IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
ZigBee has been developed to support lower data rates and low power consuming
applications. This paper targets to analyze various parameters of ZigBee physical (PHY).
Performance of ZigBee PHY is evaluated on the basis of energy consumption in
transmitting and receiving mode and throughput. Effect of variation in network size is
studied on these performance attributes. Some modulation schemes are also compared and
the best modulation scheme is suggested with tradeoffs between different performance
metrics.
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been widely used in various applications.
In these networks nodes collect data from the attached sensors and send their data to a base
station. However, nodes in WSN have limited power supply in form of battery so the nodes
are expected to minimize energy consumption in order to maximize the lifetime of WSN. A
number of techniques have been proposed in the literature to reduce the energy
consumption significantly. In this paper, we propose a new clustering based technique
which is a modification of the popular LEACH algorithm. In this technique, first cluster
heads are elected using the improved LEACH algorithm as usual, and then a cluster of
nodes is formed based on the distance between node and cluster head. Finally, data from
node is transferred to cluster head. Cluster heads forward data, after applying aggregation,
to the cluster head that is closer to it than sink in forward direction or directly to the sink.
This reduction in distance travelled improves the performance over LEACH algorithm
significantly.
In Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN), Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) is
used to improve performance of spectrum sensing techniques used for detection of licensed
(Primary) user’s signal. In CSS, the spectrum sensing information from multiple unlicensed
(Secondary) users are combined to take final decision about presence of primary signal. The
mixing techniques used to generate final decision about presence of PU’s signal are also
called as Fusion techniques / rules. The fusion techniques are further classified as data
fusion and decision fusion techniques. In data fusion technique all the secondary users
(SUs) share their raw information of spectrum detection like detected energy or other
statistical information, while in decision fusion technique all the SUs take their local
decisions and share the decision by sending ‘0’ or ‘1’ corresponding to absence and presence
of PU’s signal respectively. The rules used in decision fusion techniques are OR rule, AND
rule and K-out-of-N rule. The CSS is further classified as distributed CSS and centralized
CSS. In distributed CSS all the SUs share the spectrum detection information with each
other and by mixing the shared information; all the SUs take final decision individually. In
centralized CSS all the SUs send their detected information to a secondary base station /
central unit which combines the shared information and takes final decision. The secondary
base station shares the final decision with all the SUs in the CRN. This paper covers
overview of information fusion methods used for CSS and analysis of decision fusion rules
with simulation results.
Adaptive quantization for spectrum exchange information in mobile cognitive r...IJECEIAES
To reduce the detection failure of the exchanging signal power onto the OFDM subcarrier signal at uniform quantization, dynamic subcarrier mapping is applied. Moreover, to addressing low SNR’s wall less than predetermine threshold, non-uniform quantization or adaptive quantization for the signal quantization size parameter is proposed. μ-law is adopted for adaptive quantization subcarrier mapping which is deployed in mobility environment, such as Doppler Effect and Rayleigh Fading propagation. In this works, sensing node received signal power then sampled into a different polarity positive and negative in μ-law quantization and divided into several segmentation levels. Each segmentation levels are divided into several sub-segment has representing one tone signal subcarrier number OFDM which has the number of quantization level and the width power. The results show that by using both methods, a significant difference is obtained around 8 dB compared to those not using the adaptive method.
ZigBee has been developed to support lower data rates and low power consuming
applications. This paper targets to analyze various parameters of ZigBee physical (PHY).
Performance of ZigBee PHY is evaluated on the basis of energy consumption in
transmitting and receiving mode and throughput. Effect of variation in network size is
studied on these performance attributes. Some modulation schemes are also compared and
the best modulation scheme is suggested with tradeoffs between different performance
metrics.
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been widely used in various applications.
In these networks nodes collect data from the attached sensors and send their data to a base
station. However, nodes in WSN have limited power supply in form of battery so the nodes
are expected to minimize energy consumption in order to maximize the lifetime of WSN. A
number of techniques have been proposed in the literature to reduce the energy
consumption significantly. In this paper, we propose a new clustering based technique
which is a modification of the popular LEACH algorithm. In this technique, first cluster
heads are elected using the improved LEACH algorithm as usual, and then a cluster of
nodes is formed based on the distance between node and cluster head. Finally, data from
node is transferred to cluster head. Cluster heads forward data, after applying aggregation,
to the cluster head that is closer to it than sink in forward direction or directly to the sink.
This reduction in distance travelled improves the performance over LEACH algorithm
significantly.
In Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN), Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) is
used to improve performance of spectrum sensing techniques used for detection of licensed
(Primary) user’s signal. In CSS, the spectrum sensing information from multiple unlicensed
(Secondary) users are combined to take final decision about presence of primary signal. The
mixing techniques used to generate final decision about presence of PU’s signal are also
called as Fusion techniques / rules. The fusion techniques are further classified as data
fusion and decision fusion techniques. In data fusion technique all the secondary users
(SUs) share their raw information of spectrum detection like detected energy or other
statistical information, while in decision fusion technique all the SUs take their local
decisions and share the decision by sending ‘0’ or ‘1’ corresponding to absence and presence
of PU’s signal respectively. The rules used in decision fusion techniques are OR rule, AND
rule and K-out-of-N rule. The CSS is further classified as distributed CSS and centralized
CSS. In distributed CSS all the SUs share the spectrum detection information with each
other and by mixing the shared information; all the SUs take final decision individually. In
centralized CSS all the SUs send their detected information to a secondary base station /
central unit which combines the shared information and takes final decision. The secondary
base station shares the final decision with all the SUs in the CRN. This paper covers
overview of information fusion methods used for CSS and analysis of decision fusion rules
with simulation results.
Adaptive quantization for spectrum exchange information in mobile cognitive r...IJECEIAES
To reduce the detection failure of the exchanging signal power onto the OFDM subcarrier signal at uniform quantization, dynamic subcarrier mapping is applied. Moreover, to addressing low SNR’s wall less than predetermine threshold, non-uniform quantization or adaptive quantization for the signal quantization size parameter is proposed. μ-law is adopted for adaptive quantization subcarrier mapping which is deployed in mobility environment, such as Doppler Effect and Rayleigh Fading propagation. In this works, sensing node received signal power then sampled into a different polarity positive and negative in μ-law quantization and divided into several segmentation levels. Each segmentation levels are divided into several sub-segment has representing one tone signal subcarrier number OFDM which has the number of quantization level and the width power. The results show that by using both methods, a significant difference is obtained around 8 dB compared to those not using the adaptive method.
Performance analysis of dwdm based fiber optic communication with different m...eSAT Journals
Abstract Dense Wavelength Division multiplexing (DWDM) is a novel technology that can improve the channel capacity and meet growing demands for bandwidth of the optical fiber communication system. This technology utilizes a composite optical signal carrying multiple information streams. Each information streams transmitted on a distinct optical wavelength onto a single fiber. The performance of DWDM is degraded by non-linear optical effects. They are Cross phase modulation (XPM), Self phase modulation (SPM), four wave mixing (FWM), stimulated brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). In this paper we analyze the performance of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) based fiber optic communication system at different modulation schemes, various power level and different number of data channels. we use the dispersion compensation fiber along with single mode fiber (SMF) for length of 100km at 1550nm to reduce the dispersion of optical signal. The performance of improved detected signals has been evaluated by the analysis of Quality factor and bit error rate (BER). The simulation studies are carried out using optisystem software from optiwave. Keywords: DWDM, cross-phase modulation, self-phase modulation, four wave mixing, stimulated Raman scattering, dispersion compensation fiber, NRZ, RZ, EDFA.
Performance analysis for Adaptive Subcarriers Allocation in Coherent Optical ...iosrjce
The constraint to satisfy the need of increased bandwidth requirement for high speed applications
with higher performance has been a motivation to work on Optical Orthogonal Frequency division multiplexing
(OOFDM) technique with coherent detection. We implement the coherent optical OFDM (CO-OOFDM)
technique and investigate the effect of the number of sub-carriers on performance over single mode fiber (SMF)
links. To explore improvement in performance adaptive subcarriers has been selected by assigning subcarriers
to user according to the conditions of channel. An adaptive subcarrier allocation has been investigated and
performance comparison for proportional and equal allocation has been carried over.
Optimized sensor nodes by fault node recovery algorithmeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper proposes fault node recovery algorithm to enhance the lifetime of wireless sensor networks when some of the sensor nodes shut down due to absence of battery power. The proposed algorithm combined Grade diffusion algorithm with genetic algorithm. The algorithm can result replacement of fewer sensor nodes and more reused routing paths. The proposed algorithm increases the number of active nodes, reduces dataloss during transmission, and reduces energy consumption. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Energy Consumption, Fault Node Recovery.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Implementing packet broadcasting algorithm of mimo based mobile ad hoc networ...IJNSA Journal
With the rapid growth of wireless communication infras,,tructure over the recent few years, new
challenges has been posed on the system and analysis on wireless adhoc networking. Implementation of
MIMO communication in such type of network is enhancing the packet transmission capabilities. There
are different techniques for cooperative transmission and broadcasting packet in MIMO equipped
Mobile Adhoc Network. We have employed a model network in the OPNET environment and propose a
new scheduling algorithm based on investigating the different broadcasting algorithm. The new
broadcasting algorithm improves the packet transmission rate of the network based on energy
performance of the network and minimizes the BER for different transmission mode which is illustrated
in this paper. The simulations are done in MATLAB and OPNET environment and the simulated result
for the packet transmission rate are collected and shown in the tabular form. Also simulate the network
for generating a comparative statement for each mobile node. And performance analysis is also done for
the model network. The main focus is to minimize BER and improve information efficiency of the
network.
