In this research, the effects of magnetic field intensity on electrical characteristics of a monocrystalline silicon solar cell were investigated. The experimental test-rig under Standard Test Condition was set up and tested to observe the respective effects. The electrical characteristics in terms of current-voltage-power curves, critical solar cell parameters and fill factor were then examined and analyzed. The outcome of this study demonstrates that the external magnetic field has a positive impact on electrical parameters, the experimental results showed that applying magnetic intensity of 60-260mT significantly affected the electrical characteristics of the cell; i.e., maximized cell current, voltage and power by 12.20, 7.12 and 23.60%, respectively. In addition, this positive impact consequencely happened on the i-v and p-v electrical characteristics curves of the solar cell; reflected by 3.69% increasing in the fill factor.
Ultra-optical characterization of thin film solar cells materials using core...IJECEIAES
This paper investigates on new design of heterojunction quantum dot (HJQD) photovoltaics solar cells CdS/PbS that is based on quantum dot metallics PbS core/shell absorber layer and quantum dot window layer. It has been enhanced the performance of traditional HJQD thin film solar cells model based on quantum dot absorber layer and bulk window layer. The new design has been used sub-micro absorber layer thickness to achieve high efficiency with material reduction, low cost, and time. Metallicssemiconductor core/shell absorber layer has been succeeded for improving the optical characteristics such energy band gap and the absorption of absorber layer materials, also enhancing the performance of HJQD ITO/CdS/QDPbS/Au, sub micro thin film solar cells. Finally, it has been formulating the quantum dot (QD) metallic cores concentration effect on the absorption, energy band gap and electron-hole generation rate in absorber layers, external quantum efficiency, energy conversion efficiency, fill factor of the innovative design of HJQD cells.
This document discusses current solar cell technologies and how nanomaterials can improve their efficiency. It summarizes that fossil fuels currently dominate energy production but renewable technologies are advancing. Nanoscience has potential to enhance band gap utilization, spectral absorption, and reduce toxicity in photovoltaics. Nanowires and nanoarrays can scatter light and absorb more radiation to reduce losses. The document also reviews mechanisms like down conversion, intermediate bands, hot carriers, and dye-sensitized cells that may utilize nanomaterials to surpass efficiency limits of conventional solar cells.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
Advances In Single-Charge Detectors And Their ApplicationsRichard Hogue
This document discusses advances in single-charge particle detectors and their applications. It summarizes that modern gas avalanche detectors are well-suited for detecting single charges deposited in gas or emitted from thin solid converters. Recent developments in micro-pattern gaseous multipliers have allowed the combination of solid photocathodes with these multipliers, enabling large-area flat detectors for single photon localization. These gas avalanche photomultipliers can operate under high photon flux and magnetic fields. The document reviews several types of photocathodes and protective coatings that enable operation in the UV and visible spectra. It also discusses various gas electron multipliers and their ability to provide high gain while limiting ion and photon feedback effects.
Performance Indicators For Grid-Connected PV Systems: A Case Study In Casabla...IOSRJEEE
The main goal of this paper is to compare a one year performance of 5.94 KWp grid-connected PV module technology systems, constituted by three types of photovoltaic solar panels (Monocrystalline (mc-Si) (2.04KWp), polycrystalline (pc-Si) (2.04KWp) and amorphous (a-Si) (1.86 KWp))-silicon installed on the roof of the faculty of science Ben M’sik Casablanca. The study is based on the data collected along 2 years (2015- 2016) about energy production. The elements of performance evaluated monthly and annually include: energy output, system efficiency, reference yield, final yield, performance ratio, annual capacity factor and CO2 emissions avoided. The investigation of the annual: productivity (EAC,Y), system efficiency (Ƞ푠푦푠 ,푌 ), performance ratio (PR), capacity factor (CF) and amount of CO2 emissions avoided for a-Si are found as 2941.15KWh, 7.21%, 73.1%, 18.05% and 1.765tonsrespectively. EAC,Y, Ƞ푠푦푠,푌 , PR, CF and amount of CO2 emissions avoided for pc-Si are found as 3331.15KWh, 11.4%, 75.6%, 18.64% and 1.999tons respectively. Mc-Si installation exhibits slightly higher values of EAC,Y, Ƞ푠푦푠 ,푌 , PR, CF and amount of CO2 emissions avoided which are 3370.89KWh, 11.7%, 76.7%, 18.86% and 2.023tons respectively. The results show that mc-Si system presents the best performance followed by pc-Si and by a-Si. In addition, a developed study was carried out to establish the relation between the efficiency and temperature, performance ratios and radiation, in order to know the behavior of each technology for each period of the year and for the whole year. Without forgetting a comparison of all results found with the previous studies in different locations.
This document summarizes a presentation on using carbon nanotubes in solar panel technology. It discusses how carbon nanotubes can improve the efficiency of solar cells compared to traditional organic solar cells. Carbon nanotubes are classified as single-walled or multi-walled nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes and a polymer called MEH-PPV-CN are used as materials in constructing a carbon solar cell. The cell works by generating electrons when exposed to light, which are transferred between energy bands and build up voltage. Adding carbon nanotubes can increase the cell's efficiency by improving light absorption and electron transport. Potential applications include using carbon nanotubes in the photoactive layer or as transparent electrodes.
Device simulation of perovskite solar cells with molybdenum disulfide as acti...journalBEEI
Organo-halide Perovskite Solar Cells (PSC) have been reported to achieve remarkably high power conversion efficiency (PCE). A thorough understanding of the role of each component in solar cells and their effect as a whole is still required for further improvement in PCE. In this paper, the effect of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) in PSC with mesoporous structure configuration was analyzed using Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS). With the MoS2 layer which having two-fold function, acting as a protective layer, by preventing the formation of shunt contacts between perovskite and Au electrode, and as a hole transport material (HTM) from the perovskite to the Spiro-OMETAD. As simulated, PSC demonstrates a PCE, ŋ of 13.1%, along with stability compared to typical structure of PSC without MoS2 (Δ ŋ/ŋ=-9% vs. Δ ŋ/ŋ=-6%). The results pave the way towards the implementation of MoS2 as a material able to boost shelf life which very useful for new material choice and optimization of HTMs
This document evaluates the performance of a commercially used polycrystalline solar photovoltaic module in Maiduguri, Nigeria. A model of the PV module was implemented using MATLAB with daily temperature and solar irradiance data from Maiduguri over one year. Simulation results showed that power generated varied with seasons, with more power in the dry season compared to the rainy season. The sunniest month of April generated the maximum power of 315W, the manufacturer's specified maximum, while the least sunny month of August generated less power. The module performed well under the climatic conditions in Maiduguri.
Ultra-optical characterization of thin film solar cells materials using core...IJECEIAES
This paper investigates on new design of heterojunction quantum dot (HJQD) photovoltaics solar cells CdS/PbS that is based on quantum dot metallics PbS core/shell absorber layer and quantum dot window layer. It has been enhanced the performance of traditional HJQD thin film solar cells model based on quantum dot absorber layer and bulk window layer. The new design has been used sub-micro absorber layer thickness to achieve high efficiency with material reduction, low cost, and time. Metallicssemiconductor core/shell absorber layer has been succeeded for improving the optical characteristics such energy band gap and the absorption of absorber layer materials, also enhancing the performance of HJQD ITO/CdS/QDPbS/Au, sub micro thin film solar cells. Finally, it has been formulating the quantum dot (QD) metallic cores concentration effect on the absorption, energy band gap and electron-hole generation rate in absorber layers, external quantum efficiency, energy conversion efficiency, fill factor of the innovative design of HJQD cells.
This document discusses current solar cell technologies and how nanomaterials can improve their efficiency. It summarizes that fossil fuels currently dominate energy production but renewable technologies are advancing. Nanoscience has potential to enhance band gap utilization, spectral absorption, and reduce toxicity in photovoltaics. Nanowires and nanoarrays can scatter light and absorb more radiation to reduce losses. The document also reviews mechanisms like down conversion, intermediate bands, hot carriers, and dye-sensitized cells that may utilize nanomaterials to surpass efficiency limits of conventional solar cells.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
Advances In Single-Charge Detectors And Their ApplicationsRichard Hogue
This document discusses advances in single-charge particle detectors and their applications. It summarizes that modern gas avalanche detectors are well-suited for detecting single charges deposited in gas or emitted from thin solid converters. Recent developments in micro-pattern gaseous multipliers have allowed the combination of solid photocathodes with these multipliers, enabling large-area flat detectors for single photon localization. These gas avalanche photomultipliers can operate under high photon flux and magnetic fields. The document reviews several types of photocathodes and protective coatings that enable operation in the UV and visible spectra. It also discusses various gas electron multipliers and their ability to provide high gain while limiting ion and photon feedback effects.
Performance Indicators For Grid-Connected PV Systems: A Case Study In Casabla...IOSRJEEE
The main goal of this paper is to compare a one year performance of 5.94 KWp grid-connected PV module technology systems, constituted by three types of photovoltaic solar panels (Monocrystalline (mc-Si) (2.04KWp), polycrystalline (pc-Si) (2.04KWp) and amorphous (a-Si) (1.86 KWp))-silicon installed on the roof of the faculty of science Ben M’sik Casablanca. The study is based on the data collected along 2 years (2015- 2016) about energy production. The elements of performance evaluated monthly and annually include: energy output, system efficiency, reference yield, final yield, performance ratio, annual capacity factor and CO2 emissions avoided. The investigation of the annual: productivity (EAC,Y), system efficiency (Ƞ푠푦푠 ,푌 ), performance ratio (PR), capacity factor (CF) and amount of CO2 emissions avoided for a-Si are found as 2941.15KWh, 7.21%, 73.1%, 18.05% and 1.765tonsrespectively. EAC,Y, Ƞ푠푦푠,푌 , PR, CF and amount of CO2 emissions avoided for pc-Si are found as 3331.15KWh, 11.4%, 75.6%, 18.64% and 1.999tons respectively. Mc-Si installation exhibits slightly higher values of EAC,Y, Ƞ푠푦푠 ,푌 , PR, CF and amount of CO2 emissions avoided which are 3370.89KWh, 11.7%, 76.7%, 18.86% and 2.023tons respectively. The results show that mc-Si system presents the best performance followed by pc-Si and by a-Si. In addition, a developed study was carried out to establish the relation between the efficiency and temperature, performance ratios and radiation, in order to know the behavior of each technology for each period of the year and for the whole year. Without forgetting a comparison of all results found with the previous studies in different locations.
