The presentation highlighted about its impact on temperate fruit production and also the suggestion to mitigate its effect. It was presented in a National Seminar on Climate change held at Amity University, Noida, India
Prepared by subash sapkota and sanjay aryal. A assignment topic to be prepared for the course Pomology, first semester under postgraduate 'MSc. Program, Agriculture and Forestry university, rampur chitwan
The scenario of vegetable market in indiaUdita Ganguly
The presentation is about the scenario of the vegetable market in India. The market is being analysed from the perspective of its area, production, productivity, price analysis and the causes and effects of the unstable vegetable prices with policy implications.
The presentation highlighted about its impact on temperate fruit production and also the suggestion to mitigate its effect. It was presented in a National Seminar on Climate change held at Amity University, Noida, India
Prepared by subash sapkota and sanjay aryal. A assignment topic to be prepared for the course Pomology, first semester under postgraduate 'MSc. Program, Agriculture and Forestry university, rampur chitwan
The scenario of vegetable market in indiaUdita Ganguly
The presentation is about the scenario of the vegetable market in India. The market is being analysed from the perspective of its area, production, productivity, price analysis and the causes and effects of the unstable vegetable prices with policy implications.
Climate change effect on abiotic stress in fruit crops Parshant Bakshi
A change of climate, which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
Advancing knowledge in litchi tree architecture, growth physiology, possibility of using
growth retardants has enabled farmers to adopt closer planting and maintaining
reachable canopy. This system is popularly known as the High Density Planting (HDP).
It enables profitable cropping, high regular yields and improved farm management practices,
leading to higher productivity. Today new orchards of litchis are being attempted to plant in
this system with a view to produce higher fruit yield and increased profitably. Use of growth
retardants which restricts tree growth and encourages early flower induction, have also been
found helpful for these high-density planting systems.
High density planting technique is a modern method of litchi cultivation involving
planting of litchi trees densely, allowing small or dwarf trees with modified canopy for better
light interception and distribution and ease of mechanised field operations. Control of pests
and diseases, weeds and pruning of tree canopy can be carried out by machine. Irrigation and
fertigation are automatically controlled. Such system produces precocious cropping, high and
regular yields of good quality fruits and low labour requirement to meet ever rising production
costs. Merit of HDP over Normal Planting
Increasing pressure on land owing to diversion of orchard lands to various other obvious
reasons as well as rising energy and land-costs, together with mounting demand for fruits have
made it imperative to achieve higher productivity of litchi from limited space. One should be
very conscious in case of high density litchi because closer spacing may bring negative impact
in growers’ fields if the complete package of high density has not been properly understood
and followed.
The normal planting distance in litchi has been 9-10 m. Such orchard takes 10-15 years
to provide economic returns depending upon the cultivar, and cultural practices. Due to poor
early returns and clash between the cultural requirements of the intercrop with main crop, litchi
orcharding so far is done by large farmers who can afford tall treesComponents of High Density Planting
There are four major components of high density planting system. These are:
1. Planting Density: Even though a small canopy with a high number of well-illuminated
leaves is efficient in photosynthesis but it is very poor in light interception, which leads
to low potential yield per hectare. Light interception could be improved by increasing
tree density. An optimum tree density is the level of density which is required to facilitate
optimum light distribution and interception leading to high photosynthesis. As a result,
yield per hectare is maximized. An optimum light interception is a factor of plant form,
planting density, tree arrangement and leaf response to light for photosynthesis. Optimum
light interception can be defined as a level of light intercepted by an orchard system
above or below which, the economic yield will be reduced.
There is a huge demand for Mango worldwide. Hence, exporting to other countries we earn foreign currency. And, especially in Bangladesh, the suitable climate and soil condition is a positive sign of Mango cultivation. With the help of cut-edged technology here is a possibility of increased production.
Slides include production technology of loquat, its origin and distribution in Pakistan, plant description, environmental and cultural requirements etc..