Comparison of energy efficient data transmission approaches for flat wireless...ijassn
In this paper we have analyzed energy efficient neighbour selection algorithms for routing in wireless
sensor networks. Since energy saving or consumption is an important aspect of wireless sensor networks,
its precise usage is highly desirable both for the faithful performance of network and to increase the
network life time. For this work, we have considered a flat network topology where every node has the
same responsibility and capability. We have compared two energy efficient algorithms and analyzed their
performances when all sensor nodes in a network have either homogeneous or heterogeneous energy with
increase in number of nodes, time rounds and node failures.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Ad hoc networks are mobile wireless networks where each node is acting as a router. The existing routing protocols such as Destination sequences distance vector, Optimized list state routing protocols, Ad hoc on demand routing protocol, Ad hoc on demand multipath routing protocol, Dynamic source routing are optimized versions of distance vector or link state routing protocols. In this paper, existing protocols such as DSDV, AODV, AOMDV, OLSR and DSR are analyzed on 50 nodes Mobile Ad Hoc network with random mobility. Packet delivery ratio, delay, control overhead and throughput parameters are used for performance analysis.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Beam steering in smart antennas by using low complex adaptive algorithmseSAT Journals
Abstract Array antenna systems are often used to enhance the received signal to interference and noise ratio when the signal operates in heavily jammed environment. Proper modeling of the received data at different antenna elements is important when evaluating the performance of this system, especially when both the signal and interference have wide frequency bands.. The antenna output is the linear combination of data from all the antenna elements. In conventional narrowband beam forming, time sequences at different antenna elements are related by some fixed phase shift. The phase shift is determined by the wave forms direction of arrival (DOA). In this paper, an efficient method for the pattern synthesis of the linear antenna arrays with the prescribed nulling and steering lobe is presented. The proposed method is based on Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm provide a comprehensive and detailed treatment of the signal model used for beam forming, as well as, describing adaptive algorithms to adjust the weights of an array. In order to improve the convergence rate of LMS algorithm in smart antenna system, in this paper we proposes a new normalized LMS (NLMS) algorithm, This new algorithm can be treated as a block based simplification of NLMS algorithm which gives satisfactory performance in certain applications in comparison with conventional NLMS recursion, i.e., BBNLMS algorithm. By taking advantage of spatial filtering, the proposed scheme promises to reduce the bandwidth required for transmitting data by improving convergence rate. The performance of the BBNLMS algorithm in the presence of Multi-path effects and multiple users is analyzed using MATLAB simulations. The simulations when compared to that of the LMS algorithm, the results suggest that BBNLMS algorithm can improve the convergence rate and lead to better system efficiency. Keywords: BBNLMS, Convergence Rate, DOA, LMS, NLMS, Smart antenna.
Localization of nodes in an infrastructure less network serves many purposes. Several issues relating to
security, routing, etc it can be solved if only the actual location of nodes were known. Existing approaches
estimate the location of a node in a network by using received signal strength indicator (RSSI), Time of
Arrival, Time difference of Arrival and, if directional antennas are available, Direction of Arrival. In these
methods the localization accuracy is less (in the order of 20cm). The aim of this paper is to localize nodes
in adhoc networks with improved accuracy using ultra wide band.The proposed method uses a train of low
amplitude pulses of high bandwidth, which reduces the energy consumption, effects due to small scale
fading, and dispersion in time and frequency. The network was simulated in NS-2 with UWB extension and
the localization accuracy was found to be improved (upto 1cm).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Wireless Sensor Networks are highly distributed self-organized systems. WSN have been deployed in various fields. Now a day, Topology issues have received more and more attentions in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). While WSN applications are normally optimized by the given underlying network topology, another trend is to optimize WSN by means of topology control. In this area, a number of approaches have been invested, like network connectivity based topology control, cooperating schemes, topology directed routing, sensor coverage based topology control. Most of the schemes have proven to be able to provide a better network monitoring and communication performance with prolonged system lifetime. In this survey paper, I provide a full view of the studies in this area.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance analysis of dwdm based fiber optic communication with different m...eSAT Journals
Abstract Dense Wavelength Division multiplexing (DWDM) is a novel technology that can improve the channel capacity and meet growing demands for bandwidth of the optical fiber communication system. This technology utilizes a composite optical signal carrying multiple information streams. Each information streams transmitted on a distinct optical wavelength onto a single fiber. The performance of DWDM is degraded by non-linear optical effects. They are Cross phase modulation (XPM), Self phase modulation (SPM), four wave mixing (FWM), stimulated brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). In this paper we analyze the performance of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) based fiber optic communication system at different modulation schemes, various power level and different number of data channels. we use the dispersion compensation fiber along with single mode fiber (SMF) for length of 100km at 1550nm to reduce the dispersion of optical signal. The performance of improved detected signals has been evaluated by the analysis of Quality factor and bit error rate (BER). The simulation studies are carried out using optisystem software from optiwave. Keywords: DWDM, cross-phase modulation, self-phase modulation, four wave mixing, stimulated Raman scattering, dispersion compensation fiber, NRZ, RZ, EDFA.
