1. The NEC establishes requirements to ensure continuous power for fire pumps, permitting an overcurrent device between a remote power source and fire pump controller. However, an instantaneous trip circuit breaker alone does not comply as it is an unlisted component without a short-circuit rating.
2. For a generator-backed fire pump, NEC 430.62 allows sizing the overcurrent device at 250% of the largest motor instead of locked rotor, then adding the full-load current of other motors.
3. Proper sizing of the overcurrent device for a generator-backed fire pump to comply with NEC 695.4(B) requires referencing NEC 430.62 for s
We started with various kind of frictional forces which are projected to bicycle during the run. Then after we calculate approx motor power t which needed to drive the bicycle. We used BLDC motor as a hub drive and connect it in the front wheel of the bicycle. We use lithium-ion battery cells and by connecting them in series-parallel, we made a 36V, 13.2 Ah battery pack. We also connect BMS(Battery Management System) which protects the battery pack from over-charging and over-discharging kind of faults. Top speed of the bicycle is 35kmph and the distance traveled on a single charge is up to 35 to 40km.
Contents of this presenation entitled 'Introduction of different Energy storage systems used in Electric & Hybrid vehicles' is useful for beginners and students
This paper gives description about fuel used for various spacecraft.Spacecraft propulsion is based on jet propulsion as used by rocket motors. Propulsion in a broad sense is the act of changing the motion of a body. Propulsion mechanisms provide a force that moves bodies that are initially at rest, changes a velocity, or overcomes retarding forces when a body is propelled through a medium. Jet propulsion is a means of locomotion whereby a reaction force is imparted to a device by the momentum of ejected matter. The burning rate of the solid rocket propellants is one of the most important factors that determine the performance of the rocket. The burning rate of rocket motors running with solid propellant is called flame regression, which occurs with the ignition in the fuel grain perpendicular to the burning surface. This study investigates the effects of the addition of metal-based high-energy matter (Aluminium) into the content of the propellant produced within the scope of development project. The study starts with the manufacture of propellant samples.
We started with various kind of frictional forces which are projected to bicycle during the run. Then after we calculate approx motor power t which needed to drive the bicycle. We used BLDC motor as a hub drive and connect it in the front wheel of the bicycle. We use lithium-ion battery cells and by connecting them in series-parallel, we made a 36V, 13.2 Ah battery pack. We also connect BMS(Battery Management System) which protects the battery pack from over-charging and over-discharging kind of faults. Top speed of the bicycle is 35kmph and the distance traveled on a single charge is up to 35 to 40km.
Contents of this presenation entitled 'Introduction of different Energy storage systems used in Electric & Hybrid vehicles' is useful for beginners and students
This paper gives description about fuel used for various spacecraft.Spacecraft propulsion is based on jet propulsion as used by rocket motors. Propulsion in a broad sense is the act of changing the motion of a body. Propulsion mechanisms provide a force that moves bodies that are initially at rest, changes a velocity, or overcomes retarding forces when a body is propelled through a medium. Jet propulsion is a means of locomotion whereby a reaction force is imparted to a device by the momentum of ejected matter. The burning rate of the solid rocket propellants is one of the most important factors that determine the performance of the rocket. The burning rate of rocket motors running with solid propellant is called flame regression, which occurs with the ignition in the fuel grain perpendicular to the burning surface. This study investigates the effects of the addition of metal-based high-energy matter (Aluminium) into the content of the propellant produced within the scope of development project. The study starts with the manufacture of propellant samples.
The aim of this project is to design a micro controller Based automatic bottle filling system that sense the presence of bottle and fills it accordingly up to a fixed level.
Electrical Isolation procedure onboard shipShoaib Ahmed
Electricity is a hidden and soundless killer. So, dealing with electricity is inherently hazardous and it is tough to assure that safe working conditions are in place. Undoubtedly, safe electrical isolation is the first prior onboard ship. Both the seafarer and the company have responsibilities to ensure a safe working environment.
Shipboard employees face various problems that can make servicing operations more
challenging, such as:
# Large and complex vessel and vessel machinery, facilities, and systems;
# Machinery, equipment, and systems having multiple power sources, insulating points
and energy types; and
# Difficulty in identifying all energy sources due to faulty engineering drawings and
schematics.