Climate change effect on abiotic stress in fruit crops Parshant Bakshi
A change of climate, which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
Advancing knowledge in litchi tree architecture, growth physiology, possibility of using
growth retardants has enabled farmers to adopt closer planting and maintaining
reachable canopy. This system is popularly known as the High Density Planting (HDP).
It enables profitable cropping, high regular yields and improved farm management practices,
leading to higher productivity. Today new orchards of litchis are being attempted to plant in
this system with a view to produce higher fruit yield and increased profitably. Use of growth
retardants which restricts tree growth and encourages early flower induction, have also been
found helpful for these high-density planting systems.
High density planting technique is a modern method of litchi cultivation involving
planting of litchi trees densely, allowing small or dwarf trees with modified canopy for better
light interception and distribution and ease of mechanised field operations. Control of pests
and diseases, weeds and pruning of tree canopy can be carried out by machine. Irrigation and
fertigation are automatically controlled. Such system produces precocious cropping, high and
regular yields of good quality fruits and low labour requirement to meet ever rising production
costs. Merit of HDP over Normal Planting
Increasing pressure on land owing to diversion of orchard lands to various other obvious
reasons as well as rising energy and land-costs, together with mounting demand for fruits have
made it imperative to achieve higher productivity of litchi from limited space. One should be
very conscious in case of high density litchi because closer spacing may bring negative impact
in growers’ fields if the complete package of high density has not been properly understood
and followed.
The normal planting distance in litchi has been 9-10 m. Such orchard takes 10-15 years
to provide economic returns depending upon the cultivar, and cultural practices. Due to poor
early returns and clash between the cultural requirements of the intercrop with main crop, litchi
orcharding so far is done by large farmers who can afford tall treesComponents of High Density Planting
There are four major components of high density planting system. These are:
1. Planting Density: Even though a small canopy with a high number of well-illuminated
leaves is efficient in photosynthesis but it is very poor in light interception, which leads
to low potential yield per hectare. Light interception could be improved by increasing
tree density. An optimum tree density is the level of density which is required to facilitate
optimum light distribution and interception leading to high photosynthesis. As a result,
yield per hectare is maximized. An optimum light interception is a factor of plant form,
planting density, tree arrangement and leaf response to light for photosynthesis. Optimum
light interception can be defined as a level of light intercepted by an orchard system
above or below which, the economic yield will be reduced.
There is a huge demand for Mango worldwide. Hence, exporting to other countries we earn foreign currency. And, especially in Bangladesh, the suitable climate and soil condition is a positive sign of Mango cultivation. With the help of cut-edged technology here is a possibility of increased production.
Slides include production technology of loquat, its origin and distribution in Pakistan, plant description, environmental and cultural requirements etc..
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Mango has been grown in India since long and is considered to be king of fruits. Its mention has been made in Sanskrit literature as Amra.
Alexander the great found a mango garden in Indus valley in 327 B.C. Ameer Khurso saint and poet from Turkoman wrote a poem on mango as early as 1330 A.D. Akbar the great (1556-1605) planted one lac mango trees in his bagh, which was named as Lakh Bagh.
Origin:
Vavilov suggested ‘Indo-Burma’ region as the centre of origin of mango. Folklore and religious sites of Indian people are attached to mango. Mango has attained the status of the national fruit of India. It travelled to west; South Africa and Mexico through mango stones. Genus Mangifera contains 49 species of which only 41 are valid. Mangifera indica to which the most of the present Indian cultivars belong is of great importance. Over one thousand varieties have been reported belonging to this genus. Some other genus found growing in India are M. sylvatica; M. caloneura, M. foetida and M. caesia. At present mango is commercially grown in Asia and European countries.
Area and Production:
Mango is commercially cultivated in Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Uttara Khand, Punjab and Haryana, Maharashtra and Gujarat. Mango cultivated over an area of 2309 thousand hectares with an annual production of 12750 thousand metric tones. India produces quality mangoes; Alphonso is highly liked by the western countries.