Performance analysis for Adaptive Subcarriers Allocation in Coherent Optical ...iosrjce
The constraint to satisfy the need of increased bandwidth requirement for high speed applications
with higher performance has been a motivation to work on Optical Orthogonal Frequency division multiplexing
(OOFDM) technique with coherent detection. We implement the coherent optical OFDM (CO-OOFDM)
technique and investigate the effect of the number of sub-carriers on performance over single mode fiber (SMF)
links. To explore improvement in performance adaptive subcarriers has been selected by assigning subcarriers
to user according to the conditions of channel. An adaptive subcarrier allocation has been investigated and
performance comparison for proportional and equal allocation has been carried over.
Optimized sensor nodes by fault node recovery algorithmeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper proposes fault node recovery algorithm to enhance the lifetime of wireless sensor networks when some of the sensor nodes shut down due to absence of battery power. The proposed algorithm combined Grade diffusion algorithm with genetic algorithm. The algorithm can result replacement of fewer sensor nodes and more reused routing paths. The proposed algorithm increases the number of active nodes, reduces dataloss during transmission, and reduces energy consumption. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Energy Consumption, Fault Node Recovery.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Implementing packet broadcasting algorithm of mimo based mobile ad hoc networ...IJNSA Journal
With the rapid growth of wireless communication infras,,tructure over the recent few years, new
challenges has been posed on the system and analysis on wireless adhoc networking. Implementation of
MIMO communication in such type of network is enhancing the packet transmission capabilities. There
are different techniques for cooperative transmission and broadcasting packet in MIMO equipped
Mobile Adhoc Network. We have employed a model network in the OPNET environment and propose a
new scheduling algorithm based on investigating the different broadcasting algorithm. The new
broadcasting algorithm improves the packet transmission rate of the network based on energy
performance of the network and minimizes the BER for different transmission mode which is illustrated
in this paper. The simulations are done in MATLAB and OPNET environment and the simulated result
for the packet transmission rate are collected and shown in the tabular form. Also simulate the network
for generating a comparative statement for each mobile node. And performance analysis is also done for
the model network. The main focus is to minimize BER and improve information efficiency of the
network.
Comparison of energy efficient data transmission approaches for flat wireless...ijassn
In this paper we have analyzed energy efficient neighbour selection algorithms for routing in wireless
sensor networks. Since energy saving or consumption is an important aspect of wireless sensor networks,
its precise usage is highly desirable both for the faithful performance of network and to increase the
network life time. For this work, we have considered a flat network topology where every node has the
same responsibility and capability. We have compared two energy efficient algorithms and analyzed their
performances when all sensor nodes in a network have either homogeneous or heterogeneous energy with
increase in number of nodes, time rounds and node failures.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Ad hoc networks are mobile wireless networks where each node is acting as a router. The existing routing protocols such as Destination sequences distance vector, Optimized list state routing protocols, Ad hoc on demand routing protocol, Ad hoc on demand multipath routing protocol, Dynamic source routing are optimized versions of distance vector or link state routing protocols. In this paper, existing protocols such as DSDV, AODV, AOMDV, OLSR and DSR are analyzed on 50 nodes Mobile Ad Hoc network with random mobility. Packet delivery ratio, delay, control overhead and throughput parameters are used for performance analysis.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Beam steering in smart antennas by using low complex adaptive algorithmseSAT Journals
Abstract Array antenna systems are often used to enhance the received signal to interference and noise ratio when the signal operates in heavily jammed environment. Proper modeling of the received data at different antenna elements is important when evaluating the performance of this system, especially when both the signal and interference have wide frequency bands.. The antenna output is the linear combination of data from all the antenna elements. In conventional narrowband beam forming, time sequences at different antenna elements are related by some fixed phase shift. The phase shift is determined by the wave forms direction of arrival (DOA). In this paper, an efficient method for the pattern synthesis of the linear antenna arrays with the prescribed nulling and steering lobe is presented. The proposed method is based on Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm provide a comprehensive and detailed treatment of the signal model used for beam forming, as well as, describing adaptive algorithms to adjust the weights of an array. In order to improve the convergence rate of LMS algorithm in smart antenna system, in this paper we proposes a new normalized LMS (NLMS) algorithm, This new algorithm can be treated as a block based simplification of NLMS algorithm which gives satisfactory performance in certain applications in comparison with conventional NLMS recursion, i.e., BBNLMS algorithm. By taking advantage of spatial filtering, the proposed scheme promises to reduce the bandwidth required for transmitting data by improving convergence rate. The performance of the BBNLMS algorithm in the presence of Multi-path effects and multiple users is analyzed using MATLAB simulations. The simulations when compared to that of the LMS algorithm, the results suggest that BBNLMS algorithm can improve the convergence rate and lead to better system efficiency. Keywords: BBNLMS, Convergence Rate, DOA, LMS, NLMS, Smart antenna.
