitis
C. Stasis dermatitis
D. Tinea corporis
19. Answer: C. Stasis dermatitis typically presents with erythema, scaling,
pruritus, erosions, exudate, and crusting. Usually located in the lower third of
the legs, superior to the medial malleolus. Can occur bilaterally or unilaterally.
Edema is often present, as well as varicose veins and hemosiderin deposits.
Adults with atopic dermatitis have a history of childhood atopic dermatitis
and a different distribution of skin involvement.
Cellulitis typically occurs more acutely. Sometimes presents with fever and
pain. Examination reveals more erythema with lymphangitic streaking and no
scaling.
With tinea corporis, you would see sharply marginated, erythematous
annular patches with central clearing.
20. Amin, AN, Cerceo, EA, Deitelzweig, SB, et al. Hospitalist perspective on the treatment of skin and soft
tissue infections. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014; 89(10):1436-1451.
→ Even though this article has more of an inpatient focus, it is a good review of the common
pathogens and treatment options.
Daum, RS. Skin and soft-tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl
J Med. 2007; 357:380-90.
→ MRSA skin infections are commonly necrotic.
→ Oral antibiotic options include clindamycin, Bactrim, doxycycline, minocycline, linezolid, and
rifampin. Bactrim and tetracyclines are not recommended as sole empiric therapy for nonpurulent
cellulitis.
→ Inpatient therapies include vancomycin, clindamycin, daptomycin, tigecycline, linezolid, and
quinupristin.
Gunderson, CG, Chang, JJ. Risk of deep venous thrombosis in patients with cellulitis and erysipelas: a
systematic review and meta-analysis. Thrombosis Research. 2013; 132:336-40.
→ While DVT is often considered in the differential for cellulitis and erysipelas, patients with cellulitis
are not at increased risk for DVT.
Stevens, DL, Bisno, AL, Chambers, HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of
skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect
Dis. 2014.
Swartz, MN. Cellulitis. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350:904-12.
→ Cellulitis involves the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, and lacks sharp demarcation .
→ Erysipelas is a superficial cellulitis that involves lymphatics. It is indurated with a raised border that is
demarcated from normal skin.