This document summarizes a presentation on using carbon nanotubes in solar panel technology. It discusses how carbon nanotubes can improve the efficiency of solar cells compared to traditional organic solar cells. Carbon nanotubes are classified as single-walled or multi-walled nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes and a polymer called MEH-PPV-CN are used as materials in constructing a carbon solar cell. The cell works by generating electrons when exposed to light, which are transferred between energy bands and build up voltage. Adding carbon nanotubes can increase the cell's efficiency by improving light absorption and electron transport. Potential applications include using carbon nanotubes in the photoactive layer or as transparent electrodes.
Device simulation of perovskite solar cells with molybdenum disulfide as acti...journalBEEI
Organo-halide Perovskite Solar Cells (PSC) have been reported to achieve remarkably high power conversion efficiency (PCE). A thorough understanding of the role of each component in solar cells and their effect as a whole is still required for further improvement in PCE. In this paper, the effect of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) in PSC with mesoporous structure configuration was analyzed using Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS). With the MoS2 layer which having two-fold function, acting as a protective layer, by preventing the formation of shunt contacts between perovskite and Au electrode, and as a hole transport material (HTM) from the perovskite to the Spiro-OMETAD. As simulated, PSC demonstrates a PCE, ŋ of 13.1%, along with stability compared to typical structure of PSC without MoS2 (Δ ŋ/ŋ=-9% vs. Δ ŋ/ŋ=-6%). The results pave the way towards the implementation of MoS2 as a material able to boost shelf life which very useful for new material choice and optimization of HTMs
This document evaluates the performance of a commercially used polycrystalline solar photovoltaic module in Maiduguri, Nigeria. A model of the PV module was implemented using MATLAB with daily temperature and solar irradiance data from Maiduguri over one year. Simulation results showed that power generated varied with seasons, with more power in the dry season compared to the rainy season. The sunniest month of April generated the maximum power of 315W, the manufacturer's specified maximum, while the least sunny month of August generated less power. The module performed well under the climatic conditions in Maiduguri.
Piezoelectric photothermal (PPT) spectroscopy is used to investigate non-radiative recombination processes in solar cells that result in heat loss. A piezoelectric transducer attached to the back of the solar cell detects thermal waves produced by these processes. The experimental setup isolates the sample to precisely measure the phonons generated. Previous studies using PPT spectroscopy provided insights into carrier recombination mechanisms, but silicon solar cells have not been thoroughly examined. This research aims to use PPT spectroscopy to quantitatively measure heat loss and qualitatively analyze where and how it occurs within silicon solar cells.
Design optimization of bifacial solar cell by pc1 d simulationAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that used PC1D software to optimize the design of a bifacial solar cell through simulation. Key parameters such as emitter doping, bulk doping, minority carrier lifetime, wafer thickness, and front/rear surface properties were varied in the simulations. The highest efficiencies obtained were 16.42% for illumination from the front surface and 14.18% for the rear surface. The results provide insights into potential fabrication parameters for bifacial solar cells and show that minority carrier lifetime and wafer thickness are particularly important for performance.
IRJET- Investigation of Organic Solar Cell at Different Active Layer Thic...IRJET Journal
The document investigates how the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells is affected by the active layer thickness and light intensity (measured in suns).
The researcher used GPVDM software to simulate organic solar cells with different active layer thicknesses of 100-300nm under light intensities of 1-40 suns.
The results showed that the maximum power conversion efficiency occurred at an active layer thickness of 200nm for light intensities of 1, 10, 30 and 40 suns. However, for light intensities of 20 suns, the maximum efficiency was at a thickness of 100nm. In general, higher light intensities resulted in higher short circuit current densities.
This document summarizes the results of a simulation study investigating light absorption in organic solar cells with smooth and pyramidal textured surfaces. The study first optimized a flat organic solar cell structure by simulating the effects of varying each layer's thickness on short-circuit current and quantum efficiency. The optimized flat cell achieved 13.65 mA/cm2 short-circuit current and 84% quantum efficiency at 640 nm. It then proposed a pyramid textured surface to enhance light trapping and absorption compared to a smooth surface. The effects of period and height of the pyramids were analyzed to validate the light trapping model.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimization of multijunction solar cell by wafer ray tracer for development ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Optical losses limit the excess carriers generation in absorber part of multijuction (MJ) solar cell. The generation of excess carriers is directly proportional to photogenerated current solar cell. Therefore, reduction of optical losses is fundamentally important for improving the power conversion efficiency. Thickness of layers strongly influences the performance of MJ solar cell. In this study we simulated a MJ solar cell of Air/ZnO/SiC/c-Si/a-Si(n)/Al structure using Wafer Ray Tracer (WRT) simulation software and optimized the thicknesses of the layers for photogenerated current. The simulation result shows that without SiC layer, only 57.48% of incident light is absorbed and generates 26.85 mA/cm2 photogenerated current in solar cell. A 70 nm thickness of optimized SiC layer is increasing the light absorption 22.16% and photogenerated current 38.54%. Result shows that there is no transmission of light through the absorber layer. The MJ solar cell without Back Surface Field (BSF) layer of a-Si(n) shows photogenerated current of 37.05 mA/cm2 which can be improved to 37.24 mA/cm2 with a 100 nm thickness of a-Si(n). The c-Si absorber layer shows highest absorptance within 500 nm-1000 nm wavelength of light spectrum with 100 nm thickness of a-Si(n). An a-Si(n) BSF layer at the back surface minimizes the effective back-surface recombination velocity and improves the collection probability of minority carriers of solar cell. Furthermore a 100 nm Al rear contact improves the photogenerated current of MJ solar cell to 37.25 mA/cm2. An Al rear contact layer improves the mechanical strength of c-Si absorber layer. The electrical property of Al improves the excess carriers’ collection probability of MJ solar cell. Keywords: Wafer Ray Tracer, Simulation, Multijunction Solar Cell, Photogeneration, Back Surface Field.
Design and Analysis of Thin Film Silicon Solar cells Using FDTD MethodDr. S. Saravanan
This document summarizes the design and analysis of thin film silicon solar cells using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. It discusses how thin film technology can lower the cost of silicon solar cells while light trapping techniques like photonic crystals and diffraction gratings can enhance light absorption. The author simulates various thin film solar cell designs in FDTD and finds that a design with distributed Bragg reflector pairs and a binary diffraction grating achieves the highest efficiency. Relative enhancements in short circuit current and solar cell efficiency of up to 64.2% are observed for thicker cell designs with these light trapping structures.
This document summarizes a study on how cathode composition influences the lifetime of organic photovoltaic cells. The study found that cells using a Ca/Ag cathode reached operational lifetimes of 2400 hours under standard sunlight illumination at 25°C, while cells with Al or LiF/Al cathodes degraded much more quickly. At an accelerated aging temperature of 70°C, the efficiency of cells with a Ca/Ag cathode remained over 1% after 600 hours, whereas the performance of cells with Al or LiF/Al cathodes dropped significantly over that time period. The results suggest that cathode composition plays a key role in the stability and longevity of organic solar cells.
Design modern structure for heterojunction quantum dot solar cells IJECEIAES
This paper proposal new structure for improving the optical, electrical characteristics and efficiency of 3 rd generation heterojunction quantum dot solar cell (HJQDSC) (ITO/CdS/QDPbS/Au) model by using the quantum dot window layer instead of bulk structure layers cell. Also, this paper presents theoretically analysis for the performance of the proposal HJQDSC (ITO/QDCdS/QDPbS/Au) structure. The new design structure was applied on traditional (SnO2/CdS/CdTe/Cu) and (ZnO/CdS/CIGS/Mo) thin film solar cells which based on sub-micro absorber layer thickness models by replacing the bulk CdTe, CIGS absorber layers and CdS window layer with quantum dot size materials to achieve higher efficiency with lesser usage layer material. Also, it has been studied the effect of using semiconductors layers in quantum dots size on electric and optical properties of thin film solar cells and the effect of window and absorber layers quantum dots radii on the performance of solar cells. Finally, a thermal efficiency analysis has been investigated for explaining the importance of new structure HJQD solar cells.
Seminar report on Flexible Photovoltaic TechnologyKumudGarg3
This report is relate to topic of Flexible Solar Cell. In this report you get content is introduction, introduction to flexible solar cell, types of solar cell, types of flexible solar cell, application n etc.
Experimental Analysis of Factors Affecting the Power Output of the PV Module IJECEIAES
Energy is the driving force in all the sectors as it acts like an index of standard of living or prosperity of the people of the country. However heavy dependence on fossil fuels leads to global warming, hence there is a need for the use of clean, sustainable, and eco friendly form of energy. Among the various types of non-conventional energy solar energy is the fundamental as it is abundant, pollution free and universally available.Even though the main input to the PV system is the solar radiation still there are other factors which affects the efficiency of the pv module. In this paper real time experiment has been conducted to analyze the effect of various factors like irradiance, temperature, and angle of tilt, soiling, shading on the power output of the pv module. Temperature is a negative factor which reduces the efficiency of the module and can be reduced by various cooling arrangements. Presence of dust particles and shading obstructs the incident solar radiations entering the panel and the effect is seen in the iv and pv curve .For better performance solar tracking at maximum power point is suggested to improve the power output of the pv module.
Fuzzy interpretation of absorption in solar cellsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article about using fuzzy logic to interpret absorption in solar cells. It discusses how fuzzy logic can be used to analyze the various factors that affect current density generation in solar cells, including absorption rate. The factors of different solar cell designs are "fuzzyfied" and analyzed in relation to absorption rate to predict current density output. It also provides background information on photovoltaic technology and the three main steps of converting light to electricity in solar cells: light absorption, charge separation, and charge extraction.
11.fuzzy interpretation of absorption in solar cellsAlexander Decker
This document discusses solar cell technology and fuzzy interpretation of absorption in solar cells. It provides background on different generations of solar cell technology and how they absorb solar energy. It then describes using fuzzy interpretation to analyze absorption and current density generation based on various cut factors in solar cell production. Tables and graphs apply fuzzy interpretation to analyze absorption for first, second, and third generation solar cells. It finds that third generation solar cells provide maximum absorption and current density over a wide range of optimal fuzzy values.
