1. Dipicolinic acid (DPA) composes 5-15% of bacterial spore dry weight and is responsible for spore heat resistance. DPA forms a complex with calcium ions that binds water molecules, preventing dehydration and increasing the heat resistance of core macromolecules.
2. The spore core contains enzymes like dipicolinic acid synthetase and high levels of small, acid-soluble spores proteins (SASPs) that make up 20% of core proteins.
3. SASPs bind tightly to DNA in the core, protecting it from damage by ultraviolet radiation, desiccation, and dry heat by changing DNA into a more compact and resistant form. They
Bergey's Manual and it's classification. A brief concised presentation prepared for taking seminar and classes.
Volume II (Edition 2) described more in detail.
Bergey's Manual and it's classification. A brief concised presentation prepared for taking seminar and classes.
Volume II (Edition 2) described more in detail.
introduction of bacteriophage , discovery, morphology, structure and life cycle of bacteriophage,
imp. of bacteriophage and other briefly define lytic and lysogenic cycle.
bacteria reproduce by binary fission , which is a single cell, divides into two identical daughter cells. it occurs through formation of the Z ring that recruits additional proteins to form the septa ring.
introduction of bacteriophage , discovery, morphology, structure and life cycle of bacteriophage,
imp. of bacteriophage and other briefly define lytic and lysogenic cycle.
bacteria reproduce by binary fission , which is a single cell, divides into two identical daughter cells. it occurs through formation of the Z ring that recruits additional proteins to form the septa ring.
In your own words discuss the following 1a. In what ways are macr.pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
In your own words discuss the following:
1a. In what ways are macromolecules essential to life?
1b. Describe the structures of four and describe their major roles in organisms?
2a. Briefly explain the overall processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
2b. Also include a brief explanation of autotrophs and heterotrophs?
Solution
1a. Macromolecules are large molecules that serve as a source of energy, form the basic structure
of the organism and also carries the genetic information of the organism.
1b.proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids are the four macromolecules
proteins structure
primary
they are chains of aminoacids
secondary
these aminoacids can assume a folded confirmation to form a alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet
structure
this depepnds on the hydrogen bnding and electrostatic interactions between adjascent
aminoacids in the polymer
tirtiary
A protein on a whole can have many secondary structures which depends on the length of the
protein and also on the nature of aminoacids present in them.
For example when a protein has 2 alpha helix, the two helices are connected through disulfide
bridge or electrostatic force or even a small beta pleated sheet
this forms the secondary structure
Quarternary structure
to achieve the function of the proteins it has to be folded in the correct conformation which is
achieved in the quarternary structure.
Carbohydrate
it is basically a hydrocarbon
hydrogen bonding between sugar molecules will result in formation of a chain of sugar called
carbohydrates or polysaccharides
the sugars in the carbohydrate chain can be a simple carbon chain, a 5 carbon ring structure
(pentose) or a six carbon ring structure.
lipids:
they are also hydrocarbon chains however they will have a carboxyl group attached to the main
carbon.
nucleic acids:
they areof 2 forms DNA and RNA they have a sugar in the backbone
deoxyribose sugar in DNA and ribose sugar in RNA they have 4 bases that are bound to the
sugar backbone through phosphate bonding
DNA adenin,e guaninie, cytosine, thymine
RNA thymine replaced with Uracil
DNA double stranded with the two strands bound with hydrogen bonding between the bases A_T
and G_C
Proteins are essential as receptors in cells, structure on membrane, antigen on bacteria and is the
major body building macromolecule
Lipids are very rich source of energy so the body in general stores them for future use and uses
them under conditions of starving. lipids also have structural role.
Carbohydrates are major source of energy and are mostly metabolised to provide ATP for the
bodies function
2a. photosynnthesis is a process of fixing atmospheric CO2 into sugar molecule that is powered
by sunlight.
It uses CO2 and releases oxygen while respiration uses oxygen and releases CO2
Energy is utilised in the process of photosynthesis and the generated sugars are further broken
down to meet the energy needs of the organism.
2b autotrophs are those which can generate their own energy like plan.
All living organisms must eventually deteriorate and die. Seeds being living entities also go through series of changes, leading to reduction in seed quality, performance and stand establishment before they finally loose viability. Soon after the physiological maturity, seeds enter the storage phase and are exposed to ageing. Seed deterioration involves almost every system with in the seed, many enzymes and apparently all organelles are affected. Seed deterioration can be defined as “deteriorative changes occurring with time that increase seed’s vulnerability to external challenges and decrease the ability of seed to survive.”
Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant system of mitochondria play important roles in seed biology. Seed aging may be due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which causes lipid peroxidation, impairment of RNA and protein synthesis, and the degradation of DNA during storage.In developing or germinating seeds, major amounts of ROS are generated, which are highly toxic and thus generate oxidative stress in seed cells. Seeds have developed an array of defense strategies (antioxidant system) to cope up with oxidative stress. The scavenging of ROS largely depends on the availability of molecular antioxidants such as Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione reductase, Ascorbate –Glutathion system.
Oxidative damage caused by free radicals/ROS
• ROS exert various effects on seed biology, depending on their concentration. Excessive accumulation of ROS disturbs the redox homeostasis of the cell and initiates oxidative stress, thus leading to a reduction in seed viability.
