Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) is a disease affecting the urinary tract. Kidney stones are small deposits that build up in the kidneys, made of calcium, phosphate and other components of foods. They are a common cause of blood in urine.
Kidney stone formation may result when the urine becomes overly concentrated with certain substances. These substances in the urine may complex to form small crystals and subsequently stones.
A number of blood and urine tests will be required to detect the presence of infection and test the function of the kidneys
Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) is a disease affecting the urinary tract. Kidney stones are small deposits that build up in the kidneys, made of calcium, phosphate and other components of foods. They are a common cause of blood in urine.
Kidney stone formation may result when the urine becomes overly concentrated with certain substances. These substances in the urine may complex to form small crystals and subsequently stones.
A number of blood and urine tests will be required to detect the presence of infection and test the function of the kidneys
Hepatolithiasis: A Dangerous Spectral End Point of Stone DiseaseKETAN VAGHOLKAR
Hepatolithiasis is one of the most complex stone disease of the hepatobiliary system. The disease causes significant damage to the
liver including the chance of developing a cholangiocarcinoma. Though the disease is rampant in East Asian countries isolated cases are seen
even on the Indian subcontinent. Since experience is lacking in our country to treat this uncommon condition awareness of this condition will
enable the surgeon diagnose and develop a proper surgical treatment plan which best suits the patient depending upon the severity of the
disease process. A brief review of the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management is presented in this paper.
Kidney stones (also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis) are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. Diet, excess body weight, some medical conditions, and certain supplements and medications are among the many causes of kidney stones.
Hepatolithiasis: A Dangerous Spectral End Point of Stone DiseaseKETAN VAGHOLKAR
Hepatolithiasis is one of the most complex stone disease of the hepatobiliary system. The disease causes significant damage to the
liver including the chance of developing a cholangiocarcinoma. Though the disease is rampant in East Asian countries isolated cases are seen
even on the Indian subcontinent. Since experience is lacking in our country to treat this uncommon condition awareness of this condition will
enable the surgeon diagnose and develop a proper surgical treatment plan which best suits the patient depending upon the severity of the
disease process. A brief review of the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management is presented in this paper.
Kidney stones (also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis) are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. Diet, excess body weight, some medical conditions, and certain supplements and medications are among the many causes of kidney stones.
AUDITOR, ROLE OF AN AUDITOR, KINDS OF AUDITOR, INTERNAL AUDITORS, GOVERNMENT AUDIOTRS, INDEPENDENT AUDITORS, IMPORTANCE OF AUDITOR & PROBLEM FACED BY AN AUDITOR.
CHOLELITHIASIS, NEPHROLITHIASIS SECONDARY HYPERTENSION, DM TYPE 2, HYDRONEPH...Jack Frost
CHOLELITHIASIS, NEPHROLITHIASIS
SECONDARY HYPERTENSION, DM TYPE 2, HYDRONEPHROSIS
This presentation contains real names of persons involve of this particular study. This names should not be copied or rewritten. Used the data of this study as basis only. All rights reserved 2009.
renal stone ppt in a ppt on renal stones , types, classifiv\cation of the stones and the manahgement of the renal stones. the rndoscopic procedures have been described well in detail and even the open surgeries have been explaned , it has nice intra op pics and instrument pics and
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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3. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN KIDNEY STONE FORMERS
Stone formers had a 51% to 68% increased risk for CKD
25% to 44% increased risk for CKD by elevated serum
creatinine levels.
The increased risk for CKD with kidney stones was not
explained by several other risk factors for CKD, such as
diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, that are common in stone
formers
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6: 2069–2075, 2011. doi: 10.2215/CJN.10651110
4. 1.Vaataja - Ureteric stone (ureterolithiasis),
2.Pittaja - Vesicle stone (cystolithiasis),
3.Kaphaja -Kidney stone (nephrolithiasis),
4.Sukraja - Urethral stone(spermolith)
Ashmari is a grave disease so that it is included in
Ashtamahagada. It is not easily curable.