Analysis and comparison of different PV technologies for determining the opti...IOSRJEEE
This document analyzes and compares three different photovoltaic panel technologies - amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and monocrystalline silicon - installed in Mohammedia, Morocco to determine the optimal panel type for the region. Over one year of data collection:
1) The polycrystalline silicon panels generated the most energy at 3,463.58 kWh and had the shortest payback period of 13.6 years, making it the most optimal panel type.
2) Amorphous silicon panels generated the least energy at 3,175.964 kWh and had the longest payback period of 16.12 years, making it the least optimal choice.
3) While
Impact of Gamma Irradiation on Structural and Dielectric Properties of CuI-PV...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Effect of bcp_buffer_layer_on_eliminating_charge_aZahid Qaisar
The document summarizes research on the effect of bathocuproine (BCP) buffer layer thickness on the performance of inverted perovskite solar cells. A series of devices were fabricated with BCP layer thicknesses from 0-13 nm deposited by thermal evaporation. The optimal device performance of 17.9% power conversion efficiency was achieved with a 5 nm thick BCP layer, thanks to formation of an ohmic contact and reduced interfacial charge recombination. Thinner or thicker BCP layers led to charge accumulation and lower efficiencies due to different mechanisms. Capacitance-voltage measurements supported this by showing a peak capacitance under illumination for certain bias regions, indicating charge accumulation.
A Front Surface Optimization Study for Photovoltaic ApplicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes a study on optimizing the front surface of silicon solar cells to reduce reflectance through antireflection coatings and surface texturing. Silicon nitride films were deposited using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and hot-wire chemical vapor deposition on silicon substrates, and showed weighted average reflectances of 1.5% and 1.8% respectively. Random pyramid surface textures were formed on silicon using potassium hydroxide etching for 30 minutes, achieving low reflectance. Combining the optimized silicon nitride coatings with the textured surfaces further reduced weighted average reflectances to 1.5% for PECVD and 1.8% for HWCVD coatings.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
The document reviews epitaxial quantum dot solar cells. It discusses how quantum dots are fabricated using epitaxial growth and how they can be incorporated into intermediate band solar cells. While quantum dots enable additional infrared absorption to increase photocurrent, this gain is offset by a decrease in open circuit voltage. Various techniques have been explored to improve quantum dot solar cell efficiency, such as strain compensation during growth and optimizing dot placement and doping, but efficiency remains below conventional GaAs solar cells. The key challenge is overcoming the open circuit voltage reduction while maintaining photocurrent enhancement.
This document provides an overview and comparison of three types of solar cells: crystalline silicon solar cells, plasmonic solar cells, and dye-sensitized solar cells. Plasmonic solar cells use metal nanoparticles to increase light absorption and scattering in thin-film solar cells. Dye-sensitized solar cells separate the functions of light absorption and charge transport to provide a potentially low-cost alternative to traditional p-n junction photovoltaics. The document discusses the operating principles, advantages, and design considerations of plasmonic and dye-sensitized solar cells, with a brief overview of conventional crystalline silicon photovoltaics provided for context.
Development of depth map from stereo images using sum of absolute differences...nooriasukmaningtyas
This article proposes a framework for the depth map reconstruction using stereo images. Fundamentally, this map provides an important information which commonly used in essential applications such as autonomous vehicle navigation, drone’s navigation and 3D surface reconstruction. To develop an accurate depth map, the framework must be robust against the challenging regions of low texture, plain color and repetitive pattern on the input stereo image. The development of this map requires several stages which starts with matching cost calculation, cost aggregation, optimization and refinement stage. Hence, this work develops a framework with sum of absolute difference (SAD) and the combination of two edge preserving filters to increase the robustness against the challenging regions. The SAD convolves using block matching technique to increase the efficiency of matching process on the low texture and plain color regions. Moreover, two edge preserving filters will increase the accuracy on the repetitive pattern region. The results show that the proposed method is accurate and capable to work with the challenging regions. The results are provided by the Middlebury standard dataset. The framework is also efficiently and can be applied on the 3D surface reconstruction. Moreover, this work is greatly competitive with previously available methods.
Model predictive controller for a retrofitted heat exchanger temperature cont...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper aims to demonstrate the practical aspects of process control theory for undergraduate students at the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Bahrain. Both, the ubiquitous proportional integral derivative (PID) as well as model predictive control (MPC) and their auxiliaries were designed and implemented in a real-time framework. The latter was realized through retrofitting an existing plate-and-frame heat exchanger unit that has been operated using an analog PID temperature controller. The upgraded control system consists of a personal computer (PC), low-cost signal conditioning circuit, national instruments USB 6008 data acquisition card, and LabVIEW software. LabVIEW control design and simulation modules were used to design and implement the PID and MPC controllers. The performance of the designed controllers was evaluated while controlling the outlet temperature of the retrofitted plate-and-frame heat exchanger. The distinguished feature of the MPC controller in handling input and output constraints was perceived in real-time. From a pedagogical point of view, realizing the theory of process control through practical implementation was substantial in enhancing the student’s learning and the instructor’s teaching experience.
Piezoelectric photothermal (PPT) spectroscopy is used to investigate non-radiative recombination processes in solar cells that result in heat loss. A piezoelectric transducer attached to the back of the solar cell detects thermal waves produced by these processes. The experimental setup isolates the sample to precisely measure the phonons generated. Previous studies using PPT spectroscopy provided insights into carrier recombination mechanisms, but silicon solar cells have not been thoroughly examined. This research aims to use PPT spectroscopy to quantitatively measure heat loss and qualitatively analyze where and how it occurs within silicon solar cells.
Design optimization of bifacial solar cell by pc1 d simulationAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that used PC1D software to optimize the design of a bifacial solar cell through simulation. Key parameters such as emitter doping, bulk doping, minority carrier lifetime, wafer thickness, and front/rear surface properties were varied in the simulations. The highest efficiencies obtained were 16.42% for illumination from the front surface and 14.18% for the rear surface. The results provide insights into potential fabrication parameters for bifacial solar cells and show that minority carrier lifetime and wafer thickness are particularly important for performance.
IRJET- Investigation of Organic Solar Cell at Different Active Layer Thic...IRJET Journal
The document investigates how the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells is affected by the active layer thickness and light intensity (measured in suns).
The researcher used GPVDM software to simulate organic solar cells with different active layer thicknesses of 100-300nm under light intensities of 1-40 suns.
The results showed that the maximum power conversion efficiency occurred at an active layer thickness of 200nm for light intensities of 1, 10, 30 and 40 suns. However, for light intensities of 20 suns, the maximum efficiency was at a thickness of 100nm. In general, higher light intensities resulted in higher short circuit current densities.
This document summarizes the results of a simulation study investigating light absorption in organic solar cells with smooth and pyramidal textured surfaces. The study first optimized a flat organic solar cell structure by simulating the effects of varying each layer's thickness on short-circuit current and quantum efficiency. The optimized flat cell achieved 13.65 mA/cm2 short-circuit current and 84% quantum efficiency at 640 nm. It then proposed a pyramid textured surface to enhance light trapping and absorption compared to a smooth surface. The effects of period and height of the pyramids were analyzed to validate the light trapping model.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimization of multijunction solar cell by wafer ray tracer for development ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Optical losses limit the excess carriers generation in absorber part of multijuction (MJ) solar cell. The generation of excess carriers is directly proportional to photogenerated current solar cell. Therefore, reduction of optical losses is fundamentally important for improving the power conversion efficiency. Thickness of layers strongly influences the performance of MJ solar cell. In this study we simulated a MJ solar cell of Air/ZnO/SiC/c-Si/a-Si(n)/Al structure using Wafer Ray Tracer (WRT) simulation software and optimized the thicknesses of the layers for photogenerated current. The simulation result shows that without SiC layer, only 57.48% of incident light is absorbed and generates 26.85 mA/cm2 photogenerated current in solar cell. A 70 nm thickness of optimized SiC layer is increasing the light absorption 22.16% and photogenerated current 38.54%. Result shows that there is no transmission of light through the absorber layer. The MJ solar cell without Back Surface Field (BSF) layer of a-Si(n) shows photogenerated current of 37.05 mA/cm2 which can be improved to 37.24 mA/cm2 with a 100 nm thickness of a-Si(n). The c-Si absorber layer shows highest absorptance within 500 nm-1000 nm wavelength of light spectrum with 100 nm thickness of a-Si(n). An a-Si(n) BSF layer at the back surface minimizes the effective back-surface recombination velocity and improves the collection probability of minority carriers of solar cell. Furthermore a 100 nm Al rear contact improves the photogenerated current of MJ solar cell to 37.25 mA/cm2. An Al rear contact layer improves the mechanical strength of c-Si absorber layer. The electrical property of Al improves the excess carriers’ collection probability of MJ solar cell. Keywords: Wafer Ray Tracer, Simulation, Multijunction Solar Cell, Photogeneration, Back Surface Field.
Design and Analysis of Thin Film Silicon Solar cells Using FDTD MethodDr. S. Saravanan
This document summarizes the design and analysis of thin film silicon solar cells using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. It discusses how thin film technology can lower the cost of silicon solar cells while light trapping techniques like photonic crystals and diffraction gratings can enhance light absorption. The author simulates various thin film solar cell designs in FDTD and finds that a design with distributed Bragg reflector pairs and a binary diffraction grating achieves the highest efficiency. Relative enhancements in short circuit current and solar cell efficiency of up to 64.2% are observed for thicker cell designs with these light trapping structures.
This document summarizes a study on how cathode composition influences the lifetime of organic photovoltaic cells. The study found that cells using a Ca/Ag cathode reached operational lifetimes of 2400 hours under standard sunlight illumination at 25°C, while cells with Al or LiF/Al cathodes degraded much more quickly. At an accelerated aging temperature of 70°C, the efficiency of cells with a Ca/Ag cathode remained over 1% after 600 hours, whereas the performance of cells with Al or LiF/Al cathodes dropped significantly over that time period. The results suggest that cathode composition plays a key role in the stability and longevity of organic solar cells.