In Punjab, mango is being cultivated in whole of the sub-moutane belt comprising Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur Roop Nagar, Fatehgarh Sahib, Mohali and Patiala districts. Now its cultivation has spread to arid canal irrigated areas of northern India.
Uses:
Mango leaves are fed to cattle in the shortage of fodder. Leaves are also used in various ceremonies in Hindu rituals. Mango tree has certain medicinal properties. Its wood is used for furniture making and as fuel. Fruit is a source of vitamin A and C. Mango pulp is laxative in nature and has unique nutritional value.
Fruit is utilized at all stages of development in various ways ranging from chutney, pickles and curries. Ripe fruit is taken after meals. Various types of syrups, nector, jams and jelleys are prepared from the pulp/juice. The stones kernels are fed to pigs. The bark of the wood is useful in the industry.
Botany:
Mango belongs to family Anacardiaceae. Fruit plants such as cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) and pistachio nut (Pistacia vera) also belong to this family. Three species of genus Mangifera found in India are Mangifera indica with edible fruits, M. sylvatica with non-edible fruits and M. caloneura.
Mangifira indica (2n = 40). Seedling trees are big is size and can grow over 20 metre high with a same spread. Grafted trees can attain a height of 8-10 metres with a dome shaped top. Mango is evergreen with spreading branches. On road sides seedling trees have erect branches.
Loquat Fruit : Introduction and Importance, varieties.Binita Suwal
loquat is very nutritious food that contain anti oxidants. Loquat is originally from southeast china, later neutralized in Japan and India. Loquat is moderate sized tree of abt 20-30 ft height.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable Cultivation”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Litchi (Litchi chinensis) is a delicious juicy fruit of excellent quality. Botanically it
belongs to Sapindaceae family. Litchi fruit is famous for its attractive red colour, excellent
quality characteristics and pleasant flavor.
Soil and climate:
Litchi is a sub-tropical fruit and thrives best under moist sub-tropical climate. It usually
prefers low elevation and can be grown up to an altitude of 800 m. (m.s.l.). Deep, well drained
loamy soil, rich in organic matter and having pH in the range of 5.0 to 7.0 is ideal for the crop.
Litchi cannot tolerate frost during winter and dry heat in summer. The temperature should not
go beyond 40.5 0C in summer and below freezing point in winter. Prolonged rain may be harmful
especially at the time of flowering, when it interferes with pollination.
Cultivars:
A large number of varieties are grown in different parts of India. Bambia, Ellaichi,
Muzaffarpur, Seedless early, Seedless late, Shahi, Pottee, Rose scented, China, Purbi, and Kasab
are the suitable varieties for NE region.
Propagation:
Air layering is the most common method of propagation. Select healthy and vigorous one
year old twigs and remove 2 cm wide ring of bark just below a bud. IBA or Rooton may be
applied at cut portion for early and more rooting. The cut is surrounded by mud ball containing
moss (2 parts damp moss and 1 part of soil from the basin of old litchi tree) and wrapped with
polythene sheet. Both ends are tied with fine rope to make it air tight. When sufficient roots are
formed in about 2 months, the branch is cut below the soil or sphagnum moss and potted in a
nursery. July to October is the most appropriate time. About 6 months old air-layered plants
should be planted in permanent field in monsoon.
Planting:
Pits of 90 x 90 x 90 cm in dimension are dug at the spacing of 8 – 10 m apart in square
system. Pits are filled with topsoil mixed with about 40 kg decomposed compost, 2 kg
neem/karanj cake, 1 kg bone meal/single super phosphate and 200-300 g muriate of potash.
Incorporation of about 2 baskets of soil from the root zone of old lychee trees encourages the
mycorrhiza growth. Planting is done during June to July. At the time of planting a hole the size
of ball of earth is made in the centre of the pit at the marked point where the plant is fixed and
the soil is pressed to remove air. Watering is done immediately after planting for proper
establishment. Subsequently the plant is regularly irrigated till it is properly established.