Localization of nodes in an infrastructure less network serves many purposes. Several issues relating to
security, routing, etc it can be solved if only the actual location of nodes were known. Existing approaches
estimate the location of a node in a network by using received signal strength indicator (RSSI), Time of
Arrival, Time difference of Arrival and, if directional antennas are available, Direction of Arrival. In these
methods the localization accuracy is less (in the order of 20cm). The aim of this paper is to localize nodes
in adhoc networks with improved accuracy using ultra wide band.The proposed method uses a train of low
amplitude pulses of high bandwidth, which reduces the energy consumption, effects due to small scale
fading, and dispersion in time and frequency. The network was simulated in NS-2 with UWB extension and
the localization accuracy was found to be improved (upto 1cm).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Wireless Sensor Networks are highly distributed self-organized systems. WSN have been deployed in various fields. Now a day, Topology issues have received more and more attentions in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). While WSN applications are normally optimized by the given underlying network topology, another trend is to optimize WSN by means of topology control. In this area, a number of approaches have been invested, like network connectivity based topology control, cooperating schemes, topology directed routing, sensor coverage based topology control. Most of the schemes have proven to be able to provide a better network monitoring and communication performance with prolonged system lifetime. In this survey paper, I provide a full view of the studies in this area.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Finite element optimization of stator by casted and welded structureseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Flip invariant video copy detection using sparse-coded featureseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The physio chemical and mineralogical properties of mbaduku clay and its suit...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Automatic anti glare system for night time driving using liquid crystal screenseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparative study of various supervisedclassification methodsforanalysing def...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Routing in Cognitive Radio Networks - A SurveyIJERA Editor
Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) have been emerged as a revolutionary solution to migrate the spectrum
scarcity problem in wireless networks. Due to increasing demand for additional spectrum resources, CRNs have
been receiving significant research to solve issues related with spectrum underutilization. This technology
brings efficient spectrum usage and effective interference avoidance, and also brings new challenges to routing
in multi-hop Cognitive Radio Networks. In CRN, unlicensed users or secondary users are able to use
underutilized licensed channels, but they have to leave the channel if any interference is caused to the primary or
licensed users. So CR technology allows sharing of licensed spectrum band in opportunistic and non-interfering
manner. Different routing protocols have been proposed recently based on different design goals under different
assumptions.
The popularity of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have increased rapidly and tremendously due to the vast potential of the sensor networks to connect the physical world with the virtual world. Since sensor devices rely on battery power and node energy and may be placed in hostile environments, so replacing them becomes a difficult task. Thus, improving the energy of these networks i.e. network lifetime becomes important. The thesis provides methods for clustering and cluster head selection to WSN to improve energy efficiency using fuzzy logic controller. It presents a comparison between the different methods on the basis of the network lifetime. It compares existing ABC optimization method with BFO algorithm for different size of networks and different scenario. It provides cluster head selection method with good performance and reduced computational complexity. In addition it also proposes BFO as an algorithm for clustering of WSN which would result in improved performance with faster convergence.
Performance evaluation of various cooperative spectrum sensing algorithms for...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is partially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure etc. and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to the central location. The technique referred to as multi-hop wireless communications is used by the WSN’s to communicate. Due to the limited processing power and the finite power accessible to each sensor nodes, the application of regular routing techniques is not recommended. Hence recent advances in wireless sensor networks have made the routing protocols more efficient. This paper surveys and compares the advanced routing protocols. The three main categories discussed here are flat based, hierarchical based and location based. The paper concludes with open research issues.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Trilateration-based localization (TBL) has become a corner stone of modern technology. This study
formulates the concern on how wireless sensor networks can take advantage of the computational
intelligent techniques using both single- and multi-objective particle swarm optimization (PSO) with an
overall aim of concurrently minimizing the required time for localization, minimizing energy consumed
during localization, and maximizing the number of nodes fully localized through the adjustment of wireless
sensor transmission ranges while using TBL process. A parameter-study of the applied PSO variants is
performed, leading to results that show algorithmic improvements of up to 32% in the evaluated objectives.
A Survey of Routing Protocols for Structural Health MonitoringIJEEE
Wireless sensor networks have emerged in recent years as a promising technology that can impact the field of structural monitoring and infrastructure asset management. Various routing protocols are used to define communication among sensor nodes of the wireless sensor network for purpose of disseminating information. These routing protocols can be designed to improve the network performance in terms of energy consumption, delay and security issues. This paper discusses the requirements of routing protocol for Structural health monitoring and presents summary of various routing protocols used for WSNs for Structural health monitoring.