Design modern structure for heterojunction quantum dot solar cells IJECEIAES
This paper proposal new structure for improving the optical, electrical characteristics and efficiency of 3 rd generation heterojunction quantum dot solar cell (HJQDSC) (ITO/CdS/QDPbS/Au) model by using the quantum dot window layer instead of bulk structure layers cell. Also, this paper presents theoretically analysis for the performance of the proposal HJQDSC (ITO/QDCdS/QDPbS/Au) structure. The new design structure was applied on traditional (SnO2/CdS/CdTe/Cu) and (ZnO/CdS/CIGS/Mo) thin film solar cells which based on sub-micro absorber layer thickness models by replacing the bulk CdTe, CIGS absorber layers and CdS window layer with quantum dot size materials to achieve higher efficiency with lesser usage layer material. Also, it has been studied the effect of using semiconductors layers in quantum dots size on electric and optical properties of thin film solar cells and the effect of window and absorber layers quantum dots radii on the performance of solar cells. Finally, a thermal efficiency analysis has been investigated for explaining the importance of new structure HJQD solar cells.
Seminar report on Flexible Photovoltaic TechnologyKumudGarg3
This report is relate to topic of Flexible Solar Cell. In this report you get content is introduction, introduction to flexible solar cell, types of solar cell, types of flexible solar cell, application n etc.
Experimental Analysis of Factors Affecting the Power Output of the PV Module IJECEIAES
Energy is the driving force in all the sectors as it acts like an index of standard of living or prosperity of the people of the country. However heavy dependence on fossil fuels leads to global warming, hence there is a need for the use of clean, sustainable, and eco friendly form of energy. Among the various types of non-conventional energy solar energy is the fundamental as it is abundant, pollution free and universally available.Even though the main input to the PV system is the solar radiation still there are other factors which affects the efficiency of the pv module. In this paper real time experiment has been conducted to analyze the effect of various factors like irradiance, temperature, and angle of tilt, soiling, shading on the power output of the pv module. Temperature is a negative factor which reduces the efficiency of the module and can be reduced by various cooling arrangements. Presence of dust particles and shading obstructs the incident solar radiations entering the panel and the effect is seen in the iv and pv curve .For better performance solar tracking at maximum power point is suggested to improve the power output of the pv module.
Fuzzy interpretation of absorption in solar cellsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article about using fuzzy logic to interpret absorption in solar cells. It discusses how fuzzy logic can be used to analyze the various factors that affect current density generation in solar cells, including absorption rate. The factors of different solar cell designs are "fuzzyfied" and analyzed in relation to absorption rate to predict current density output. It also provides background information on photovoltaic technology and the three main steps of converting light to electricity in solar cells: light absorption, charge separation, and charge extraction.
11.fuzzy interpretation of absorption in solar cellsAlexander Decker
This document discusses solar cell technology and fuzzy interpretation of absorption in solar cells. It provides background on different generations of solar cell technology and how they absorb solar energy. It then describes using fuzzy interpretation to analyze absorption and current density generation based on various cut factors in solar cell production. Tables and graphs apply fuzzy interpretation to analyze absorption for first, second, and third generation solar cells. It finds that third generation solar cells provide maximum absorption and current density over a wide range of optimal fuzzy values.
Analysis and comparison of different PV technologies for determining the opti...IOSRJEEE
This document analyzes and compares three different photovoltaic panel technologies - amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and monocrystalline silicon - installed in Mohammedia, Morocco to determine the optimal panel type for the region. Over one year of data collection:
1) The polycrystalline silicon panels generated the most energy at 3,463.58 kWh and had the shortest payback period of 13.6 years, making it the most optimal panel type.
2) Amorphous silicon panels generated the least energy at 3,175.964 kWh and had the longest payback period of 16.12 years, making it the least optimal choice.
3) While
Impact of Gamma Irradiation on Structural and Dielectric Properties of CuI-PV...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Effect of bcp_buffer_layer_on_eliminating_charge_aZahid Qaisar
The document summarizes research on the effect of bathocuproine (BCP) buffer layer thickness on the performance of inverted perovskite solar cells. A series of devices were fabricated with BCP layer thicknesses from 0-13 nm deposited by thermal evaporation. The optimal device performance of 17.9% power conversion efficiency was achieved with a 5 nm thick BCP layer, thanks to formation of an ohmic contact and reduced interfacial charge recombination. Thinner or thicker BCP layers led to charge accumulation and lower efficiencies due to different mechanisms. Capacitance-voltage measurements supported this by showing a peak capacitance under illumination for certain bias regions, indicating charge accumulation.
A Front Surface Optimization Study for Photovoltaic ApplicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes a study on optimizing the front surface of silicon solar cells to reduce reflectance through antireflection coatings and surface texturing. Silicon nitride films were deposited using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and hot-wire chemical vapor deposition on silicon substrates, and showed weighted average reflectances of 1.5% and 1.8% respectively. Random pyramid surface textures were formed on silicon using potassium hydroxide etching for 30 minutes, achieving low reflectance. Combining the optimized silicon nitride coatings with the textured surfaces further reduced weighted average reflectances to 1.5% for PECVD and 1.8% for HWCVD coatings.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
The document reviews epitaxial quantum dot solar cells. It discusses how quantum dots are fabricated using epitaxial growth and how they can be incorporated into intermediate band solar cells. While quantum dots enable additional infrared absorption to increase photocurrent, this gain is offset by a decrease in open circuit voltage. Various techniques have been explored to improve quantum dot solar cell efficiency, such as strain compensation during growth and optimizing dot placement and doping, but efficiency remains below conventional GaAs solar cells. The key challenge is overcoming the open circuit voltage reduction while maintaining photocurrent enhancement.
This document provides an overview and comparison of three types of solar cells: crystalline silicon solar cells, plasmonic solar cells, and dye-sensitized solar cells. Plasmonic solar cells use metal nanoparticles to increase light absorption and scattering in thin-film solar cells. Dye-sensitized solar cells separate the functions of light absorption and charge transport to provide a potentially low-cost alternative to traditional p-n junction photovoltaics. The document discusses the operating principles, advantages, and design considerations of plasmonic and dye-sensitized solar cells, with a brief overview of conventional crystalline silicon photovoltaics provided for context.
Development of depth map from stereo images using sum of absolute differences...nooriasukmaningtyas
This article proposes a framework for the depth map reconstruction using stereo images. Fundamentally, this map provides an important information which commonly used in essential applications such as autonomous vehicle navigation, drone’s navigation and 3D surface reconstruction. To develop an accurate depth map, the framework must be robust against the challenging regions of low texture, plain color and repetitive pattern on the input stereo image. The development of this map requires several stages which starts with matching cost calculation, cost aggregation, optimization and refinement stage. Hence, this work develops a framework with sum of absolute difference (SAD) and the combination of two edge preserving filters to increase the robustness against the challenging regions. The SAD convolves using block matching technique to increase the efficiency of matching process on the low texture and plain color regions. Moreover, two edge preserving filters will increase the accuracy on the repetitive pattern region. The results show that the proposed method is accurate and capable to work with the challenging regions. The results are provided by the Middlebury standard dataset. The framework is also efficiently and can be applied on the 3D surface reconstruction. Moreover, this work is greatly competitive with previously available methods.
Model predictive controller for a retrofitted heat exchanger temperature cont...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper aims to demonstrate the practical aspects of process control theory for undergraduate students at the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Bahrain. Both, the ubiquitous proportional integral derivative (PID) as well as model predictive control (MPC) and their auxiliaries were designed and implemented in a real-time framework. The latter was realized through retrofitting an existing plate-and-frame heat exchanger unit that has been operated using an analog PID temperature controller. The upgraded control system consists of a personal computer (PC), low-cost signal conditioning circuit, national instruments USB 6008 data acquisition card, and LabVIEW software. LabVIEW control design and simulation modules were used to design and implement the PID and MPC controllers. The performance of the designed controllers was evaluated while controlling the outlet temperature of the retrofitted plate-and-frame heat exchanger. The distinguished feature of the MPC controller in handling input and output constraints was perceived in real-time. From a pedagogical point of view, realizing the theory of process control through practical implementation was substantial in enhancing the student’s learning and the instructor’s teaching experience.
Control of a servo-hydraulic system utilizing an extended wavelet functional ...nooriasukmaningtyas
Servo-hydraulic systems have been extensively employed in various industrial applications. However, these systems are characterized by their highly complex and nonlinear dynamics, which complicates the control design stage of such systems. In this paper, an extended wavelet functional link neural network (EWFLNN) is proposed to control the displacement response of the servo-hydraulic system. To optimize the controller's parameters, a recently developed optimization technique, which is called the modified sine cosine algorithm (M-SCA), is exploited as the training method. The proposed controller has achieved remarkable results in terms of tracking two different displacement signals and handling external disturbances. From a comparative study, the proposed EWFLNN controller has attained the best control precision compared with those of other controllers, namely, a proportional-integralderivative (PID) controller, an artificial neural network (ANN) controller, a wavelet neural network (WNN) controller, and the original wavelet functional link neural network (WFLNN) controller. Moreover, compared to the genetic algorithm (GA) and the original sine cosine algorithm (SCA), the M-SCA has shown better optimization results in finding the optimal values of the controller's parameters.
Decentralised optimal deployment of mobile underwater sensors for covering la...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper presents the problem of sensing coverage of layers of the ocean in three dimensional underwater environments. We propose distributed control laws to drive mobile underwater sensors to optimally cover a given confined layer of the ocean. By applying this algorithm at first the mobile underwater sensors adjust their depth to the specified depth. Then, they make a triangular grid across a given area. Afterwards, they randomly move to spread across the given grid. These control laws only rely on local information also they are easily implemented and computationally effective as they use some easy consensus rules. The feature of exchanging information just among neighbouring mobile sensors keeps the information exchange minimum in the whole networks and makes this algorithm practicable option for undersea. The efficiency of the presented control laws is confirmed via mathematical proof and numerical simulations.