The introduction of the automatic transmission did this by offering a “no-muss, no-fuss” form of shifting.
The earliest automobiles offered only manual transmissions, which were similar in principle to today’s stick-shift vehicles.
These cars sported two forward gears and one reverse, coupled to the engine via a series of pedals.
But as cars grew larger and traffic got worse, engineers began searching for a way to have the car “automatically” shift from one gear to another.
Designers spent decades perfecting the modern automatic transmission.
Here we offer a brief introduction and overview of the history of the automatic transmission.
THE CENTRAL QUESTION ...
An electric car is still a car, right? What is it that makes it so different, and should I be worried that what makes it different makes it really complicated?
COURSE ABSTRACT
A discussion of the Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) architecture and the component elements that must be present within a BEV system. The battery, the electric motor, control electronics and regenerative braking are all discussed. To obtain a copy of the EVU study guide for this and other available EVU courses, please complete the form on this page.
Course level: Introductory
Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension with Intelligent Active Suspensioning Systemijtsrd
A shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp a sudden shock impulse and dissipate kinetic energy. Without shock absorbers, the vehicle would have a bouncing ride, as energy is stored in the spring and then released to the vehicle, possibly exceeding the allowed range of suspension movement, Control of excessive suspension movement without shock absorption requires stiffer springs, which would in turn give a harsh ride. Shock absorbers allow the use of soft springs while controlling the rate of suspension movement in response to bumps. Now the project has mainly concentrated in designing a suitable suspension unit. The limit sensor is fixed to the front wheel. When the front wheel is in bounce, the limit sensor activates the pneumatic compressor automatically with the help of electronic control unit. Now the compressor starts running, activating the hydro pneumatic suspensor which is fitted in the back wheel. In a vehicle it reduces the effect of suspension travel on uneven terrains. Hydraulic system undergo torque multiplication in an easy way, independent of distance between input and output. Pneumatic system is based on the fact that gas is compressible so equipment is less subjected to shock loads. M. Boopathi | S. R. Gauthamnithin | S. Harikrishnan | Prof. Dr. G. Kumaresan"Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension with Intelligent Active Suspensioning System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10916.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/automotive-engineering/10916/hydro-pneumatic-suspension-with-intelligent-active-suspensioning-system/m-boopathi
An airborne wind turbine is a design concept for a wind turbine with a rotor supported in the air without a tower, thus benefiting from more mechanical and aerodynamic options.
Fire Pumps, Controllers & Associated Electrical Distribution AspectsJames S Nasby
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Electric Motor Driven Fire Pump Considerations
- Power Supply requirements of NFPA-20 - 2007
- NFPA-70 (NEC®) Article 695
- Changes to Articles 700 & 701 in the NEC
- Selective Coordination
- New §708 - Critical Operations Power Systems
- Junction boxes and wiring protective systems.
The aim of this project is to design a micro controller Based automatic bottle filling system that sense the presence of bottle and fills it accordingly up to a fixed level.
Electrical Isolation procedure onboard shipShoaib Ahmed
Electricity is a hidden and soundless killer. So, dealing with electricity is inherently hazardous and it is tough to assure that safe working conditions are in place. Undoubtedly, safe electrical isolation is the first prior onboard ship. Both the seafarer and the company have responsibilities to ensure a safe working environment.
Shipboard employees face various problems that can make servicing operations more
challenging, such as:
# Large and complex vessel and vessel machinery, facilities, and systems;
# Machinery, equipment, and systems having multiple power sources, insulating points
and energy types; and
# Difficulty in identifying all energy sources due to faulty engineering drawings and
schematics.
The introduction of the automatic transmission did this by offering a “no-muss, no-fuss” form of shifting.
The earliest automobiles offered only manual transmissions, which were similar in principle to today’s stick-shift vehicles.
These cars sported two forward gears and one reverse, coupled to the engine via a series of pedals.
But as cars grew larger and traffic got worse, engineers began searching for a way to have the car “automatically” shift from one gear to another.
Designers spent decades perfecting the modern automatic transmission.
Here we offer a brief introduction and overview of the history of the automatic transmission.
THE CENTRAL QUESTION ...
An electric car is still a car, right? What is it that makes it so different, and should I be worried that what makes it different makes it really complicated?
