Gridhrasi is defined as Stambha (stiffness), Ruk (pain), Toda (pricking pain) in a radiating manner along with Spandana (tingling sensation) starting from Kati Pradesha (low back) to Prushtha (back), Janu (knee joints), Jangha (calf muscles) and Pada (dorso lateral aspect of feet) of either one side of the lower limb or may involve both lower limbs. This condition makes raising of the affected leg difficult.
LN Ayurved College & Hospital, Kolar Road, Bhopal professor of Panchakarma and Head of the department Dr K Shiva Rama Prasad has delivered a Guest lecture on the Importance and Standard procedures of Raktamokshana at Institute of Post Graduate Ayurvedic Education & Research under Dept. of Health & Family Welfare, Government of West Bengal on 18th November 2019.
Jalaukavacharana - Leech Therapy in AyurvedaDr Adithya J V
Leech Therapy in Ayurveda - A unique modality of treatment in Ayurveda - Insights into Scientific Aspects, Mode of Usage and its scope in treatment of Various Diseases.
Gridhrasi is defined as Stambha (stiffness), Ruk (pain), Toda (pricking pain) in a radiating manner along with Spandana (tingling sensation) starting from Kati Pradesha (low back) to Prushtha (back), Janu (knee joints), Jangha (calf muscles) and Pada (dorso lateral aspect of feet) of either one side of the lower limb or may involve both lower limbs. This condition makes raising of the affected leg difficult.
LN Ayurved College & Hospital, Kolar Road, Bhopal professor of Panchakarma and Head of the department Dr K Shiva Rama Prasad has delivered a Guest lecture on the Importance and Standard procedures of Raktamokshana at Institute of Post Graduate Ayurvedic Education & Research under Dept. of Health & Family Welfare, Government of West Bengal on 18th November 2019.
Jalaukavacharana - Leech Therapy in AyurvedaDr Adithya J V
Leech Therapy in Ayurveda - A unique modality of treatment in Ayurveda - Insights into Scientific Aspects, Mode of Usage and its scope in treatment of Various Diseases.
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Anatomy, Physiology & Classification of Varicose VeinsRavulJindal
Varicose veins are dilated, tortuous, elongated superficial
veins that are usually seen in the legs. It can occur in
any age group but most common in mid- twenties. It is
a progressive disease. It is more common in females than in
males.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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2. Grandhi literally means grandhana or knot, the mechanism being clotting
or accumilation of dushita dathu or dosha locally
Vata associated with kapha ,getting aggravated,vitiate the muscles,blood
and fat tissues and produce a round bulged swelling.
Types: Vataja ,pittaja ,kaphaja, medhoja ,siraja
2
3. In person who are weak ,indulging in more of physical excersice ,vata
gets aggravated, invades the network of veins,effect on walls gives rise to
roughness in veins, elevated,quick devoloping and round swelling of
veins .
Charaka defines grandhi has a pulsatile swelling ,mainly siraja gandhi
can be pulsatile
3
4. When a veins become dilated,elongated and tortuous,the vein is said to be
varicose
SITES:THE COMMON SITES OF VARICOSITY ARE:
1.Superficial venous system of the lower limbs- affecting either the long
saphenous or the short saphenous vein or the both.
2.Oesophageal varix: Affecting veins of the gastro-oesophageal junction
3.Varicosity of the haemorrhoidal veins-piles
4.Varicosity of the spermatic veins- varicoceole
4
5. The veins are the blood vessels that return blood at low pressure to the heart
The walls of the veins are thinner than those of arteries but have the same
three layers of tissue.they are thinner because there is less muscle and elastic
tissue in the tunica media
Veins possess valves,which prevent backflow of blood,ensuring that it flows
towards the heart
The smallest veins are called venules
5
6. The venous valves are abundant in
the distal lower extremity and
number of valves decreases
proximally, with no valves in
superior and inferior vena cava
Delicate structures
Prevent reverse flow in the veins
Ensure that the blood is pumped
from the superficial to the deep
system and back towards the heart
when the patient is walking
6
7. Connect superficial to deep veins at various
levels.