Evaluation quality of service for internet of things based on fuzzy logic: a ...nooriasukmaningtyas
The development of the internet of thing (IoT) technology has become a major concern in sustainability of quality of service (SQoS) in terms of efficiency, measurement, and evaluation of services, such as our smart home case study. Based on several ambiguous linguistic and standard criteria, this article deals with quality of service (QoS). We used fuzzy logic to select the most appropriate and efficient services. For this reason, we have introduced a new paradigmatic approach to assess QoS. In this regard, to measure SQoS, linguistic terms were collected for identification of ambiguous criteria. This paper collects the results of other work to compare the traditional assessment methods and techniques in IoT. It has been proven that the comparison that traditional valuation methods and techniques could not effectively deal with these metrics. Therefore, fuzzy logic is a worthy method to provide a good measure of QoS with ambiguous linguistic and criteria. The proposed model addresses with constantly being improved, all the main axes of the QoS for a smart home. The results obtained also indicate that the model with its fuzzy performance importance index (FPII) has efficiently evaluate the multiple services of SQoS.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Smart monitoring system using NodeMCU for maintenance of production machinesnooriasukmaningtyas
Maintenance is an activity that helps to reduce risk, increase productivity, improve quality, and minimize production costs. The necessity for maintenance actions will increase efficiency and enhance the safety and quality of products and processes. On getting these conditions, it is necessary to implement a monitoring system used to observe machines' conditions from time to time, especially the machine parts that often experience problems. This paper presents a low-cost intelligent monitoring system using NodeMCU to continuously monitor machine conditions and provide warnings in the case of machine failure. Not only does it provide alerts, but this monitoring system also generates historical data on machine conditions to the Google Cloud (Google Sheet), includes which machines were down, downtime, issues occurred, repairs made, and technician handling. The results obtained are machine operators do not need to lose a relatively long time to call the technician. Likewise, the technicians assisted in carrying out machine maintenance activities and online reports so that errors that often occur due to human error do not happen again. The system succeeded in reducing the technician-calling time and maintenance workreporting time up to 50%. The availability of online and real-time maintenance historical data will support further maintenance strategy.
Design and simulation of a software defined networkingenabled smart switch, f...nooriasukmaningtyas
Using sustainable energy is the future of our planet earth, this became not only economically efficient but also a necessity for the preservation of life on earth. Because of such necessity, smart grids became a very important issue to be researched. Many literatures discussed this topic and with the development of internet of things (IoT) and smart sensors, smart grids are developed even further. On the other hand, software defined networking is a technology that separates the control plane from the data plan of the network. It centralizes the management and the orchestration of the network tasks by using a network controller. The network controller is the heart of the SDN-enabled network, and it can control other networking devices using software defined networking (SDN) protocols such as OpenFlow. A smart switching mechanism called (SDN-smgrid-sw) for the smart grid will be modeled and controlled using SDN. We modeled the environment that interact with the sensors, for the sun and the wind elements. The Algorithm is modeled and programmed for smart efficient power sharing that is managed centrally and monitored using SDN controller. Also, all if the smart grid elements (power sources) are connected to the IP network using IoT protocols.
Efficient wireless power transmission to remote the sensor in restenosis coro...nooriasukmaningtyas
In this study, the researchers have proposed an alternative technique for designing an asymmetric 4 coil-resonance coupling module based on the series-to-parallel topology at 27 MHz industrial scientific medical (ISM) band to avoid the tissue damage, for the constant monitoring of the in-stent restenosis coronary artery. This design consisted of 2 components, i.e., the external part that included 3 planar coils that were placed outside the body and an internal helical coil (stent) that was implanted into the coronary artery in the human tissue. This technique considered the output power and the transfer efficiency of the overall system, coil geometry like the number of coils per turn, and coil size. The results indicated that this design showed an 82% efficiency in the air if the transmission distance was maintained as 20 mm, which allowed the wireless power supply system to monitor the pressure within the coronary artery when the implanted load resistance was 400 Ω.
Grid reactive voltage regulation and cost optimization for electric vehicle p...nooriasukmaningtyas
Expecting large electric vehicle (EV) usage in the future due to environmental issues, state subsidies, and incentives, the impact of EV charging on the power grid is required to be closely analyzed and studied for power quality, stability, and planning of infrastructure. When a large number of energy storage batteries are connected to the grid as a capacitive load the power factor of the power grid is inevitably reduced, causing power losses and voltage instability. In this work large-scale 18K EV charging model is implemented on IEEE 33 network. Optimization methods are described to search for the location of nodes that are affected most due to EV charging in terms of power losses and voltage instability of the network. Followed by optimized reactive power injection magnitude and time duration of reactive power at the identified nodes. It is shown that power losses are reduced and voltage stability is improved in the grid, which also complements the reduction in EV charging cost. The result will be useful for EV charging stations infrastructure planning, grid stabilization, and reducing EV charging costs.
Topology network effects for double synchronized switch harvesting circuit on...nooriasukmaningtyas
Energy extraction takes place using several different technologies, depending on the type of energy and how it is used. The objective of this paper is to study topology influence for a smart network based on piezoelectric materials using the double synchronized switch harvesting (DSSH). In this work, has been presented network topology for circuit DSSH (DSSH Standard, Independent DSSH, DSSH in parallel, mono DSSH, and DSSH in series). Using simulation-based on a structure with embedded piezoelectric system harvesters, then compare different topology of circuit DSSH for knowledge is how to connect the circuit DSSH together and how to implement accurately this circuit strategy for maximizing the total output power. The network topology DSSH extracted power a technique allows again up to in terms of maximal power output compared with network topology standard extracted at the resonant frequency. The simulation results show that by using the same input parameters the maximum efficiency for topology DSSH in parallel produces 120% more energy than topology DSSH-series. In addition, the energy harvesting by mono-DSSH is more than DSSH-series by 650% and it has exceeded DSSHind by 240%.
Improving the design of super-lift Luo converter using hybrid switching capac...nooriasukmaningtyas
In this article, an improvement to the positive output super-lift Luo converter (POSLC) has been proposed to get high gain at a low duty cycle. Also, reduce the stress on the switch and diodes, reduce the current through the inductors to reduce loss, and increase efficiency. Using a hybrid switch unit composed of four inductors and two capacitors it is replaced by the main inductor in the elementary circuit. It’s charged in parallel with the same input voltage and discharged in series. The output voltage is increased according to the number of components. The gain equation is modeled. The boundary condition between continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) has been derived. Passive components are designed to get high output voltage (8 times at D=0.5) and low ripple about (0.004). The circuit is simulated and analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink. Maximum power point tracker (MPPT) controls the converter to provide the most interest from solar energy.
Third harmonic current minimization using third harmonic blocking transformernooriasukmaningtyas
Zero sequence blocking transformers (ZSBTs) are used to suppress third harmonic currents in 3-phase systems. Three-phase systems where singlephase loading is present, there is every chance that the load is not balanced. If there is zero-sequence current due to unequal load current, then the ZSBT will impose high impedance and the supply voltage at the load end will be varied which is not desired. This paper presents Third harmonic blocking transformer (THBT) which suppresses only higher harmonic zero sequences. The constructional features using all windings in single-core and construction using three single-phase transformers explained. The paper discusses the constructional features, full details of circuit usage, design considerations, and simulation results for different supply and load conditions. A comparison of THBT with ZSBT is made with simulation results by considering four different cases
Power quality improvement of distribution systems asymmetry caused by power d...nooriasukmaningtyas
With an increase of non-linear load in today’s electrical power systems, the rate of power quality drops and the voltage source and frequency deteriorate if not properly compensated with an appropriate device. Filters are most common techniques that employed to overcome this problem and improving power quality. In this paper an improved optimization technique of filter applies to the power system is based on a particle swarm optimization with using artificial neural network technique applied to the unified power flow quality conditioner (PSO-ANN UPQC). Design particle swarm optimization and artificial neural network together result in a very high performance of flexible AC transmission lines (FACTs) controller and it implements to the system to compensate all types of power quality disturbances. This technique is very powerful for minimization of total harmonic distortion of source voltages and currents as a limit permitted by IEEE-519. The work creates a power system model in MATLAB/Simulink program to investigate our proposed optimization technique for improving control circuit of filters. The work also has measured all power quality disturbances of the electrical arc furnace of steel factory and suggests this technique of filter to improve the power quality.
Studies enhancement of transient stability by single machine infinite bus sys...nooriasukmaningtyas
Maintaining network synchronization is important to customer service. Low fluctuations cause voltage instability, non-synchronization in the power system or the problems in the electrical system disturbances, harmonics current and voltages inflation and contraction voltage. Proper tunning of the parameters of stabilizer is prime for validation of stabilizer. To overcome instability issues and get reinforcement found a lot of the techniques are developed to overcome instability problems and improve performance of power system. Genetic algorithm was applied to optimize parameters and suppress oscillation. The simulation of the robust composite capacitance system of an infinite single-machine bus was studied using MATLAB was used for optimization purpose. The critical time is an indication of the maximum possible time during which the error can pass in the system to obtain stability through the simulation. The effectiveness improvement has been shown in the system
Renewable energy based dynamic tariff system for domestic load managementnooriasukmaningtyas
To deal with the present power-scenario, this paper proposes a model of an advanced energy management system, which tries to achieve peak clipping, peak to average ratio reduction and cost reduction based on effective utilization of distributed generations. This helps to manage conventional loads based on flexible tariff system. The main contribution of this work is the development of three-part dynamic tariff system on the basis of time of utilizing power, available renewable energy sources (RES) and consumers’ load profile. This incorporates consumers’ choice to suitably select for either consuming power from conventional energy sources and/or renewable energy sources during peak or off-peak hours. To validate the efficiency of the proposed model we have comparatively evaluated the model performance with existing optimization techniques using genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. A new optimization technique, hybrid greedy particle swarm optimization has been proposed which is based on the two aforementioned techniques. It is found that the proposed model is superior with the improved tariff scheme when subjected to load management and consumers’ financial benefit. This work leads to maintain a healthy relationship between the utility sectors and the consumers, thereby making the existing grid more reliable, robust, flexible yet cost effective.