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Signal classification of second order cyclostationarity signals using bt scld and vbt-scld techniques
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 07 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 708
SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION OF SECOND ORDER CYCLOSTATIONARITY SIGNALS USING BT-SCLD AND VBT-SCLD TECHNIQUES R. Priya Darshini1, S.Vijayprasath2 1PG Student, Department of ECE, M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering, Tamilnadu, India 2Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering, Tamilnadu, India Abstract Signal Classification and parameter estimation of cyclostationary signal is an vital issue for various security applications like civil and military applications such as LTE, spectrum detection, and spectrum maintaining in cognitive radio systems. Cyclostationary signals is one, that exhibits a statistical property to categories whether the signal is belong to be a probabilistic approach or a deterministic approach. However there are many criteria’s to be developed, led to investigate the problem in digital modulation. The problems are overcome by using different algorithms which includes Single Carrier Linearly Digitally modulated signals (SCLD), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Block Transmitted-Single Carrier Linearly Digitally modulated signals (BT-SCLD), Variable Block Transmitted-Single Carrier Linearly Digitally Modulated signals (VBT- SCLD). Analytical expressions are resulting for the cyclic autocorrelation function (CAF), cyclic spectrum (CS), and equivalent cycle frequencies (CFs). The block transmitted single carrier linear digitally modulated signals to accomplish a sensibly good performance at signal-to-noise ratios(SNR) for different channel conditions, still using a short sensing time. But the Block transmission system which is used for only fixed block size. So, in order to overcome this problem, Variable block transmitted single carrier modulated signals system consists of several different block size and used to enable a transmitter in variable blocks based on the bits. That is the size varies dynamically based on incoming signal. Furthermore, the conditions for avoiding aliasing in the cycle aliasing and spectral aliasing domains are obtained. The paper demonstrates that the effectiveness of proposed algorithm under less signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), various short sensing times, and reduced Bit error rate. Keywords— Signal classification, Cyclostationarity statistics, Blind parameter estimation, Cyclic autocorrelation function and Signal-to-Noise Ratio.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. INTRODUCTION Blind parameter estimation of communication signal plays a vital role in various security and commercial environments, such as, Long Term Evolution (LTE), Cognitive Radio (CR)systems. A cyclostationarity based approach to the blind parameter estimation, which derives the estimated parameters from both time domain and frequency domain using the second-order Cumulant. It is shown that detection and estimation in two domains can shows the improvement of probability accuracy [1]. On the one hand ,the reason for this lies in the information deficit of the data, which is the result of finite measurement precision by the noise and on the other hand on data mining procedures that cannot sufficiently treat the statistical nature of the data [2]. Within this work introduce a blind parameter estimation method that is able to reveal parameters that can be used in a wireless communication. In contrast to traditional approaches produces a classification of signals in the communication environment effectively.
The cyclostationarity properties of signal, generally subjugated for various purposes: signal detection, signal classification, signal synchronization and blind parameter estimation, in which the blind estimation of signal parameters has been investigated only in few recent years. The detection procedure is mainly empirical and not precise for estimation accuracy [3,9] By checking the presence based on a threshold. In addition, the utilization of cyclic statistic properties only applied in time domain or frequency domain does not make full use of the cyclostationarity properties of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Single Carrier modulated (SC) signal [4]. By inserting a cyclic prefix before each transmitted block longer than the channel order, OFDM can effectively turns a frequency selective channel into a flat-fading channel. This allows, for simple one vector equalization at the expense of a efficiency level 10–25%. Due to the various symbols required by the cyclic prefix as well as sensitivity increased to timing, synchronization, transmission non-linearities by the non constant modulus of OFDM signals [5].The classification diagram for cyclostationary signals is shown in Fig-1.
Different approaches are explained based on conventional Single Carrier (SC) modulation methods. Then it combined with Frequency Domain Equalization (FDE), this SC approach produces performance similar to OFDM, with
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basically like the same complexity [4]. In addition, Single Carrier modulation prefers a single carrier, instead of the multiple carriers used in OFDM. So the peak-to-average power ratio for Single carrier modulation signals is smaller. This in spin means that the power amplifier of an SC transmitter require a smaller linear range to support a original average power [3].
Fig -1: Classification diagram for cyclostationary signals The new algorithm provides the second order cyclostationarity of Block transmitted single carrier linearly digitally modulated signals (BT-SCLD) its classification and blind parameter estimation. The analytical closed form expressions for the Cyclic Spectrum (CS), Cyclic Autocorrelation Function (CAF), Complementary Cyclic Spectrum (CCS), Complementary CAF (CCAF) and the different Cycle Frequencies (CFs) are derived. In section II, discusses cyclostationary signals and modulation classification techniques. Section III shows the different signal classification schemes. Section IV explains the Blind parameter estimation technique. Section V evaluates the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing performance and block transmission schemes through simulations and finally, section VI about the conclusion. 2. RELATED WORKS In this section, cyclostationary signals and modulation classification with parameter estimation are analysed. 2.1 Cyclostationary Signals A cyclostationary process is a signal having statistical properties that vary regularly with time and frequency. This process can be considered as multiple stationary processes. There are two different approaches in the treatment of cyclostationary processes.