Training and pruning:
Training of the plant in the initial stage is essential to provide the required framework.
Unwanted branches should be pruned to provide definite shape and to promote growth of the
trunk and crown of the tree. Three to four branches 60-75 cm from ground opposite to each other
are allowed to form the proper frame of the tree. Further, crowded and crisscross branches are removed to facilitate better growth.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. • It’s a less edible fruit of the family Meliaceae,
• The langsat, Lansium domesticum, is also known as
Lansa
Langseh
Langsep
Lanzon
Lanzone
Lansone
Kokosan
4. Distribution
• Lansium parasiticum was originally native to Southeast Asia
• the tree is grown throughout the entire Southeast asian region, ranging
from Southern India to the Philippines for its fruit
5. Cultivars
• There are numerous cultivars of L. parasiticum.
• there are two main groups of cultivars, those named
Duku
Langsat.
There are also mixed duku-langsat varieties.
Those called duku generally have
• a large crown, thick with bright green leaves, with short bunches of few
fruit.
• The individual fruit are large, generally round, and have somewhat thick
skin that does not release sap when cooked.
• The seeds are small, with thick flesh, a sweet scent, and a sweet or sour
alin.
6. Contd…..
Langsat generally has
• thinner trees, with a less dense crown consisting of dark green leaves
and stiff branches.
• The bunches are longer, and each bunch holds between 15 and 25
large, egg-shaped fruit.
• The skin is thin and releases a white sap when cooked. The flesh is
watery and tastes sweet and sour.
• Unlike duku, langsat fruit does not last long after being picked.
• Three days after being picked, the skin blackens; this does not affect
the fruit's taste
7. Reproduction Method
Spreading Seedlings
• either cultivated or collected from below the tree.
• The new seedlings require 20 to 25 years to bear fruit
Air Layering
• The process air layering requires up to several months,
• The new rooted tree produced is itself ready to bear fruit within two years.
o Disadvantage of air layering
• Trees cultivated with this method have a high death rate
• The growths are less resilient.
Grafting
• Trees being ready to bear fruit within 5 to 6 years.
• The offspring are relatively stronger than transplanted shoots
8. Climate
• The langsat is ultra-tropical
• It cannot be grown at an altitude over 2,100 to 2,500 ft (650-750 m)
• It needs a humid atmosphere, plenty of moisture
• It will not tolerate long dry seasons
• Some shade is beneficial especially during the early years
9. Soil
• Soil type- Deep, Rich, Well-drained, Sandy Loam
• pH reaction - Slightly Acid to Neutral
• Organic matter - High in Organic Matter
• Grow poor in soil –
• Clay that dries and cracks during rainless periods
• Alkaline Soils
• Water-logging
10. Cultural Practices
• The trees are spaced 25 to 33 ft (8-10 m) apart in orchards
• In the Philippines langsat are frequently planted around the edges of
coconut plantations.
• The langsat is casually grown in dooryards and on roadsides and receives no
cultural attention.
• Regular irrigation results in better fruit size and heavier crops.
• 6-6-6 fertilizer formula-
• Given by Whitman
• thrice-yearly applications of a 6-6-6 fertilizer formula with added minor elements
result in good growth, productivity and high quality fruits even in an adverse
environment.
11. Season and Harvesting
• In Malaya
• Langsats generally bear twice a year fruit
• In June and July and again in December and January or even until February
• In India
• The fruits ripen from April to September
• In Philippines
• The season is short and most of the fruits are off the market in less than one
month.
12. Yield
• Trees in the Nilgiris average 30 lbs (13.5 kg) of fruits annually
• In the Philippines, a productive tree averages 1,000 fruits per year.