Energy harvesting maximization by integration of distributed generation based...nooriasukmaningtyas
The purpose of distributed generation systems (DGS) is to enhance the distribution system (DS) performance to be better known with its benefits in the power sector as installing distributed generation (DG) units into the DS can introduce economic, environmental and technical benefits. Those benefits can be obtained if the DG units' site and size is properly determined. The aim of this paper is studying and reviewing the effect of connecting DG units in the DS on transmission efficiency, reactive power loss and voltage deviation in addition to the economical point of view and considering the interest and inflation rate. Whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is introduced to find the best solution to the distributed generation penetration problem in the DS. The result of WOA is compared with the genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and grey wolf optimizer (GWO). The proposed solutions methodologies have been tested using MATLAB software on IEEE 33 standard bus system
Intelligent fault diagnosis for power distribution systemcomparative studiesnooriasukmaningtyas
Short circuit is one of the most popular types of permanent fault in power distribution system. Thus, fast and accuracy diagnosis of short circuit failure is very important so that the power system works more effectively. In this paper, a newly enhanced support vector machine (SVM) classifier has been investigated to identify ten short-circuit fault types, including single line-toground faults (XG, YG, ZG), line-to-line faults (XY, XZ, YZ), double lineto-ground faults (XYG, XZG, YZG) and three-line faults (XYZ). The performance of this enhanced SVM model has been improved by using three different versions of particle swarm optimization (PSO), namely: classical PSO (C-PSO), time varying acceleration coefficients PSO (T-PSO) and constriction factor PSO (K-PSO). Further, utilizing pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS)-based time domain reflectometry (TDR) method allows to obtain a reliable dataset for SVM classifier. The experimental results performed on a two-branch distribution line show the most optimal variant of PSO for short fault diagnosis.
A deep learning approach based on stochastic gradient descent and least absol...nooriasukmaningtyas
More than eighty-five to ninety percentage of the diabetic patients are affected with diabetic retinopathy (DR) which is an eye disorder that leads to blindness. The computational techniques can support to detect the DR by using the retinal images. However, it is hard to measure the DR with the raw retinal image. This paper proposes an effective method for identification of DR from the retinal images. In this research work, initially the Weiner filter is used for preprocessing the raw retinal image. Then the preprocessed image is segmented using fuzzy c-mean technique. Then from the segmented image, the features are extracted using grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). After extracting the fundus image, the feature selection is performed stochastic gradient descent, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) for accurate identification during the classification process. Then the inception v3-convolutional neural network (IV3-CNN) model is used in the classification process to classify the image as DR image or non-DR image. By applying the proposed method, the classification performance of IV3-CNN model in identifying DR is studied. Using the proposed method, the DR is identified with the accuracy of about 95%, and the processed retinal image is identified as mild DR.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...
Single axis tracker system
1. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2021, pp. 18~27
ISSN: 2502-4752, DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp18-27 18
Journal homepage: http://ijeecs.iaescore.com
Effects of intensity of magnetic field generated by neodymium
permanent magnet sheets on electrical characteristics of
monocrystalline silicon solar cell
P. Panmuang, C. Photong
Solar Energy and Energy Resources Unit, Faculty of Engineering Mahasarakham University Khamriang District,
Mahasrakham, Thailand
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jun 2, 2020
Revised Aug 3, 2020
Accepted Aug 18, 2020
In this research, the effects of magnetic field intensity on electrical
characteristics of a monocrystalline silicon solar cell were investigated. The
experimental test-rig under Standard Test Condition was set up and tested to
observe the respective effects. The electrical characteristics in terms of
current-voltage-power curves, critical solar cell parameters and fill factor
were then examined and analyzed. The outcome of this study demonstrates
that the external magnetic field has a positive impact on electrical
parameters, the experimental results showed that applying magnetic intensity
of 60-260mT significantly affected the electrical characteristics of the cell;
i.e., maximized cell current, voltage and power by 12.20, 7.12 and 23.60%,
respectively. In addition, this positive impact consequencely happened on the
i-v and p-v electrical characteristics curves of the solar cell; reflected by
3.69% increasing in the fill factor.
Keywords:
Fill factor
Magnetic field intensity
Monocrystalline
Silicon solar cell
Solar cell characteristic curves
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Piyapat Panmaung
Solar Energy and Energy Resources Unit
Faculty of Engineering Mahasarakham University Khamriang District
Kantarawichai, Mahasrakham, Thailand, 44150
Email: piyapat.p@msu.ac.th
1. INTRODUCTION
Electricity that is directly produced from sunlight using a solar cell is DC [1]. Besides being able to
convert sunlight to DC with good quality of output power, the cell is also required to have high energy
conversion efficiency for maximum amount of generated power [2]. In fact, the best efficiency recorded for
monocrystalline silicon solar cell (most attractive material and structure) is relatively low, being only 15-20%
[3]. Therefore, a number of studies on solar cell efficiency enhancement have been carried out [4, 5], which
can be classified into three common approaches. First, by using new or modified cell materials and
structures, earth abundant absorbers, and innovative devices [6, 7]. This approach can enable more effective
charge collection as well as better absorption of the solar spectrum that to be built inside the solar cells.
Second, employing suitable peripheral elements or devices to improve the solar cell efficiency [8, 9]. Third,
dealing with sophisticated environmental factor enhancement, e.g., reducing temperature on the cell’s surface
[10, 11]. However, controlling environmental factors such as wind, dust, and mud would cause more
complexity and excessive power consumption for the cell [12, 13].
Alternatively, in 2002, [14] proposed that electric fields could change the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of
the silicon Photovoltaic (PV) cells and subsequently several reports on the impact of magnetic fields on the solar
cells, indicated similar results as with electric fields [14, 15]; the details of these studies are as follows:
2. Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752
Effects of intensity of magnetic field generated by neodymium permanent magnet sheets… (P. Panmuang)
19
The simulated test results from showed that an external magnetic field intensity of 0.003 to 0.079T
could linearly increase Voc of the CdS/CuInSe2 solar cells. With similar effects, applying external magnetic
field intensity (B) less than 10mT on the Ru-bipyridyl dye N719 or CdS-sensitized ZnO nanorods-based solar
cells (DSCs) could increase the photocurrent of the cells by 25% and 34%, respectively [14]. External B of
45mT could increase the short-circuit current of the dye-sensitized TiO2 nanoparticle-based solar cells
(DSCs) by 13% [16]. Magnetic field intensity B of 0-10mT could increase Voc and Fill Factor (FF; ratio of
maximum power from the actual solar cell to the maximum power from the ideal solar cell; where the good
cell has FF between 0.7 to 0.8 while the bad cell has 0.4) of the bifacial silicon solar cell from 653.89 mV to
662.69-704.40 mV and 0.83 to 0.83-0.84, respectively [17]. These results were also supported by M.
Zoungrana et al., where applying an external B of 1-5mT could provide higher Voc (from 717mV to 721-
756mV) and FF from 0.84 to 0.84-0.88, respectively [18]. These results were similar to the research [19],
where applying an external B of 15-50mT could increase Voc (from 20V to 20.5-21.5V) and FF (0.50 to 0.53-
0.59) on the silicon solar panel. Magnetic vinyl (B less than 0.05T) attachment to SJ Si-SC from the side of
back electrode of single-junction (SJ) single-crystal silicon solar cells (Si-SC) with horizontal n+-p-p+ diode
structure could increase of minority charge carriers lifetime and reduce recombination centers quantity in SJ
Si-SC. In the research [20], after storage of investigated objects on magnetic vinyl during three weeks their
efficiency decrease quantity of recombination centers insignificantly, from 11.8-12.5 to 11.5-12.2%, in a
difference from samples without attached magnetic vinyl, for which efficiency only for the first 7 days
decrease up to 9.2-10.5%.
The photoactive film was prepared under the application of a magnetic field perpendicular to the
substrate during solvent drying process. The power conversion efficiency was improved up to ~ 60% for the
treated cell. The improved device performance can be attributed to the overall improvement of polymer
crystallinity [21]. The photovoltaic performance of the perovskite solar cells using magnetic field to improve
power conversion efficiency (PCE) was reported. The cell films with larger crystalline gain and longer carrier
lifetimes had an average PCE of 17.84% and the highest PCE of 18.56% using an optimized magnetic field at
80mT. In contrast, the PSCs fabricated without a magnetic field give an average PCE of 15.52% and the
highest PCE of 16.72% [22]. The effect of a magnetic field on the photocurrent generated by a bulk
heterojunction solar cell made from poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl
ester (PCBM) was investigated. At the operating voltage, ∼9% increases in photocurrent of can be obtained
at magnetic fields of less than 100mT [23]. Weak dc magnetic fields (0.17 T) increased the free carrier
lifetime in Si wafers, which was thought to be convincing evidence of the metal impurity gettering effect.
This processing was found to improve carrier lifetimes by up to a factor of 2, from about 3 μs to 7 μs in
silicon wafers [24]. The effect of magnetic field on the photocurrent generation of organic solar cells, was
investigated. In the case of bulk-heterojunction organic solar cell with the active layer made of P3HT:PCBM
found that an increase of about 8% in the photocurrent density of the cell was observed when the intensity of
the magnetic field reached 15mT, and moreover, the increase in the photocurrent density saturated at about
9% when the magnetic fled was further intensified [25]. Over 50% enhanced efficiency was observed from
bulk heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells (PSCs) incorporated with magnetic nanoparticles and an
external magnetostatic field alignment when compared to the control BHJ PSCs. The optimization of BHJ
thin film morphology, enhancement in charge carrier collection resulted in a greatly increased short-circuit
current density, fill factor and power conversion efficiency [26].
However, most of the above mentioned research applied magnetic fields in parallel direction with
respect to the surface of the p-n junction of the solar cell by simulation. In case of perpendicular direction,
preparing solar cell films. In addition, the works proposed only the results that were obtained from point-to-
point tests, while the whole v-i-p characteristics curves of the cells have not been presented.
In this research, the direct application of external magnetic fields (perpendicular direction) to the
most commonly used structure of monocrystalline silicon solar cell was examined and analyzed. The most
effective B in theory [27] in the range of 0-260mT was used. The comprehensive v-i-p characteristic curves
and therefore the critical parameters: Voc, Isc, Vmp, Imp, Pmax and FF could be determined based on both
theoretical and experimental verifications. This paper is organized as follows: methodology in Section 2,
experimental test-rig and test scenarios in Section 3, results, discussion in Section 4 and the conclusions in
Section 5.