COURSE ABSTRACT
A discussion of the Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) architecture and the component elements that must be present within a BEV system. The battery, the electric motor, control electronics and regenerative braking are all discussed. To obtain a copy of the EVU study guide for this and other available EVU courses, please complete the form on this page.
Course level: Introductory
Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension with Intelligent Active Suspensioning Systemijtsrd
A shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp a sudden shock impulse and dissipate kinetic energy. Without shock absorbers, the vehicle would have a bouncing ride, as energy is stored in the spring and then released to the vehicle, possibly exceeding the allowed range of suspension movement, Control of excessive suspension movement without shock absorption requires stiffer springs, which would in turn give a harsh ride. Shock absorbers allow the use of soft springs while controlling the rate of suspension movement in response to bumps. Now the project has mainly concentrated in designing a suitable suspension unit. The limit sensor is fixed to the front wheel. When the front wheel is in bounce, the limit sensor activates the pneumatic compressor automatically with the help of electronic control unit. Now the compressor starts running, activating the hydro pneumatic suspensor which is fitted in the back wheel. In a vehicle it reduces the effect of suspension travel on uneven terrains. Hydraulic system undergo torque multiplication in an easy way, independent of distance between input and output. Pneumatic system is based on the fact that gas is compressible so equipment is less subjected to shock loads. M. Boopathi | S. R. Gauthamnithin | S. Harikrishnan | Prof. Dr. G. Kumaresan"Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension with Intelligent Active Suspensioning System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10916.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/automotive-engineering/10916/hydro-pneumatic-suspension-with-intelligent-active-suspensioning-system/m-boopathi
An airborne wind turbine is a design concept for a wind turbine with a rotor supported in the air without a tower, thus benefiting from more mechanical and aerodynamic options.
Fire Pumps, Controllers & Associated Electrical Distribution AspectsJames S Nasby
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Electric Motor Driven Fire Pump Considerations
- Power Supply requirements of NFPA-20 - 2007
- NFPA-70 (NEC®) Article 695
- Changes to Articles 700 & 701 in the NEC
- Selective Coordination
- New §708 - Critical Operations Power Systems
- Junction boxes and wiring protective systems.
Understanding type 2 coordinated protection in motor branch circuitBassam Gomaa
This shows how to conform to the new standard using motor controls built to meet NEMA and IEC standards and related benefits associated with Type 2 coordination.
Design, Test and Demonstration of Saturable Reactor High-Temperature Supercon...Franco Moriconi
Zenergy Power has successfully designed, built, tested, and installed in the US electrical grid a saturable reactor Fault Current Limiter. Beginning in 2007, first as SC Power Systems and from 2008 as Zenergy Power, Inc., ZP used DOE matching grant and ARRA funds to help refine the design of the saturated reactor fault current limiter.
Power Supplies for Electric Motor Driven Fire PumpsJames S Nasby
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Requirements and Application Information.
Both NFPA-20 and Article 695 of NFPA-70 (NEC) are covered.
To download head to http://solarreference.com/solar-pv-codes-brooks/
Also available on the Brook Solar website (they have some quality stuff)
This presentation from Brook Solar (Now Brooks Engineering LLC) is a wonderful compilation of the standards in place in the PV industry. But you do know that standards are like babies, they don't stop growing!
For more quality information visit http://solarreference.com/
This document relates to Harmonic analysis. In every electrical system has fundamental frequency and odd and even Harmonic. AS per IEEE519-1992 standard to evaluate the analysis, to each equipment harmonic order list to be modelled as per manufacturer data. odd harmonic total voltage and current distortion. The recommendation described in this document attempts to reduce
the harmonic effects at any point in the entire system by establishing
limits on certain harmonic indices (currents and voltages) at the point of
common coupling (PCC), a point of metering, or any point as long as
both the utility and the consumer can either access the point for direct
measurement of the harmonic indices meaningful to both or can
estimate the harmonic indices at point of interference (POI) through
mutually agreeable methods
The changing world of energy is making it increasingly challenging to optimize power reliability, energy costs, and operational efficiency in critical power environments such as
hospitals, data centers, airports, and manufacturing facilities. Utility power grids are getting more dynamic, facility power distribution systems are becoming more complex, and
cyberattacks threaten network stability. More competitive pressures and environmental regulations are pushing expectations for energy efficiency and business sustainability higher than ever. Addressing these challenges requires new
digital tools designed specifically to enable faster response to opportunities and risks related to power system reliability and operations.