The probabilistic approach is to view measurements of a distributions. An alternative, the deterministic approach is to measure a one time series, from which a probability distribution can be express as the fraction of time that events occurs over the permanent of the time series. In approaches, the process or time series is consider to be cyclostationarity if its connected probability distributions vary periodically with time. An important special case of cyclostationarity signals is one that maintains cyclostationarity in second- order statistics (e.g., autocorrelation function). Cyclostationarity is often preferred in digital communications when a human made signal such as the interference from other channel communicators is present in the frequency band. Especially when a communication system employs linear modulation, which is one of the most popular digital communication modulation scheme, it is well known that the second-order cyclostationarity statistical property of the transmitted signal is occupied by a wide sense cyclostationarity process rather than by a wide-sense stationary (WSS). 2.2 Cyclostationary Signatures Cyclostationary signatures as an convenient tool for upcoming a number of the real challenges associated with network coordination in CR and multiple spectrum access applications. P.D Sutton et al [6] proposed that, cyclostationarity signatures may be also used to up bring a number of limitations associated with the use of natural cyclostationary features for signal detection and analysis. Using a well flexible cognitive radio systems platform, the implementation of a full OFDM based transceiver using cyclostationarity signatures Robust, less complexity approaches for signature classification, generation, signal detection and analysis were presented. The use of cyclostationary signatures to attain signal detection, network identification and frequency assignation were examined. 2.3 Modulation Classification Modulation classification can be crystallized, Likelihood Based (LB) and another one Feature Based (FB) methods [13].
Likelihood Based (LB): The likelihood function is based on the received signal and the decision is made comparing the likelihood ratio beside a threshold.
Feature Based (FB): Several interests are usually working and a decision is made based on their exact values. These interests are usually chosen in an ad-hoc way.
A solution offered by the LB algorithms is best possible in the Bayesian sense, it reduces the distribution probability of wrong classification. The possible solution suffers from computational complexity, which in major cases of interest gives rise to suboptimal classifiers. Although a feature based method may not be most favorable it is simple to implement, with relevant optimal performance, when designed suitably.
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 07 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 710
Once the modulation format is correctly identified with various operations, such as signal modulation and data extraction can be afterward performed. In an adaptive communication system, the modulation format can be changed according to the various channel state to high efficiency communication [18]. The main role of Maximum Likelihood (ML) method is, there is an inverted correlation matrix in likelihood function.Usually additional information about the modulation format is transmitted. 2.4 Parameter Estimation Parameter estimation is the recognition of a number of informations from a source signals, without the help of information or with very little information about the signals. This problem is highly dogged, but useful solutions can be derived under a shocking variety of conditions. Much of the early researches in this field focus on the division of temporal data [10]. However, blind parameter separation is now routinely performed on two or three dimensional data, such as pictures, which may consider no time dimension. The principle and component analysis, which seeks source signals that are minimally linked or maximally independent in a stocastic or information theoretic sense. The next approach is exemplified by non-negative matrix decomposition, which aims to attain structural constraints on the source signals. These constraints derived from a generative model of the signal, but more commonly used by good experimental performance [11]. A common theme in the next approach is to impose some kind of low-complexity constraint on to the signal, such as sparsity of the signal space [12]. This approach can be particularly use if one requires not the whole signal, but generally it has most prominent features. 3. SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES In this section, signal classification schemes are classified based on different algorithms. 3.1 Signal Classification Signal classification is based on the results derived for the second order cyclostationarity signals. Signal classification is performed under the assumption that the signal is present as a result of pre-processing by signal detection techniques. The following classification algorithms are Single Carrier (SC), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Block Transmitted- Single Carrier (BT-SC), Variable Block Transmitted- Single Carrier modulation signals (VBT-SCLD). The signal classification is shown in Fig-2.
Fig -2: Signal Classification 3.2 Single Carrier (SC) Modulation Technique Single carrier modulation is a well known technology in many of the past wireless and wired applications, and its Radio Frequency system with linearity requirements. SC modulation uses a one carrier, instead of the several carriers in OFDM, so the peak-to-average power ratio for SC- modulation signals is smaller [10]. This in turn means that the power amplifier of an SC transmitter requires a lower linear range to support a given maximum power which requires low peak power back off. Among the SC amplitude-modulated signals, a module discriminates the M-QAM from the M-ary amplitude shift keying (M-ASK). SC modulation has less peak-to-average ratio requirements from OFDM, thereby allowing the use of low costly amplifiers. Its performance with FDE is similar to that of OFDM, even for long duration channel delay. An analytical variation of single-carrier (SC) and multi-carrier (MC) transmission is viewed for binary signalling on fading mobile radio channels defined by Rayleigh, Rician, and one- normal distributions. For the same rate of transmission and signal bandwidth, it is demonstrated that the SC transmission system is better to the MC system on the slow fading multipath channel. 3.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDM transmits several modulated multicarriers in parallel form, which occupies only a narrow bandwidth. Since the channel condition affects the amplitude and phase of each subcarrier, and also equalizing subcarrier’s gain and phase does compensation for frequency fading [10].