2. METHODOLOGY
Figure 1 presents a diagram of the components, curves and parameters used for verifying the
proposed concept. There were 3 main components used for the experimental test-rig: a light source, a solar
cell and a magnetic field source which were located in order as shown in the diagram. The light source
generates light beams close to the solar spectrum under controlled standard test conditions (STC) of 25°C,
3. ISSN: 2502-4752
Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2021 : 18 - 27
20
1,000W/m2
and 1.5 Air Mass. The monocrystalline silicon solar cell was selected to be used in the
investigation due to its simplest form of p-n junction (as well as being the most commonly used solar cell
material). The commercial permanent magnetic sheets were managed to provide uniform magnetic field
intensity in the range of 0-260mT by placing them underneath the solar cell to avoid shading on the top
surface of the cell. Detailed specification and dimension for each component that was actually implemented
in the experimental tests are proposed in Section 3.
Figure 1. Diagram of the test concept in this research
3. EXPERIMENT TEST-RIG AND TEST SCENARIOS
3.1. Light source
As using sunlight would encounter problems of uncontrollable test conditions, a more flexible and
reliable tungsten-halogen lamp with the light output spectrum [28] was used instead in this research. The
irradiance level of 1 sun (1,000 Watt/m2
; the intensity was measured by the solar power meter [29]) was
achieved by placing the light 30 cm above the cell The 500W halogen lamp [30] was installed inside the
temperature and air control chamber to provide constant 25o
C with almost air free condition (1.5 Airmass)
solar meter, 500W halogen lamp and systems [31] as shown in Figure 2. The i-v-p curve tester model (Prova
200A) was used to measure the i-v, p-v characteristics curves and critical parameters of the solar cell [32].
3.2. Solar cell
The monocrystalline silicon solar cell model c-si solar cell model SG 20184 [33] was used for this
research due to its simplest p-n junction and structure, an because it is the most popular commercial cell. The
structure consists of only one material type (c-si) but with different impurity (doping) rate on each side [34]
as shown in Figure 3. The cell has the top surface area of 10.8 x 50 mm and thickness of 2 mm (size to fit
with the magnetic sheet) and has Voc, Isc and internal resistance of 6 V, of 0.25 A and 1.3 ohms.
Figure 2. Illustrates the experimental arrangement of
magnetic field effect on the solar cell irradiated by
500W Halogen lamp
Figure 3. Basic structure of a monocrystalline silicon
solar cell [35]
4. Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752
Effects of intensity of magnetic field generated by neodymium permanent magnet sheets… (P. Panmuang)
21
3.3. Magnetic field source
To investigate the magnetic field influence on electrical characteristics of the silicon solar cell,
external magnetic field intensities (B) of 0, 60, 160 and 260mT (the magnetic intensity was measured and
tested by using GV-400A gauss meter for each particular testing permanent magnetic bar) were applied. A
diagram of the test cell is shown in Figure 4. These B sources were generated from the Neodymium
permanent magnet sheets with the same surface size of 100.2x50mm (fitted to the size of solar cell’s surface)
but having different thicknesses of 5, 10 and 20mm, as shown in Figure 5. In fact, the external B could affect
the electrical characteristics of the cell in terms of photocurrent density (J) as expressed by the equations of
transportation phenomenon in (1)-(3):
Jb (x)=qDn ∇δ(x)+qμnδ(x)E(x) (1)
∇×B=μo (J+εo (∂E)/∂t) (2)
Dn=μn kT/q = τn kT/me (3)
Where:
Dn is the electron’s intrinsic diffusion coefficient
δ(x) is excess minority carrier density in the base (g)
Ê(x) is the electric field originating from carrier concentration gradient along the base (g)
me is the electron mass
T is the absolute temperature
τn is the charge carrier lifetime
The magnetic field helps to reduce electron-hole recombination rate for the silicon crystal, while
increasing charge carrier lifetime τn [20, 36, 37] and thus consequently increasing Dn [38] and electric
voltage-current, respectively.
Figure 4. Diagram of the cell (a.) without and (b.) with magnetic field source
Figure 5. Photographs of the permanent magnet sheets used as magnetic field source in this research
5. ISSN: 2502-4752
Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2021 : 18 - 27
22
3.4. Ambient temperature control
In this research, the experimental test-rig utilized a closed chamber with the w × l × h size of 40 ×
40 × 60cm to control the ambient temperature for the test components. A thermoelectric cooling (TEC) set
based on the Peltier effect was used to control the ambient temperature inside the chamber to be within 25-
26o
C. The TEC set was mounted on the separated heatsink to dispose heat out of the chamber. The elements
used for the aforementioned experiment test set-ups are shown in Figure 3.
3.5. Solar module analyzer
The solar module analyzer model Prova 200A [32] was used to measure the electrical characteristics
curves and critical parameters of the solar cell; having the measurement capability as follow:
DC Voltage Measurement
Range, Resolution and Accuracy of Reading
(0 ~ 10 V, 0.001 V and ±1% ± (1% of Vopen ± 9mV))
(10 ~ 24 V 0.01 V, ±1% ± (1% of Vopen ± 0.09V))
DC Current Measurement
Range, Resolution and Accuracy of Reading
(0 ~100 mA, 0.01 mA, ±1% ± (1% of Ishort ± 0.09mA))
(100 ~600 mA, 0.1mA, ±1%± (1% of Ishort ± 0.9mA))
Electrical Specification (23 ºC ± 5ºC), Internal Resistance at Ishort: 0.05 Ohm.
3.6. Experimental test scenarios
The experimental test-rig was set up and tested. The results were used to compare the effects among
B levels of 0, 60, 160 and 260mT. The test scenarios are listed as follows:
a) Individual i-v, p-v electrical characteristics curves for each particular testing B level
b) Average i-v, p-v electrical characteristics curves of each particular testing B level
c) Normalized values of the critical solar cell parameters: Voc, Isc, Vmp, Imp, Pmax and FF.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this section, it is explained the results of research are organized as follows : The measured i-v, p-v
electrical characteristics curves for each particular testing B level, The measured average i-v, p-v electrical
characteristics curves of each particular testing B level and The normalized values of the critical solar cell
parameters: Voc, Isc, Vmp, Imp, Pmax and FF.
4.1. The measured i-v, p-v electrical characteristics curves for each particular testing B level
Figures 6 to 9 show the measured i-v electrical characteristics curves for each particular testing B level of
0, 60, 160 and 260mT could provide spread Isc (0.157-0.179 A) and Voc (5.25-5.37 V), B of 60 mT could provide
spread Isc (0.178-0.187 A) and Voc (5.29-5.55 V), B of 160mT could provide spread Isc (0.187-0.198 A) and Voc
(5.34-5.72V) and B of 260mT could provide spread Isc (0.188-0.213A) and Voc (5.56-5.82V). Figures 10 to 13
shows the measured p-v electrical characteristics curves for each particular testing B level of 0, 60, 160 and 260
mT could provide spread Pmax (639-669 mW), (665-720 mW), (718-776 mW) and (782-844 mW) respectively.
The obtained results showed that applying magnetic fields on the solar cell could improve the
electrical i-v and p-v characteristic curves of the cell along the increasing rate of the magnetic fields intensity
range under the study. However, larger variation in measured values of electrical parameters could be
noticeable for higher magnetic intensity.
Figure 6. I-V electrical characteristic curves,
5 tests and case B:0 mT
Figure 7. I-V electrical characteristic curves,
case B: 60 mT
6. Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752
Effects of intensity of magnetic field generated by neodymium permanent magnet sheets… (P. Panmuang)
23
Figure 8. I-V electrical characteristic curves,
5 tests and case B: 160mT
Figure 9. I-V electrical characteristic curves,
5 tests and case B: 260mT
Figure 10. P-V electrical characteristic curves,
5 tests and case B: 0mT
Figure 11. P-V electrical characteristic curves,
5 tests and case B: 60mT
Figure 12. P-V electrical characteristic curves, 5
tests and case B: 160mT
Figure 13. P-V electrical characteristic of cell, 5 tests
and case B: 260mT
4.2. The measured average i-v, p-v electrical characteristics curves of each particular testing B level
Figure 14 shows the measured average i-v electrical characteristics curve of each particular testing B
level, where applying external B of 60 160 and 260mT could provide higher curve profile than with applied
B of 0mT. Figure 15 shows the measured average p-v electrical characteristics curve of each particular
testing B level, where applying external B of 60 160 and 260mT could provide higher curve profile than case
applied B of 0mT.
7. ISSN: 2502-4752
Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2021 : 18 - 27
24
Figure 14. Average i-v electrical characteristic
curves, case B: 0 60 160 260mT
Figure 15. Average p-v electrical characteristic curves,
case B: 0 60 160 260mT
4.3. The normalized values of the critical solar cell parameters: Voc, Isc, Vmp, Imp, Pmax and FF
The experimental results shown in Figures 16 to 21 where applying external B of 0-260mT could
provide higher Voc (from 5.29V to 5.41-5.67mV), Vmp (from 4.13V to 4.18-4.43mV), Isc (from 177mA to
182-199mA), Imax (from 156mA to 166-181mA), Pmax (from 650mW to 694-804mW) and FF (from 0.69 to
0.7-0.72). The results of this section showed that the electrical parameters, Voc, Vmp, Isc, Imp, Pmax and fill
factor were improved for the treated cell with higher in values and thus increased the electricity generation
performance and efficiency for the solar cell in overall.
The above explanation would be clearly shown by Figures 22-27; where applying the external B
of 0-260 mT could provide higher values of Voc (1.02-1.07%), Vmp (1.02-1.07%), Isc (1.02-1.12%), Imax
(1.05-1.15%), Pmax (1.06-1.23%) and FF (1.01-1.03%).
