In your own words discuss the following 1a. In what ways are macr.pdf

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In your own words discuss the following: 1a. In what ways are macromolecules essential to life? 1b. Describe the structures of four and describe their major roles in organisms? 2a. Briefly explain the overall processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration? 2b. Also include a brief explanation of autotrophs and heterotrophs? Solution 1a. Macromolecules are large molecules that serve as a source of energy, form the basic structure of the organism and also carries the genetic information of the organism. 1b.proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids are the four macromolecules proteins structure primary they are chains of aminoacids secondary these aminoacids can assume a folded confirmation to form a alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet structure this depepnds on the hydrogen bnding and electrostatic interactions between adjascent aminoacids in the polymer tirtiary A protein on a whole can have many secondary structures which depends on the length of the protein and also on the nature of aminoacids present in them. For example when a protein has 2 alpha helix, the two helices are connected through disulfide bridge or electrostatic force or even a small beta pleated sheet this forms the secondary structure Quarternary structure to achieve the function of the proteins it has to be folded in the correct conformation which is achieved in the quarternary structure. Carbohydrate it is basically a hydrocarbon hydrogen bonding between sugar molecules will result in formation of a chain of sugar called carbohydrates or polysaccharides the sugars in the carbohydrate chain can be a simple carbon chain, a 5 carbon ring structure (pentose) or a six carbon ring structure. lipids: they are also hydrocarbon chains however they will have a carboxyl group attached to the main carbon. nucleic acids: they areof 2 forms DNA and RNA they have a sugar in the backbone deoxyribose sugar in DNA and ribose sugar in RNA they have 4 bases that are bound to the sugar backbone through phosphate bonding DNA adenin,e guaninie, cytosine, thymine RNA thymine replaced with Uracil DNA double stranded with the two strands bound with hydrogen bonding between the bases A_T and G_C Proteins are essential as receptors in cells, structure on membrane, antigen on bacteria and is the major body building macromolecule Lipids are very rich source of energy so the body in general stores them for future use and uses them under conditions of starving. lipids also have structural role. Carbohydrates are major source of energy and are mostly metabolised to provide ATP for the bodies function 2a. photosynnthesis is a process of fixing atmospheric CO2 into sugar molecule that is powered by sunlight. It uses CO2 and releases oxygen while respiration uses oxygen and releases CO2 Energy is utilised in the process of photosynthesis and the generated sugars are further broken down to meet the energy needs of the organism. 2b autotrophs are those which can generate their own energy like plan.

Education

they are also hydrocarbon chains however they will have a carboxyl group attached to the main
carbon.
nucleic acids:
they areof 2 forms DNA and RNA they have a sugar in the backbone
deoxyribose sugar in DNA and ribose sugar in RNA they have 4 bases that are bound to the
sugar backbone through phosphate bonding
DNA adenin,e guaninie, cytosine, thymine
RNA thymine replaced with Uracil
DNA double stranded with the two strands bound with hydrogen bonding between the bases A_T
and G_C
Proteins are essential as receptors in cells, structure on membrane, antigen on bacteria and is the
major body building macromolecule
Lipids are very rich source of energy so the body in general stores them for future use and uses
them under conditions of starving. lipids also have structural role.
Carbohydrates are major source of energy and are mostly metabolised to provide ATP for the
bodies function
2a. photosynnthesis is a process of fixing atmospheric CO2 into sugar molecule that is powered
by sunlight.
It uses CO2 and releases oxygen while respiration uses oxygen and releases CO2
Energy is utilised in the process of photosynthesis and the generated sugars are further broken
down to meet the energy needs of the organism.
2b autotrophs are those which can generate their own energy like plants and hterotrophs depend
on other organisms for their nutrition.
autotrophs are photosynthetic plants blue green algaes etc which fix CO2 to make their own
sugars

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