Partnership between ThoughtWire and Schneider Electric to drive future of Digital Hospital – bridging the gap between core clinical operations and facility infrastructure services
The impact of power management on building performance and energy costsBassam Gomaa
Power quality and energy consumption are closely linked to overall building performance. Yet building managers often focus more on mechanical equipment operations. However, power problems are responsible for more than half of equipment downtime in most buildings. This paper reviews how adding power management to BMS capabilities can reduce energy costs and improve building performance while also enhancing occupant comfort.
Seven steps to reduce the risk of infectious disease in hospitalsBassam Gomaa
Healthcare organizations face growing challenges related to infectious disease control. While frequent hand washing and the use of personal protective equipment are the leading weapons against infectious disease spread and hospital-acquired infections, the built environment, including the HVAC systems, also plays an important role. Strides in the development of smart building operation management platforms that easily and cost-effectively integrate with a facility’s existing systems can give healthcare providers a powerful tool with which to enhance the effectiveness of their overall infection control programs.
Leveraging cloud based building management systems for multi-site facilitiesBassam Gomaa
Until recently, enterprise building management of multiple, distributed facilities has been beyond the budget of most organizations. New advances in Cloud technology are now enabling enterprises to centrally monitor, control and manage their medium and smaller sized facilities at an affordable cost.
The benefits of the cloud facility management approach have helped to create more productive environments for workers and customers and also facilitated better executive decision-making at the corporate level.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Fundamentals of Electric Drives and its applications.pptx
Size a circuit breaker for a fire pump
1. 1
ElectricalElectrical
ShortzShortz
Fire Pump Circuit Breaker Feeders
Fire Pump Circuits and Instantaneous
Trip Circuit Breakers
The 2008 NEC establishes very specific requirements in order to ensure
continuity of power for a fire pump. NEC 695.4(B) permits an
overcurrent device between the remote power source and the fire pump
controller or transfer switch. It even gets more specific about selecting
and sizing the overcurrent device between the generator and the fire
pump controller.
…Overcurrent protective devices between an on-site standby
generator and a fire pump controller shall be selected and sized
according to 430.62 to provide short-circuit protection only…
A common misunderstanding is that “short-circuit protection only” is equated
to “instantaneous trip circuit breaker.” This drives an incorrect specification
for equipment which establishes an NEC compliance issue. During the
development of the 2002 NEC a proposal was made to permit
instantaneous trip circuit breakers for this requirement in the NEC. After
many comments explaining that instantaneous devices are Recognized
Components (Not Listed) and do not have a marked short-circuit current
rating by themselves, NEC Code Panel 15 rejected the idea of an
instantaneous circuit breaker for this application. The entire discussion can
be found in the Report on Comments for the 2002 NEC. NEC 430.52(C)(3)
also reinforces this same restriction on the instantaneous trip circuit breaker
where it is only permitted as part of a listed combination motor controller.
Sizing the Short Circuit Protective Device
for a Fire Pump on a Generator
How do I size the circuit breaker for a generator to comply with
NEC 695.4(B)? NEC 695.4(B) points back to NEC 430.62 for sizing the
overcurrent device for the generator fed fire pump. Remember that if the fire
pump is fed by a service, the circuit breaker is sized to carry locked rotor
(approx 6 times FLC) indefinitely. Where a generator serves the fire pump,
NEC 430.62 permits you to use the values in Table 430.52 instead of setting
the circuit breaker at locked rotor (approx 6 times FLC). Table 430.52 sizes
the circuit breaker at a maximum of 250 percent of the largest motor. Then
the FLC of all the other motors (jockey pumps) that are being fed by the
generator must be added.
NEC®
Article 695 requires careful reading to ensure compliance of the fire
pump installation is addressed.
Date: 1/2008
Author: Alan Manche
Document Number: 0100DB0711
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, USA
www.us.schneider-electric.com/codes
Keywords: Fire Pump,
Instantaneous,
Circuit Breaker,
NEC 695
