1. The document provides information on two tree species found in Nepal: Dalbergia sissoo (Sissoo) and Shorea robusta (Sal). 2. For each species, details are given on their natural occurrence, silvicultural characteristics, uses, diseases, and photos. 3. Key information includes Sissoo being a light demander that grows well in alluvial soil, while Sal is drought sensitive but fire resistant and commonly found between 1000-1500m elevation in Nepal.

1. Tharu de bhumi

2. Tharu de bhumi

3. Submitted by: Bhumi Prakash
Chaudhary Tharu (42)
Submitted to: Deepak Gautam
Assistant Professor,
IOF,Pokhara

4. Formulae basics
1.light 2. Frost 3.Drought 4.Fire 5.Coppice 6.Browsing 7.Tree
Nature
8. Soil /
pH
9. Root
system
10.
Associat
es
1. SLD 1.FH 1.DH 1. FH 1. Good 1. BH 1. E 1. A 1. Tap 1. Close
spp.
2. MLD 2. MFH 2.MDH 2.
MFH
2. Fairly 2. BS 2. D 2. B 2.
Adventitio
us
3. LD 3. FS 3. DS 3. FS 3. Non-
coppice
3. NP 3.N
4. SB 4.
YTBMH
4. VDS 4.
CWIESBN
L
4. P 4. Alluival
5. SD
Grand salute to
“Deepak Sir- The Former of formulae”

5. Dalbergia sissoo (Sissoo)
Introduction :
• Scientific Name : Dalbergia sissoo
• Local Name : Sissoo
• Family : Leguminosae
• Sub-family : Papilionaceae
Natural occurrence :
 It is one of the most valuable tree species of the sub- Himalayan area from Assam to Afghanistan
and grows up to 1500m asl.

6. Strong light demander
Frost hardy species
Drought hardy
Light
Frost
Drought

7. Moderate fire resistance
Good coppice ,pollard, produces abundant root suckers
Gazing and browsing sensitive
Deciduous tree with clear bole
Best in alluvial soil, poor in saline soil, heavy clay soil, and never in
waterlogged areas
long taproot and numerous surface roots which produce suckers
Good with Acacia catechu
Fire
Coppice
Browsing
Tree nature
Soil
/pH
Root
sys.
associates

8. Other
• Roots are nodulated
• Weed sensitive seedling
• Grass competition

9. Uses
• As timber : heartwood is mostly used for furniture, building
and carving and engraving
• Fuel wood : excellent for fuelwood as both sap and heart
wood have excellent calorific value, make best charcoal
for heating and cooking.
• Fodder : valuable , contains 15- 16 % crude protein and
50 % digestable nutrients
• Ecological value : leguminous plant and helps in
nitrogen fixation.
• Other : tree is excellent source of honey

10. • TRADITIONALLAY : slender tree twigs (called datun) are
first chewed as a toothbrush and then split as a tongue
cleaner.
• Medicinal values : used in Siddha medicine system for
skin disorders and stomach related issues
• As pesticides : Ethanolic extract of the fruits of Dalbergia
sissoo exhibited molluscicide effect against eggs of the
freshwater snail

11. Diseases : die-back of Dalbergia sissoo caused by
Fusarium spp and Ganoderma lucidium.
D.D. Shakya 1* and P.B. Lakhey 2* ,2006. Confirmation of Fusarium
solani as the causal agent of die-back of Dalbergia sissoo in Nepal. New
Disease Reports (2006) 14, 6.
Citation:

12. Photo plates

13. On my own click

14. Shorea robusta

15. Introduction
• Botanical name : Shorea robusta
• Local name : Agrakh = Sakhua = Sal = Sakwa
• Family : Dipterocapecae

16. Natural occurance
• It is commonly found in the elevation between terai -1000
m to 1500 m.
• It is dominant in Bhabar, Terai, Duns and also most of the
siwalik hills along with river valleys.
• Stainton ,1972 distinguished sal forest in Nepal into two
types
I. Bhabar ,Terai , and Duns Sal forest
II. Hill sal forest

17. Silvicultural Characteristics:
formulae : 32312*221Saj
• Light : light demander
• Frost : moderately frost hardy
• Drought : drought sensitive , show frequently dying back
phenomenon
• Fire : strong fire resistance
• Coppice : well coppices in 20 – 30 cm in diameter

18. • Browsing : Sensitive to grazing and browsing.
• Tree nature : Deciduous for short time, one of the most
gregarious forest tree. It grows up in more or less even
aged crops .
• Soil : prefer old alluvium soil, and not in very sandy ,
gravelly soils, water logged areas,stiff clips, and limestone
areas
• Root : tap root system
• Associates : Primarily associates with Dabdabe, Kutmiro,
Koiralo, Tanki, Haldu, Gamhari, Saj, Sandan, Tooni, Tendu
etc

19. Uses
• Timber : main construction material in Nepal mainly for
door, window frame, planking, carts, and carvings too.
After preservative treatment ,sal poles are suitable for
overhead, electric , telegraph, and telephones lines .
• Firewood and charcoal : It is an excellent fuelwood.
• Fooder : leaves are preferred
• Edible food : seeds eaten after roasting, contains 19- 20
% of fatty oil ,and also made for shop.
• Sometimes its leaves are used for making Taapari.

20. Photos

21. Reference
• Thakur R.B & Phulara N.K ,2014. A compendium of
Tree species of Nepal . Mr and Mrs. Thakur, Pipariya
VDC-6 , Sarlahi, Nepal.
• Most of the photos were googled and the credit goes to
the copyright persona.

23. Tharu de bhumi