13. Keeping Quality
• Langsats are perishable and spoil after 4 days at room temperature
• To store the fruit less than two week
• Temperature -11.11º-12.78º C
• Relative humidity of 85-90%
• Sugar content- increases over this period, while acidity rises only up to the 7th day and then
gradually decline
• To store the fruit more than two week
• Fruits treated with fungicide
• held at 5% oxygen and zero percent CO2 (High C02 promotes browning and elevates acidity)
• Temperature - 14.44º C with 85% to 90% humidity, have remained in good condition for more than
2 weeks..
• Waxing reduces weight loss, increases sweetness, but causes browning over at least half the
surface within 5 days in storage
14. Food Uses
• The peel of the langsat is easily removed and the flesh is commonly
eaten out-of-hand or served as dessert, and may be cooked in various
ways
• Varieties with much latex are best dipped into boiling water to
eliminate the gumminess before peeling
• The peeled, seedless or seeded fruits are canned in sirup or sometimes
candied
15. Food Value Per 100 g of Edible Portion*
Moisture 86.5 g
Protein 0.8 g
Carbohydrates 9.5 g
Fiber 2.3 g
Calcium 20.0 mg
Phosphorus 30.0 mg
Carotene (Vitamin A) 13.0 I.U.
Thiamine 89 mcg
Riboflavin 124 mcg
Ascorbic Acid 1.0 mg
Phytin 1.1 mg (dry weight)
*According to analyses made in India.
The edible flesh may constitute 60% of the fruit.
16. Other Uses
• Peel:
The dried peel is burned in Java, the aromatic smoke serving as a mosquito repellent and as incense in the rooms of sick
people.
• Wood:
The wood is light-brown, medium-hard, fine-grained, tough, elastic and durable and weighs 52.3 lbs/ cu ft.
It is utilized in Java for house posts, rafters, tool handles and small utensils
Wood-tar, derived by distillation, is employed to blacken the teeth
• Medicinal Uses:
The fresh peel contains 0.2% of a light-yellow volatile oil, a brown resin and reducing acids
From the dried peel, there is obtained a dark, semi-liquid oleoresin composed of 0.17 % volatile oil and 22% resin
The resin is non-toxic and administered to halt diarrhea and intestinal spasms; contracts rabbit intestine in vitro.
17. References
• Verheij E W M and Coronel R E , eds. (1997) Sumber Daya Nabati Asia Tenggara 2: Buah-buahan
yang dapat dimakan [Botanical Resources of South-East Asia 2: Edible Fruits] (in Indonesian).
Jakarta: PROSEA – Gramedia. pp. 232–237
• Jan V S and Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit (1987) Flora, untuk sekolah di Indonesia [Flora, For
Indonesian Schools] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: PT Pradnya Paramita. p. 255 ISBN 978-979-408-
114-3
• Morton, J F (1987) Fruits of warm climates Miami, FL.: Florida Flair Books. pp. 201–
203. ISBN 0-9610184-1-0.
• Morton, J F (1987) Fruits of warm climates Miami, FL.: Florida Flair Books. pp. 201–
203. ISBN 978-0-9610184-1-2
•
18. • "Lansium domesticum" ICRAF AgroforestryTree Database. World Agroforestry Centre.
Archived from the original on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011
• Heyne K (1987) Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia [Useful Indonesian Plants] (in
Indonesian). 2. Jakarta: Yayasan Sarana Wana Jaya pp 1126–28
• Kiew R, Teo L L and Gan Y Y (2003) "Assessment of the hybrid status of some Malesian
plants using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism". Telopea. 10: 225–33
• Suparwoto "Teknik Perbanyakan Duku Dengan Sambung Pucuk (Lansium
domesticum Corr.)" [Duku Reproduction with Grafting (Lansium domesticum Corr.)] (in
Indonesian). Retrieved 6 November 2011
• Polo D C (1926) "Propagation of the lanzon by marcotage and by cuttings". The
Philippine Agriculturists. 14 (9): 613–23
• Duku Condet Iptek.net (in Indonesian). Sentra Informasi IPTEK. Archived from the
original on 30 October 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2011