The 4 types of Ashmari indicate 4 locations of Mutravaha Srotas
where Ashmari is stagnated or lodged
MUTRASHMARI
5. Stone present in the Kidney may not have severe pain, however
dull, constant ache fixed to renal angle.(Kaphaja)
But same stone start descending from Kidney to ureter due to its
narrow passage, stone is arrested in ureter and sudden severe
colicky pain occurs in abdomen, which is radiating from loin to
groin.(Vataja)
When the same stone reaches U.B - burning type of pain in
supra- pubic region.(Pittaja)
P
K
V
6. Ureter
Ureter has 3 constrictions:
1.Uretero pelvic junction
2.When it crosses external iliac vessel
3.Vesico-ureteric junction
7. Formerly called Chronic Renal Failure(CRF) or Chronic Renal
Insufficiency(CRI)
End stage renal disease(ESRD) due to gradual loss of renal
function or sudden onset of rapidly progressive renal diseases
May develop on top of Acute Renal Failure(ARF)
CKD
9. KIDNEY STONES AND THE RISK FOR CHRONIC
KIDNEY DISEASE
Conclusion:
Kidney stones are a risk factor for CKD
Kidney stones were predictive of developing CKD whether judged
by a clinical diagnosis, elevated SCr, or reduced eGFR.
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4: 804–811, 2009. doi: 10.2215/CJN.05811108
10. EFFECT OF RENAL INSUFFICIENCY ON STONE
RECURRENCE IN PATIENTS WITH UROLITHIASIS
Conclusion:
In this study, the estimated GFR was positively correlated with
urinary calcium, uric acid, and citrate excretion in patients with
urolithiasis and observed the effect of renal insufficiency on stone
recurrence in patients with urolithiasis.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2014.29.8.1132•J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29: 1132-37
11. KIDNEY STONES AND KIDNEY FUNCTION LOSS:
A COHORT STUDY
Conclusion:
Graded association between episodes of kidney stones and the risk
of adverse renal outcomes, including ESRD.
BMJ 2012;345:e5287 doi: 10.1136/bmj.e5287 (Published 30 August 2012)
12. UROLITHIASIS AND THE RISK OF ESRD
Conclusion:
Symptomatic stone formers are at increased risk for ESRD
independent of several cardiovascular risk factors and CKD.
Other urological disease is relatively common among stone
formers who develop ESRD.
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 7: 1409–1415, 2012. doi: 10.2215/CJN.03210312
14. 1 2
An untreated obstructing stone
Persistent severe blockage
Atrophy in a kidney
resulting in a dilated,
thinned out kidney with
minimal function.
Infection related
stones(“staghorn”)
Chronic urinary tract infections
Damage slowly through
inflammation and
scarring of the kidney tissue.
16. Renal obstruction
Loss of functional Nephrons
Remaining functional nephrons
may hypertrophy and hyper-
filter
Long term, these “overworked”
nephrons may fail,
CKD
Renal obstruction
Renal parenchymal tissue
changes
Hydro- nephrosis
Untreated for longer duration
Decrease of eGFR
CKD
18. UPADRAVA
उष्णवात Burning sensation in basti, medra, guda with passing
of yellow or red coloured urine the symptoms of ushnavata are
similar to that of caliculi with cystitis
कार्श्य़ Kidney stone may give rise to wasting of muscle
पाांडुता Kidney stone may leads to anaemia
M.NI.32/15-16
19. ASADHYA LAKSHANA
प्रशून नाभि व्रुषण Swelling in scrotum and umbilical region
बद्ध मूत्र Obstruction in the channel of urinary system
ARISHTA LAKSHANA
Swelling in the scrotum, obstruction of urine due to renal stone
and severe pain are considered as arishta lakshana of ashmari
M.NI.32/17
V.SH.5/84
20. Signs Symptoms Mechanism
Generalized
oedema
Swelling Water retention due to a loss of GFR
leading to sodium and fluid
retention.
Anaemia
पाांडुता
Fatigue,
reduced
exercise
capacity,
and pallor
Erythropoietin (EPO), the major
erythropoiesis stimulator, is released
from the kidneys; with renal failure,
there is loss of EPO release.
Weight loss
कार्श्य़
Loss of lean
body mass
Protein-energy malnutrition due to
metabolic acidosis. Loss of kidney
function results in impaired H+
secretion from the body.
21. CONCLUSION
• Several studies have been undertaken to prove that stone
formers are at increased risk for CKD and ESRD, but still
further research is the need of the hour
• Upadravas and Asadhya Lakshanas of Ashmari are similar to
CKD
• Kidney stones can be a predicting tool for forthcoming CKD
which may be confirmed with the help of clinical diagnosis,
elevated S.Cr, or reduced GFR