Figure 16. Open circuit voltage value (Voc) of
each testing B level
Figure 17. Maximum power voltage value (Vmp) of
each testing B level
Figure 18. Short circuit current value (Isc) of
each testing B level
Figure 19. Maximum power current value (Imp) of
each testing B level
8. Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752
Effects of intensity of magnetic field generated by neodymium permanent magnet sheets… (P. Panmuang)
25
Figure 20. Maximum power value (Pmax) of
each testing B level
Figure 21. Fill Factor (FF) of each testing B level
Figure 22. Normalized open circuit voltage value of
each testing B level
Figure 23. Normalized maximum power voltage
value of each testing B level
Figure 24. Normalized short circuit current value
of each testing B level
Figure 25. Normalized maximum power current value
of each testing B level
Figure 26. Normalized maximum power value of
each testing B level
Figure 27. Normalized fill factor of each testing B
level
5. CONCLUSION
The effects of magnetic field intensity on electrical characteristics of a monocrystalline silicon solar
cell were presented. The experimental test-rig under standard test condition was set up and tested to observe
the respective effects. The electrical characteristics in terms of current-voltage-power curves, critical solar
cell parameters and fill factor were then examined and analyzed. The experimental results showed that
9. ISSN: 2502-4752
Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2021 : 18 - 27
26
applying magnetic intensity of 60-260mT significantly improved electrical characteristics curves, as well as,
providing higher Voc (1.02-1.07%), Vmp (1.02-1.07%), Isc (1.02-1.12%), Imax (1.05-1.15%), Pmax
(1.06-1.23%) and FF (1.01-1.03%).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to express gratitude to Faculty of Engineering, Mahasarakham University for
their financial support and for providing us with an opportunity to pursue this work. This research did not
receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
REFERENCES
[1] C.Photong, “A comparison of three-phase grid-tied photovoltaic converters based on current fed configurations,”
IECON 2013-39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Nov. 2013
[2] T. Kita, Y. Harada, and S. Asahi, “The Conversion Efficiency of a Solar Cell as Determined by the Detailed
Balance Model,” Green Energy and Technology, pp. 55–79, 2019.
[3] Bhalchandra V.Chikate, “The factors affecting the performance of solar cell,” ICQUEST2015 – 4th International
Conference on Quality Up-gradation in Engineering, Science and Technology, April. 2015.
[4] H. Fathabadi, “Effect of External AC Electric and Magnetic Fields on the Power Production of a Silicon Solar
Cell,” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1408–1412, Nov. 2018
[5] B. Sopori and D. J. Friedman, “Improving Silicon Solar Cell Efficiency Through Advanced Cell Processing, Highly
Uniform Texturing, and Thinner Cells,” Feb. 2019.
[6] F. Nicola and L. Rodino, “Background meterial,” Global Pseudo-Differential Calculus on Euclidean Spaces, pp. 9–
14, 2010.
[7] M. Dharmadasa, “Background of the CdTe Solar Cell and the New Device Concept,” Advances in Thin-Film Solar
Cells, pp. 71–114, Sep. 2018.
[8] U. Rau, “How the Optical Properties of a Solar Cell Influence its Performance - From the Efficiency Limits to Real
Devices,” Light, Energy and the Environment, 2016.
[9] N. Ekins-Daukes, I. Ballard, and K. Barnham, “Solar Cell Efficiency Enhancement and Revised Shockley-Queisser
Limit for Low Dimensional Absorbers,” Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 2008.
[10] T. Mohammad and V. Dutta, “Effect of substrate temperature on spray coated PEDOT:PSS thin film morphology
for organic solar cell,” 2019.
[11] “Effect of temperature on photovoltaic solar energy conversion,” Solar Energy, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 145, Oct. 1961.
[12] S. P. Aly, S. Ahzi, and N. Barth, “Effect of physical and environmental factors on the performance of a
photovoltaic panel,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 200, p. 109948, Sep. 2019.
[13] “Effect of Different Environmental Factors on Performance of Solar Panel,” Regular Issue, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 15–
18, Sep. 2019.
[14] S. Erel, “The effect of electric and magnetic fields on the operation of a photovoltaic cell,” Solar Energy Materials
and Solar Cells, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 273–280, Feb. 2002.
[15] S. Oviedo-Casado, A. Urbina, and J. Prior, “Magnetic field enhancement of organic photovoltaic cells
performance,” Scientific Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, Jun. 2017.
[16] F. Cai, S. Zhang, S. Zhou, and Z. Yuan, “Magnetic-field enhanced photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized
TiO2 nanoparticle-based solar cells,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 591, pp. 166–169, Jan. 2014.
[17] Zerbo, M. Zoungrana, I. Sourabié, A. Ouedraogo, B. Zouma, and D. J. Bathiebo, “External Magnetic Field Effect
on Bifacial Silicon Solar Cell’s Electrical Parameters,” Energy and Power Engineering, vol. 08, no. 03, pp. 146–
151, 2016.
[18] M. Zoungrana, I. Zerbo, B. Soro, M. Savadogo, S. Tiedrebeogo, D. J. Bathiebo. “The effect of magnetic field on
the efficiency of a silicon solar cell under an intense light concentration,” Advances in Science and Technology
Research Journal, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 133–138, Jun. 2017.
[19] D. U. Combari, E. W. Ramde, I. Sourabie, M. Zoungrana, I. Zerbo, and D. J. Bathiebo, “Performance Investigation
of a Silicon Photovoltaic Module under the Influence of a Magnetic Field,” Advances in Condensed Matter Physics,
vol. 2018, pp. 1–8, Nov. 2018.
[20] Zaitsev, R.V.. (2015). Cost-effective Silicon Solar Cells Efficiency Increase by the Magnetic Field Treatment.
Journal of Nano- and Electronic Physics. 7. 1-4.
[21] F.-C. Hsu, C.-T. Chen, C.-H. Li, C.-C. Chen, and Y.-F. Chen, “The application of a magnetic field to improve
polymer: Fullerence solar cell performance,” 2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC), Jun.
2014.
[22] H. Wang, J. Lei, F. Gao, Z. Yang, D. Yang, J. Jiang, J. Li, X. Hu, X. Ren, B. Liu, J. Liu, H. Lei, Z. Liu, and S.
(Frank) Liu, “Magnetic Field-Assisted Perovskite Film Preparation for Enhanced Performance of Solar Cells,” ACS
Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 9, no. 26, pp. 21756–21762, Jun. 2017.
[23] P. Shakya, P. Desai, T. Kreouzis, W. P. Gillin, S. M. Tuladhar, A. M. Ballantyne, and J. Nelson, “The effect of
applied magnetic field on photocurrent generation in poly-3-hexylthiophene:[6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl
ester photovoltaic devices,” Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol. 20, no. 45, p. 452203, Oct. 2008.
10. Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752
Effects of intensity of magnetic field generated by neodymium permanent magnet sheets… (P. Panmuang)
27
[24] Kuryliuk, L. Steblenko, A. Nadtochiy, and O. Korotchenkov, “Lifetime improvement in silicon wafers using weak
magnetic fields,” Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, vol. 66, pp. 99–104, Aug. 2017.
[25] H. Fathabadi, “Comparative study on the effect of magnetic field on the photocurrent density of organic, dye-
sensitized and silicon solar cells,” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, vol. 30, no. 18, pp.
17314–17321, Aug. 2019.
[26] K. Wang, C. Yi, C. Liu, X. Hu, S. Chuang, and X. Gong, “Effects of Magnetic Nanoparticles and External
Magnetostatic Field on the Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells,” Scientific Reports, vol. 5, no. 1, Mar. 2015.
[27] O. O. Korotchenkov, “Magnetic field-stimulated change of photovoltage in solar silicon crystals,” Semiconductor
Physics Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 72–75, Feb. 2013.
[28] Soetedjo, Y. I. Nakhoda, A. Lomi, and T. A. Suryanto, “Solar Simulator Using Halogen Lamp for PV Research,”
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, pp. 239–245, 2016.
[29] Solar power meter, by TENMARS. [Online]. Available: https://www.voake.com/product/tenmars-tm-206/
[30] 500 W Halogen, by Markpro Lighting. [Online]. Available: https://markprolighting.com/shop-2/floodlight-
series/halogen/floodlight-tungsten-halogen-500w-r7s/
[31] Soetedjo, Aryuanto & Nakhoda, Yusuf & Lomi, Abraham & Suryanto, Teguh. (2016). Solar Simulator Using
Halogen Lamp for PV Research. 10.1007/978-981-287-988-2_25.
[32] Solar module analyzer, by TES Electrical Electronic Corp. [Online]. Available:
http://www.tes.com.tw/en/product_detail.asp?seq=286
[33] Monocrystalline silicon solar cell. [Online]. Available: https://www.arduitronics.com/category/56/sensors-
modules/solar-cell
[34] “Silicon Solar Cell Material and Technology,” Photovoltaic Solar Energy Generation, pp. 23–41.
[35] C. R. Wronski and N. Wyrsch, “Silicon Solar Cells silicon solar cell, Thin-film silicon solar cell thin-film,” Solar
Energy, pp. 270–322, 2013.
[36] Morales-Acevedo, “Effective absorption coefficient for graded band-gap semiconductors and the expected
photocurrent density in solar cells,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 41–44, Jan. 2009.
[37] Kuryliuk, L. Steblenko, A. Nadtochiy, and O. Korotchenkov, “Lifetime improvement in silicon wafers using weak
magnetic fields,” Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, vol. 66, pp. 99–104, Aug. 2017
[38] S. M. Sze, Semiconductor Device: Physics and Technology, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 2002.D. Buddhasukh, J. R.
Cannon, B. W. Metcalf and A. J. Power, “Synthesis of 5-n-alkylresorcinol dimethyl ethers and related compounds
via substituted thiophens”, Aust. J. Chem., 1971, 24, 2655-2664. (Apply M_Refer style).
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Piyapat Panmuang was born in Khonkaen province Thailand in 1989. He received his bachelor
degree in Electrical Engineering from Khon Kaen University, Thailand and his master degree in
Electrical and Computer Engineering from Mahasarakham University, Thailand. He is currently
a lecturer at the Faculty of Engineering, Mahasarakham University, Thailand. His research
interest includes thermoelectric, solar energy, renewable energy conversion and power
electronics.
Chonlatee Photong was born in Maha Sarakham, Thailand in 1979. He received his bachelor
degree in Electrical Engineering from Khon Kaen University, Thailand in 2001. He worked as a
R&D and maintenance engineer at Sony Device Technology (Thailand) Co., Ltd and Seagate
Technology (Thailand) Co., Ltd. during 2001-2006. He received his M.Sc. in Power Electronics
and Drives and his Ph.D. in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of
Nottingham, UK in 2007 and 2013, respectively. He has worked as a lecturer in power
electronics at Mahasarakham University, Thailand since 2013-present. His research interest
includes power electronics for solar, wind and other renewable energy conversions and
applications.