Generation of the multiple subcarriers is done by performing Inverse Fast Fourier transform (IFFT) at the transmitter on blocks of M data symbols; classification, extraction of the subcarriers at the receiver is done by performing the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) operation on B blocks of M received samples [21]. Frequently, the FFT B block length M is at least 4–8 times longer than the maximum impulse
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 07 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 711
response. One reason for this is to reduce the fraction of overhead payable to the insertion of a cyclic prefix at the starting of each block. The methods providing an blind estimation of the OFDM parameter are vigorous to the context of small guard time compared to the useful part of the guard time in various channel impulse response. 3.4 Block Transmitted-Single Carrier (BT-SC) & Variable (VBT-SC) Block transmitted single carrier (BT-SC) signals have been introduced as an alternative way of achieving comparable performance, efficiency, and computational cost. This technique does not suffer from carrier synchronization and Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR). This algorithm needs only a minimal step of pre-processing the signal: after the signal bandwidth and carrier estimation, the signal is selected, filtered, down-converted and sampled. There is no use for the additional information estimation such as signal waveform, symbol timing and additional noise power. The second order cyclostationarity test is used for signal decision methods. To test the presence of cycle frequency at a minimal delay, a cyclic autocorrelation function estimated and compared fromt threshold value. BT-SC algorithm reduced the amount of aliasing (Spectral and Cycle aliasing) in the transmission signals. The analytical closed form expressions for the Cyclic Spectrum (CS), Cyclic Autocorrelation Function (CAF), Cyclic Spectrum (CS), Complementary CAF (CCAF), and the corresponding Cycle Frequencies (CFs), and the conditions for avoiding spectral aliasing, cycle aliasing frequency domains are derived. VBT-SC provides for the usage in variable block size. That is the block size dynamically varied by using bits measurement in the incoming signal. then the reduced block automatically decreases the bit error rate. To minimize cycle aliasing, it follows that sampling frequency fs should satisfy the condition fs >=4W To minimize aliasing in the spectral frequency domain, sampling frequency fs should satisfy the Nyquist condition fs >= 2W 4. BLIND PARAMETER ESTIMATION SCHEME In this section Blind parameter estimation is explained based on block transmission algorithm. 4.1 Blind Parameter Estimation
The second order cyclostationarity of BT-SCLD signals are used to construct an algorithm for the blind parameter estimation of B block transmission parameters. The algorithm is to determine the blind parameters in two steps: First step is, the number of data symbols in a B block is estimated by exploiting the accessible of cyclic prefixed (CP) induced peaks in the starting signal cyclic Autocorrelation function (CAF) magnitude delay and zero cyclic frequency (CF). Second is, the CAF magnitude is estimated at the certain delay obtained in first step with certain range of minimal positive cycle frequency. 5. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 5.1 Simulation and Performance The simulation model is implemented by using MATLAB tool. OFDM and BT-SCLD signals with a 16-QAM constellations were simulated. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a method of encoding digital data on multiple subcarrier frequencies. And this the accepted scheme for high band digital communications. Over single carrier schemes is its ability to cope with different channel conditions. OFDM decomposes the maximum band into a set of single band subchannels with different Quadrature Amplitude Modulation in frequency range 5GHZ. Block transmission scheme mentions the single carrier modulation with the fixed range of block size. The OFDM and BT- SCLD signals working a root raised cosine pulse shape.
Fig -3: Performance of OFDM (L=N/8) The probabilities of correct classification of OFDM and BT- SCLD signals are plotted as a function of SNR in Fig-3 and 4 respectively for same signal. SNR is a measurement, describes that how much noise in the output device in a relation to the input signal level.
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 07 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 712
Fig -4: Performance of BT-SCLD (L=N/8) If the SNR increases th accuracy will be more. Without the loss of generality, piece variance constellations were determined. sensing times of 5 ms and 10 ms were used.5ms indicates in red and 10ms in blue colour. N is mentioned as subcarriers, Here N=32 Results for the performance of the proposed classification algorithm for BT-SCLD signals having various CP durations are presented. As expected, a reduction in the CP duration badly affects the performance. This is explained by the reduction in the correlation that resulting from the reduced CP duration.
Fig -5: Performance of BT-SCLD (NMSE vs SNR) Fig-5 represents the performance of BT-SCLD signal. And that is measured by Normalised mean square error with SNR. Normalised mean square error is the process of estimation from over all deviations to predicted and measured values. Here L=N/8.
Fig -6: Performance of VBT-SCLD
Fig -7: Bit error rate performance Fig-6 and 7 represents the performance of VBT-SCLD technique. Fig-6 represents the measurement between number of blocks versus Normalised mean square error. VBT-SCLD dynamically change the block size based on the occurance of incoming signal (represent as bits). Next Fig-7 shows the bit error rate for number of blocks. In gragh fig-7 indicates block size 6(green), 7(red), 9(blue).Here taken three block sizes for the comparison measurement
6. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the cyclostationarity of general OFDM and SCLD signals affect by a dispersive channel, additive Gaussian noise, phase, and carrier frequency timing offsets are studied. Analytical form expressions for time tomain and frequency domain of cyclostationarity blind parameters have been derived for this digital signal, and their dependence on minimum signal to noise ratio, short sensing times usin BT- SCLD and VBT-SCLD. Here the problems of peak to average power ratios and carrier synchronization in OFDM
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 07 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 713
are analysed. The simulation results shown that the proposed technique results improved the performance enhancement. Finally, we conclude that the block transmission techniques used to reduce aliasing, peak to average power, Bit error rate and alternatively increases the signal to noise ratio. REFERENCES
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