• Free radicals can react with one another and with non-free radicals to change the structure and function of other atoms and molecules. If these are proteins (enzymes), lipids (membranes) or nucleic acids (DNA) normal biological functions compromised and deterioration increases.
• ROS causes membrane lipid peroxidation and changes in the enzymatic antioxidant systems, as well as changes occur in the structure of the cell membrane.
• Lipid peroxidation: oxidative degradation of lipids.
• Involves initiation, propagation, termination
• Due to this oxidative damage inner mitochondrial membrane will be degraded
Antioxidant systems in seed
• Seeds contain a complex system of antioxidant defenses to protect against the harmful consequences of activated oxygen species
• Mitochondrial matrix contains ROS scavenging systems, systems such as
• Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
• Catalase ( CAT)
• Glutathione peroxidase and
• Ascorbate - glutathione (ASA-GSH) cycle.
mitochondrial basis of seed aging .pptxRanjithaJH2
All living organisms must eventually deteriorate and die
Seeds being living entities also go through series of changes, leading to reduction in seed quality, performance and stand establishment before they finally loose viability
Soon after the physiological maturity, seeds enter the storage phase and are exposed to ageing
Seed deterioration involves almost every system in the seed. Almost all enzymes and organelles are affected
It is a complex process associated with numerous physiological alterations including lipid peroxidation, membrane disruption, DNA damage and impairment of protein synthesis.
Mitochondrial Functions :) Essential for aerobic metabolism.
b) Energy production through oxidative phosphorylation.
c) ATP producing power house of cell.
d) Involved in metabolic pathways:
1.Glycolysis
2.Krebs cycle
3.ETC
4.Oxidative phosphorylation
e)Maintain, replicate & transcribe their own DNA.
f) Production of free radicles or reactive oxygen species.
Mitochondrial activity in seed ageing:Generation of ROS mainly takes place at electron transport chain located on inner mitochondrial membrane during the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
Examples of ROS ; super oxide anion (O•2- )
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
hydroxyl radicles (•OH- )
The main theory of aging is the ‘free radical theory’ proposed by Harman (2006).
“It postulates that accumulation of free radicals in the cell is the underlying mechanism of aging in all living organisms”
Free radicals are the molecules that contain one or more unpaired electron in their outer orbit since these are formed from oxygen they are called ROS
Characteristics of ROS
Extremely reactive
Short life span
Generation of new ROS by chain reaction
Causes damage to various tissues
Oxidative damage caused by free radicals/ROS:ROS exert various effects on seed biology, depending on their concentration. Excessive accumulation of ROS disturbs the redox homeostasis of the cell and initiates oxidative stress, thus leading to a reduction in seed viability.
Free radicals can react with one another and with non-free radicals to change the structure and function of other atoms and molecules. If these are proteins (enzymes), lipids (membranes) or nucleic acids (DNA) normal biological functions compromised and deterioration increases.
ROS causes membrane lipid peroxidation and changes in the enzymatic antioxidant systems, as well as changes occur in the structure of the cell membrane.
Lipid peroxidation: oxidative degradation of lipids.
Involves initiation, propagation, termination
Due to this oxidative damage inner mitochondrial membrane will be degraded
Seeds contain a complex system of antioxidant defenses to protect against the harmful consequences of activated oxygen species
Mitochondrial matrix contains ROS scavenging systems, system
The Milk Microbiology ppt is useful to the under graduate students. This ppt may help to summarize the studied content related to the mentioned points in the given collection of slides.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
1. Significance of DPA & SASPs
Dr. Deepak U. Bhusare
Department of Microbiology
D. B. ACS College, Bhokar.
2. Significance of Dipicolinate (DPA):
1.Dipicolinic acid (pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid or PDC and DPA) is a
chemical compound which composes 5% to 15% of the dry weight
of bacterial spores.
2.It is implicated as responsible for the heat resistance of the endospore.
3.Prevent dehydration of water because DPA & Ca ions forms complex
with the water molecule.
3. Figure: Dipicolinic acid (DPA).
(a) Structure of DPA.
(b) (b) How Ca2+ cross-links DPA molecules to form a complex
4. 4. The heat resistance of macromolecules within the core increases.
5. Calcium-dipicolinic acid complex also functions to protect DNA from
heat denaturation by inserting itself between the nucleobases, thereby
increasing the stability of DNA.
6. The core is the spore protoplast. It contains a complete nucleus
(chromosome), all of the components of the protein-synthesizing
apparatus, and an energy-generating system based on glycolysis. A
number of unique enzymes are formed (eg, dipicolinic acid synthetase).
5. Significance of small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs):
1.Spores of Bacillus subtilis contain a number of small, acid-soluble spore
proteins (SASP) which comprise up to 20% of total spore core protein.
2.The endospore core contains high levels of small acid-soluble proteins
(SASPs). These proteins are made during the sporulation process and have at
least two functions.
3.SASPs bind tightly to DNA in the core and protect it from potential damage
from ultraviolet radiation, desiccation, and dry heat.
6. 4. Ultraviolet resistance is conferred when SASPs change the molecular
structure of DNA from the normal “B” form to the more compact “A” form. A-
form DNA better resists pyrimidine dimer formation by UV radiation, a means
of mutation.
5. Resists the denaturing effects of dry heat.
6.In addition, SASPs function as a carbon and energy source for the outgrowth
of a new vegetative cell from the endospore during germination.
Ref: www. Google.com