Travel from superficial fascia through an
opening in the deep fascia before entering the
deep veins.
The direction of blood flow - from superficial
to deep veins.
Guarded by valves so that the flow is
unidirectional, i.e. Towards deep veins.
Reversal of flow occurs due to incompetence of
perforators which will lead to varicose veins
7
9. Under normal conditions the blood from the superficial venous system is
passed to the deep veins through the competent valves and negative
intrathoracic pressure
But if this mechanism breaks down, either due to destruction of the valves of
the deep veins or of the perforaters or of the superficial venous system,the
blood becomes stagnated in the superficial veins,thus becomes distended and
tortuous to become varicose veins
9
11. Morphplogical factors:
Varicose veins of the lower limbs are the penality the man has to pay for its
erect posture.The veins have to drain against gravity.The superficial veins
have loose fatty tissue to support them and thus suffer from
varicosity.There are 3 types of varicocity
Primary
Secondary
congenital
11
12. This condition is mainly due to defect in the valves
Defect in the SephanoFemoral V alve leads to varicosity of the
Defect in the SephanoPopliteal Valve leads to varicosity of the
Defect in the valves of the perforators lead to varicosity of either LSV
or SSV
12
LSVLSV
SSVSSV
13. PROLONGED STANDING:
During prolonged standing long column of blood along with gravity
puts pressure on the weakend valves of the veins.This causes failure of
the valves quickly giving rise to varicosity
13
14. OBESITY:
Excessive fatty tissue in the subcutaneous tissue offer poor support to the
veins.this leads to the formation of varicosity
14
OLD AGE:
this causes atrophy and weakness of the vein wall.at the same time with ageing the
valves in the veins become gradually incompetent
15. ATHLETS:
Forcible contraction of the calf muscles may force blood through the
perforating veins in reverse direction.this will cause destruction of the
valves of the perforating veins and ultimately lead to formation of
varicose veins.
15
16. The commenest symptom is tired and aching sensation in the affected
lowerlimb ,particularly in calf ,at the end of the day
Dragging pain in the leg
Night cramps occurs due to change in the diameter of veins
Sharp pains may be complained of in grossly dilated veins
Pain is relieved at night on taking rest or elevation of limbs
Sudden pain in calf region with fever and odema of the thigh and
ankle region suggests deep vein thrombosis
16
19. MORRISSEY’S TEST(COUGH IMPULSE):
This test should be done in the standing position
The examiner keeps the finger at SF junction and asks the patient to
cough
Fluid thrill ,an impulse felt by the fingers,is indicative of SFI
19
FluidFluid
thrillthrill
20. TRENDELENBURG TEST:
This test is done in 2 parts
The patient is asked to lie on the bed in the supine position
The leg is elevated above the level of heart and the vein emptied
SF junction is occluded with the help of the thumb and the patient asked to stand
T1:Release the thumb immediately ,rapid gush of blood from above downwards indicates
SFI
T2:Without releasing the thumb, slow filling of the LS is the seen,it is due to PI
20
21. Poor prognosis- If the siraja grandhi is freely movable,painful
Incurable- Severe painful,arises from a marma sthana
Easily curable- Swelling is stable, Painless
21
23. Apatarpana
Alepa
Parisekha
Abyanga
Sweda
Vimlapana
Upanaha
Pachana
Visravana
Snehana
Vamana
Virechana 23
Ocassionally ,a Grandhi may subside with some
or all of the poorva karmas only.The surgeon has
to use yukti in selecting the above mentioned 12
purvakarmas and thus needed not do all the
poorva karmas for each and every grandhi.The
scientific basis of adopting medicinal treatment
for a surgical case is that,A disease which looks
like a local abnormality,will certainly have it’s
general source of pathogenisis either through out
the body or in an unconcerned remote base
24. Shalya vignyanam .Dr.Ramasundar rao
Shalya vignyanam..Dr.Rajneesh
Susrutha samhita(ancient indian surgery Prof.G.D.Singhal)
Manipal manual of surgery 3rd
editon
A consice text book of surgery.7TH
edition.S.Das
Ross and wilson Anatomy and physiology
24
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